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Combe M, Reverter M, Caruso D, Pepey E, Gozlan RE. Impact of Global Warming on the Severity of Viral Diseases: A Potentially Alarming Threat to Sustainable Aquaculture Worldwide. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11041049. [PMID: 37110472 PMCID: PMC10146364 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11041049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With an ever-increasing human population, food security remains a central issue for the coming years. The magnitude of the environmental impacts of food production has motivated the assessment of the environmental and health benefits of shifting diets, from meat to fish and seafood. One of the main concerns for the sustainable development of aquaculture is the emergence and spread of infectious animal diseases in a warming climate. We conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the influence of global warming on mortality due to viral infections in farmed aquatic animals. We found a positive trend between increasing temperature and increasing viral virulence, with an increase in water temperature of 1 °C resulting in an increase in mortality of 1.47-8.33% in OsHV-1 infected oysters, 2.55-6.98% in carps infected with CyHV-3 and 2.18-5.37% in fishes infected with NVVs. We suggest that global warming is going to pose a risk of viral disease outbreaks in aquaculture and could compromise global food security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marine Combe
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Miriam Reverter
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
- Marine Biology and Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological and Marine Sciences, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK
| | - Domenico Caruso
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
| | - Elodie Pepey
- ISEM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, 34095 Montpellier, France
- CIRAD, UMR ISEM, 34398 Montpellier, France
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de la Ballina NR, Maresca F, Cao A, Villalba A. Bivalve Haemocyte Subpopulations: A Review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:826255. [PMID: 35464425 PMCID: PMC9024128 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.826255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bivalve molluscs stand out for their ecological success and their key role in the functioning of aquatic ecosystems, while also constituting a very valuable commercial resource. Both ecological success and production of bivalves depend on their effective immune defence function, in which haemocytes play a central role acting as both the undertaker of the cellular immunity and supplier of the humoral immunity. Bivalves have different types of haemocytes, which perform different functions. Hence, identification of cell subpopulations and their functional characterisation in immune responses is essential to fully understand the immune system in bivalves. Nowadays, there is not a unified nomenclature that applies to all bivalves. Characterisation of bivalve haemocyte subpopulations is often combined with 1) other multiple parameter assays to determine differences between cell types in immune-related physiological activities, such as phagocytosis, oxidative stress and apoptosis; and 2) immune response to different stressors such as pathogens, temperature, acidification and pollution. This review summarises the major and most recent findings in classification and functional characterisation of the main haemocyte types of bivalve molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria R. de la Ballina
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Francesco Maresca
- MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Laboratório de Ciências do Mar, Universidade de Évora, Sines, Portugal
| | - Asunción Cao
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
| | - Antonio Villalba
- Centro de Investigacións Mariñas (CIMA), Consellería do Mar, Xunta de Galicia, Vilanova de Arousa, Spain
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Vida, Universidad de Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Plentziako Itsas Estazioa (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Spain
- *Correspondence: Antonio Villalba,
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3
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Friedman CS, Reece KS, Wippel BJT, Agnew MV, Dégremont L, Dhar AK, Kirkland P, MacIntyre A, Morga B, Robison C, Burge CA. Unraveling concordant and varying responses of oyster species to Ostreid Herpesvirus 1 variants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139752. [PMID: 32846506 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) and variants, particularly the microvariants (μVars), are virulent and economically devastating viruses impacting oysters. Since 2008 OsHV-1 μVars have emerged rapidly having particularly damaging effects on aquaculture industries in Europe, Australia and New Zealand. We conducted field trials in Tomales Bay (TB), California where a non-μVar strain of OsHV-1 is established and demonstrated differential mortality of naturally exposed seed of three stocks of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, and one stock of Kumamoto oyster, C. sikamea. Oysters exposed in the field experienced differential mortality that ranged from 64 to 99% in Pacific oysters (Tasmania>Midori = Willapa stocks), which was much higher than that of Kumamoto oysters (25%). Injection trials were done using French (FRA) and Australian (AUS) μVars with the same oyster stocks as planted in the field and, in addition, two stocks of the Eastern oyster, C. virginica. No mortality was observed in control oysters. One C. virginica stock suffered ~10% mortality when challenged with both μVars tested. Two Pacific oyster stocks suffered 75 to 90% mortality, while one C. gigas stock had relatively low mortality when challenged with the AUS μVar (~22%) and higher mortality when challenged with the French μVar (~72%). Conversely, C. sikamea suffered lower mortality when challenged with the French μVar (~22%) and higher mortality with the AUS μVar (~44%). All dead oysters had higher viral loads (~1000×) as measured by quantitative PCR relative to those that survived. However, some survivors had high levels of virus, including those from species with lower mortality. Field mortality in TB correlated with laboratory mortality of the FRA μVar (69% correlation) but not with that of the AUS μVar, which also lacked correlation with the FRA μVar. The variation in response to OsHV-1 variant challenges by oyster species and stocks demonstrates the need for empirical assessment of multiple OsHV-1 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn S Friedman
- School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - Kimberly S Reece
- Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA
| | - Bryanda J T Wippel
- School of Aquatic & Fishery Sciences, University of Washington, Box 355020, Seattle, WA 98105, USA
| | - M Victoria Agnew
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA
| | - Lionel Dégremont
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Station La Tremblade, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Arun K Dhar
- Aquaculture Pathology Laboratory, Animal and Comparative Biomedical Sciences, The University of Arizona, 1117 E Lowell Road, Tucson, AZ 85721, USA
| | - Peter Kirkland
- Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Menangle, NSW 2568, Australia
| | - Alanna MacIntyre
- Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA
| | - Benjamin Morga
- Ifremer, SG2M-LGPMM, Station La Tremblade, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Clara Robison
- Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062, USA
| | - Colleen A Burge
- Institute of Marine and Environmental Technology, University of Maryland Baltimore County, 701 E Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
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4
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Bai CM, Li YN, Chang PH, Jiang JZ, Xin LS, Li C, Wang JY, Wang CM. Susceptibility of two abalone species, Haliotis diversicolor supertexta and Haliotis discus hannai, to Haliotid herpesvirus 1 infection. J Invertebr Pathol 2018; 160:26-32. [PMID: 30513284 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Abalone viral ganglioneuritis (AVG), caused by Haliotid herpesvirus-1 (HaHV-1) infection, has been reported as the main cause of mortality and heavy losses of wild and cultivated abalone in Taiwan and Australia since 2003. HaHV-1 DNA has also been reported in diseased abalone collected in early 2000s in China. However, no data is available about the susceptibility, disease process and pathological changes of HaHV-1 infection in the primary cultivated abalone species in China. In the present study, two cultivated abalone species, Haliotis diversicolor supertexta and Haliotis discus hannai, were challenged with HaHV-1-CN2003 collected in 2003 in China using three different methods. Results showed that H. diversicolor supertexta was highly susceptible to HaHV-1-CN2003 infection and suffered acute mortality using all three challenge methods. H. discus hannai was not susceptible to the viral infection. Histopathology combined with transmission electron microscopy and quantitative PCR analysis revealed that the tropism of HaHV-1-CN2003 includes both neural tissue and haemocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ming Bai
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ya-Nan Li
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Fisheries, Tianjin Agriculture University, Tianjin 300380, China
| | - Pen-Heng Chang
- Institute of Comparative and Molecular Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jing-Zhe Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Lu-Sheng Xin
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jiang-Yong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou 510300, China
| | - Chong-Ming Wang
- Key Laboratory of Maricultural Organism Disease Control, Ministry of Agriculture, Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao Key Laboratory of Mariculture Epidemiology and Biosecurity, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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5
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Rosani U, Venier P. Oyster RNA-seq Data Support the Development of Malacoherpesviridae Genomics. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1515. [PMID: 28848525 PMCID: PMC5552708 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The family of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) Malacoherpesviridae includes viruses able to infect marine mollusks and detrimental for worldwide aquaculture production. Due to fast-occurring mortality and a lack of permissive cell lines, the available data on the few known Malacoherpesviridae provide only partial support for the study of molecular virus features, life cycle, and evolutionary history. Following thorough data mining of bivalve and gastropod RNA-seq experiments, we used more than five million Malacoherpesviridae reads to improve the annotation of viral genomes and to characterize viral InDels, nucleotide stretches, and SNPs. Both genome and protein domain analyses confirmed the evolutionary diversification and gene uniqueness of known Malacoherpesviridae. However, the presence of Malacoherpesviridae-like sequences integrated within genomes of phylogenetically distant invertebrates indicates broad diffusion of these viruses and indicates the need for confirmatory investigations. The manifest co-occurrence of OsHV-1 genotype variants in single RNA-seq samples of Crassostrea gigas provide further support for the Malacoherpesviridae diversification. In addition to simple sequence motifs inter-punctuating viral ORFs, recombination-inducing sequences were found to be enriched in the OsHV-1 and AbHV1-AUS genomes. Finally, the highly correlated expression of most viral ORFs in multiple oyster samples is consistent with the burst of viral proteins during the lytic phase.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola Venier
- Department of Biology, University of PaduaPadua, Italy
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6
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Corbeil S, McColl KA, Williams LM, Slater J, Crane MSJ. Innate resistance of New Zealand paua to abalone viral ganglioneuritis. J Invertebr Pathol 2017; 146:31-35. [PMID: 28431886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2017.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The susceptibility of New Zealand paua (Haliotis iris) to infection by abalone herpesvirus (Haliotid herpesvirus 1; HaHV) and to the disease abalone viral ganglioneuritis (AVG) was determined. Infection challenges performed by intra-muscular injection and by immersion in infectious water containing HaHV demonstrated that New Zealand paua were highly resistant to infection by Haliotid herpesvirus 1 and were fully resistant to the disease AVG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Corbeil
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia.
| | - Kenneth A McColl
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Lynette M Williams
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Joanne Slater
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
| | - Mark St J Crane
- CSIRO Australian Animal Health Laboratory, Private Bag 24, Geelong, VIC 3220, Australia
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Evans O, Paul-Pont I, Whittington RJ. Detection of ostreid herpesvirus 1 microvariant DNA in aquatic invertebrate species, sediment and other samples collected from the Georges River estuary, New South Wales, Australia. DISEASES OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS 2017; 122:247-255. [PMID: 28117303 DOI: 10.3354/dao03078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Ostreid herpesvirus 1 microvariants (OsHV-1) present a serious threat to the Australian Crassostrea gigas industry. Of great concern is the propensity for mortality due to the virus recurring each season in farmed oysters. However, the source of the virus in recurrent outbreaks remains unclear. Reference strain ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1 ref) and other related variants have been detected in several aquatic invertebrate species other than C. gigas in Europe, Asia and the USA. The aim of this study was to confirm the presence or absence of OsHV-1 in a range of opportunistically sampled aquatic invertebrate species inhabiting specific locations within the Georges River estuary in New South Wales, Australia. OsHV-1 DNA was detected in samples of wild C. gigas, Saccostrea glomerata, Anadara trapezia, mussels (Mytilus spp., Trichomya hirsuta), whelks (Batillaria australis or Pyrazus ebeninus) and barnacles Balanus spp. collected from several sites between October 2012 and April 2013. Viral loads in non-ostreid species were consistently low, as was the prevalence of OsHV-1 DNA detection. Viral concentrations were highest in wild C. gigas and S. glomerata; the prevalence of detectable OsHV-1 DNA in these oysters reached approximately 68 and 43%, respectively, at least once during the study. These species may be important to the transmission and/or persistence of OsHV-1 in endemically infected Australian estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Evans
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, School of Life and Environmental Sciences, The University of Sydney, Camden, NSW 2570, Australia
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8
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Bai CM, Wang QC, Morga B, Shi J, Wang CM. Experimental infection of adult Scapharca broughtonii with Ostreid herpesvirus SB strain. J Invertebr Pathol 2016; 143:79-82. [PMID: 27939653 DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2016.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 12/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/06/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the susceptibility of ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii, adults to Ostreid herpesvirus SB strain (OsHV-1-SB) through experimental infection by intramuscular injection assays. Results showed the onset of mortality occurred at 3days post injection, one day after the water turbidity became evident in rearing tanks. The mortality curves for the challenged group were similar to those observed at affected hatcheries. Histological lesions, herpesvirus-like particles and high OsHV-1-SB quantities were detected in challenged ark shells. This is the first study to successfully reproduce OsHV-1 disease in Arcoida species, and very few studies in adult bivalves (over 24months old).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ming Bai
- Division of Maricultural Organism Disease Control and Molecular Pathology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China
| | - Qing-Chen Wang
- Division of Maricultural Organism Disease Control and Molecular Pathology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Benjamin Morga
- Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Laboratoire de Génétique et Pathologie (LGP), Avenue de Mus de Loup, 17390 La Tremblade, France
| | - Jie Shi
- Division of Maricultural Organism Disease Control and Molecular Pathology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Chong-Ming Wang
- Division of Maricultural Organism Disease Control and Molecular Pathology, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries and Aquaculture, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, China.
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9
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Sweet MJ, Bateman KS. Reprint of 'Diseases in marine invertebrates associated with mariculture and commercial fisheries'. JOURNAL OF SEA RESEARCH 2016; 113:28-44. [PMID: 32336937 PMCID: PMC7172773 DOI: 10.1016/j.seares.2016.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Diseases in marine invertebrates are increasing in both frequency and intensity around the globe. Diseases in individuals which offer some commercial value are often well documented and subsequently well studied in comparison to those wild groups offering little commercial gain. This is particularly the case with those associated with mariculture or the commercial fisheries. Specifically, these include many Holothuroidea, and numerous crustacea and mollusca species. Pathogens/parasites consisting of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes from all groups have been associated with diseases from such organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. Viral pathogens in particular, appear to be an increasingly important group and research into this group will likely highlight a larger number of diseases and pathogens being described in the near future. Interestingly, although there are countless examples of the spread of disease usually associated with transportation of specific infected hosts for development of aquaculture practices, this process appears to be continuing with no real sign of effective management and mitigation strategies being implicated. Notably, even in well developed countries such as the UK and the US, even though live animal trade may be well managed, the transport of frozen food appears to be less well so and as evidence suggests, even these to have the potential to transmit pathogens when used as a food source for example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Sweet
- Molecular Health and Disease Laboratory, University of Derby, DE22 1GB, UK
| | - Kelly S. Bateman
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, CEFAS, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
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10
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López Sanmartín M, Power DM, de la Herrán R, Navas JI, Batista FM. Experimental infection of European flat oyster Ostrea edulis with ostreid herpesvirus 1 microvar (OsHV-1μvar): Mortality, viral load and detection of viral transcripts by in situ hybridization. Virus Res 2016; 217:55-62. [PMID: 26945849 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ostreid herpesvirus 1 (OsHV-1) infections have been reported in several bivalve species. Mortality of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas spat has increased considerably in Europe since 2008 linked to the spread of a variant of OsHV-1 called μvar. In the present study we demonstrated that O. edulis juveniles can be infected by OsHV-1μvar when administered as an intramuscular injection. Mortality in the oysters injected with OsHV-1μvar was first detected 4 days after injection and reached 25% mortality at day 10. Moreover, the high viral load observed and the detection of viral transcripts by in situ hybridization in several tissues of dying oysters suggested that OsHV-1μvar was the cause of mortality in the O. edulis juveniles. This is therefore the first study to provide evidence about the pathogenicity of OsHV-1μvar in a species that does not belong to the Crassostrea genus. Additionally, we present a novel method to detect OsHV-1 transcripts in infected individuals' using in situ hybridization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monserrat López Sanmartín
- Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Centro Agua del Pino, Junta de Andalucía, Ctra. El Rompido-Punta Umbría, km 4, 21459 Cartaya, Spain.
| | - Deborah M Power
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal
| | | | - José I Navas
- Instituto de Investigación y Formación Agraria y Pesquera (IFAPA), Centro Agua del Pino, Junta de Andalucía, Ctra. El Rompido-Punta Umbría, km 4, 21459 Cartaya, Spain
| | - Frederico M Batista
- Centro de Ciências do Mar (CCMAR), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, 8005-139 Faro, Portugal; Instituto Português do Mar e da Atmosfera, Divisão de Aquicultura e Valorização, Estação Experimental de Moluscicultura de Tavira, Av. 5 de Outubro, 8700-305 Olhão, Portugal
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11
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Sweet MJ, Bateman KS. Diseases in marine invertebrates associated with mariculture and commercial fisheries. JOURNAL OF SEA RESEARCH 2015; 104:16-32. [PMID: 32336936 PMCID: PMC7172736 DOI: 10.1016/j.seares.2015.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Diseases in marine invertebrates are increasing in both frequency and intensity around the globe. Diseases in individuals which offer some commercial value are often well documented and subsequently well studied in comparison to those wild groups offering little commercial gain. This is particularly the case with those associated with mariculture or the commercial fisheries. Specifically, these include many Holothuroidea, and numerous crustacea and mollusca species. Pathogens/parasites consisting of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes from all groups have been associated with diseases from such organisms, including bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. Viral pathogens in particular, appear to be an increasingly important group and research into this group will likely highlight a larger number of diseases and pathogens being described in the near future. Interestingly, although there are countless examples of the spread of disease usually associated with transportation of specific infected hosts for development of aquaculture practices, this process appears to be continuing with no real sign of effective management and mitigation strategies being implicated. Notably, even in well developed countries such as the UK and the US, even though live animal trade may be well managed, the transport of frozen food appears to be less well so and as evidence suggests, even these to have the potential to transmit pathogens when used as a food source for example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Sweet
- Molecular Health and Disease Laboratory, University of Derby, DE22 1GB, UK
- Corresponding author.
| | - Kelly S. Bateman
- European Union Reference Laboratory for Crustacean Diseases, CEFAS, Barrack Road, The Nothe, Weymouth, Dorset DT4 8UB, UK
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