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Wei Y, Lv Z, Xiao T, Du Z. The role of MASP1 in the complement system and expression characteristics in response to GCRV infection in grass carp. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 151:109712. [PMID: 38901682 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) constitutes a significant economic resource within the aquaculture sector of our nation, yet it has been chronically afflicted by the Grass Carp Reovirus (GCRV) disease. The complement system, a vital component of fish's innate immunity, plays a crucial role in combating viral infections. This research investigates the potential role of MASP1, a key molecule in the lectin pathway of the complement system, in the GCRV infection in grass carp. An analysis of the molecular characteristics of MASP1 in grass carp revealed that its identity and similarity percentages range from 35.10 to 91.00 % and 35.30-91.00 %, respectively, in comparison to other species. Phylogenetically, MASP1 in C. idella aligns closely with species such as Danio rerio, Cyprinus carpio, and Carassius carassius, exhibiting chromosomal collinearity with the zebrafish. Subsequent tissue analysis in both healthy and GCRV-infected grass carp indicated that MASP1's basal expression was predominantly in the liver. Post-GCRV infection, MASP1 expression in various tissues exhibited temporal variations: peaking in the liver on day 5, spleen on day 7, and kidney on day 14. Furthermore, employing Complement Component 3 (C3) as a benchmark for complement system activation, it was observed that MASP1 could activate and cleave C3 to C3b. MASP1 also demonstrated an inhibitory effect on GCRV replication (compared with the control group, VP2 and VP7 decreased by 6.82-fold and 4.37-fold) and enhanced the expression of antiviral genes, namely IRF3, IRF7 and IFN1 (compared with the control group, increased 2.25-fold, 45.38-fold and 22.37-fold, respectively). In vivo protein injection experiments substantiated MASP1's influence on the relative mRNA expression levels of C3 in various tissues and its protein expression in serum. This study also verified that C3 could modulate the expression of antiviral genes such as IFN1 and IRF3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Wei
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China; Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Zhao Lv
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China
| | - Tiaoyi Xiao
- Hunan Engineering Technology Research Center of Featured Aquatic Resources Utilization, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, Hunan, 410128, China.
| | - Zongjun Du
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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Botryllin, a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide from the Colonial Ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020074. [PMID: 36827115 PMCID: PMC9966394 DOI: 10.3390/md21020074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
By mining the transcriptome of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri, we identified a transcript for a novel styelin-like antimicrobial peptide, which we named botryllin. The gene is constitutively transcribed by circulating cytotoxic morula cells (MCs) as a pre-propeptide that is then cleaved to mature peptide. The synthetic peptide, obtained from in silico translation of the transcript, shows robust killing activity of bacterial and unicellular yeast cells, causing breakages of both the plasma membrane and the cell wall. Specific monoclonal antibodies were raised against the epitopes of the putative amino acid sequence of the propeptide and the mature peptide; in both cases, they label the MC granular content. Upon MC degranulation induced by the presence of nonself, the antibodies recognise the extracellular nets with entrapped bacteria nearby MC remains. The obtained results suggest that the botryllin gene carries the information for the synthesis of an AMP involved in the protection of B. schlosseri from invading foreign cells.
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Hendin N, Gordon T, Shenkar N, Wurtzel O. Molecular characterization of the immediate wound response of the solitary ascidian Polycarpa mytiligera. Dev Dyn 2022; 251:1968-1981. [PMID: 36001356 PMCID: PMC10087333 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Injury response is key to successful regeneration. Yet, transcriptome analyses of injury response were performed only on a handful of regenerative organisms. Here, we studied the injury response of the solitary ascidian Polycarpa mytiligera, an emerging model system, capable of regenerating any body part. We used the siphon as a model for studying transcriptional changes following injury, and identified genes that were activated in the initial 24 hours post amputation (hpa). RESULTS Highly conserved genes, such as bone morphogenetic protein-1 (BMP1), growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHSR) and IL-17, were upregulated by 12 hpa, yet their expression was sustained only in non-regenerating tissue fragments. We optimized fluorescent in situ hybridization, and found that the majority of BMP1+ cells were localized to the rigid tunic that covers the animal. This highlights the importance of this tissue, particularly during injury response. BMP1 was overexpressed following injuries to other body regions, suggesting that it was a part of a common injury-induced program. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that, initially, specific injury-induced genes were upregulated in P. mytiligera organs, yet, later, a unique transcriptional profile was observed only in regenerating tissues. These findings highlight the importance of studying diverse regenerating and non-regenerating organisms for complete understanding of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noam Hendin
- The School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry & Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Tal Gordon
- The School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry & Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
| | - Noa Shenkar
- School of Zoology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- The Steinhardt Museum of Natural History, Israel National Center for Biodiversity StudiesTel‐Aviv UniversityTel‐AvivIsrael
| | - Omri Wurtzel
- The School of Neurobiology, Biochemistry & Biophysics, George S. Wise Faculty of Life SciencesTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
- Sagol School of NeuroscienceTel Aviv UniversityTel AvivIsrael
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Li Y, Pan L, Tong R, Li Y, Li Z, Chen Y. Effects of ammonia-N stress on molecular mechanisms associated with immune behavior changes in the haemocytes of Litopenaeus vannamei. Mol Immunol 2022; 149:1-12. [PMID: 35696848 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.05.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
High concentration of ammonia-N will inhibit the immune defense of aquatic animals. The neuroendocrine-immune (NEI) regulatory mechanism under ammonia-N stress has been systematically studied, but the final response mechanism of ammonia-N affecting the immune system remains unclear. To investigate the relationship among immune factors of Litopenaeus vannamei (L. vannamei) exposed to 0, 2, 10 and 20 mg/L ammonia-N, the determination of complement components, C-type lectins, proPO system, signal transduction pathway and phagocytosis as well as exocytosis were performed. The results showed that the expressions of complement components including C1q, MBL, ficolin and alpha-2 macroglobulin (A2M) and the complement receptor integrin were decreased significantly in ammonia-N treatment groups at 6,12 and 24 h. C-type lectins and signal transduction factors changed significantly. The decrease of phagocytosis-related genes and phagocytic activity were similar to the changes of complement components, C-type lectins and the signal pathway. The mRNA abundance of exocytosis-related genes was significantly down-regulated under ammonia-N exposure. Correspondingly, significantly changes occurred in the expressions of PPAE and PPO3, immune factors-related genes (Pen3, crustin, stylicins, ALFs and LYC) and inflammatory factors (HSP90, TNFα, IL-16) in haemocytes. Eventually, the serine proteinase activity, PO activity, antibacterial activity and bacteriolytic activity in plasma were decreased significantly. In addition, we speculated that under ammonia-N stress, phagocytosis and exocytosis were affected by complement components, and C-type lectins through intracellular signal transduction pathway. Complement components may involve in the regulation of proPO-activating system to response to ammonia-N stress. This study helped to further understanding the relationship among immune factors of crustacean in response to environmental stress, which implied that when it comes to the decrease of immunity affected by environmental stress, we should not only focus on the mechanism of upstream neuroendocrine response, but also pay attention to the role of immune factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufen Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Luqing Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China.
| | - Ruixue Tong
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yaobing Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zeyuan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Yuanjing Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
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Abstract
Introduction Neutrophilic granulocytes are short‐lived cells continuously circulating in the vascular system of vertebrates. They play a basic and decisive role in the innate immune defence of the hosts against all types of pathogenic microorganisms. Methods Based on a literature study, the functions of neutrophils and cells with similar functions are described. The study places special emphasis on organisms in the aquatic environment and the pathogens occurring in that particular environment. Results The evolutionary origin of this specific cell type is not clear, but its most basic traits (recognition of foreign elements, extracellular trap release, phagocytosis and elimination of ingested material) are found in phagocytes in members of evolutionary ancient invertebrate groups spanning from amoebae, sponges, sea‐anemones, mollusks (snails and mussels), arthropods (crustaceans and insects) to echinoderms (sea stars and sea urchins). Their functions as innate immune sentinels and effector cells in these groups are well described. Neutrophilic granulocytes with elongated and lobed nuclei (possibly allowing cell movements through narrow extracellular spaces and leaving space for phagosomes) occur in vertebrates including fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds and mammals although the morphology of the nucleus, stainability of cytoplasmic granula, and the antimicrobial armament vary among groups. Following the pathogen invasion of a fish host, the neutrophils migrates from the vascular system into the infection focus. They apply their PRRs (including TLRs) to recognize the invader as non‐self, produce netosis by casting extracellular chromatin containing traps in the microenvironment. These nets assist the immobilization of invading microbes and prevents their further spread. The cells attach to and engulf the microbes by phagocytosis, whereafter they eliminate the pathogen in phagolysosomes equipped with a range of killing mechanisms and attract, by release of chemokines, additional immune cells (monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes) to the site of invasion. Their role in innate immunity of fish hosts towards aquatic pathogens has been elucidated by in vivo and in vitro studies. Neutrophils interact with virus (e.g. IPNV and VHSV), bacteria (e.g. Aeromonas, Vibrio, Edwardsiella, Mycobacterium and Renibacterium) and parasites, including monogeneans (Gyrodactylus), cestodes (Diphyllobothrium), trematodes (Diplostomum) and ciliates (Ichthyophthirius and Philasterides). Despite the decisive function of neutrophils in innate immunity and early protection, the excessive production of ROS, RNS and NETs may lead to pathological disturbances in the host, which are exacerbated if the pathogens evolve immune evasion mechanisms. Conclusion Neutrophils in aquatic organisms play a central role in innate immunity but may serve as a toll and a support in acquired protection. The strong impact of the cellular reactions not only on pathogen but also on host tissues emphasizes that an optimal immune reaction is balanced, involves targeted and specific effector mechanisms, which leaves a minimum of collateral damage in host organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Buchmann
- Laboratory of Aquatic Pathobiology, Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ricci L, Salmon B, Olivier C, Andreoni-Pham R, Chaurasia A, Alié A, Tiozzo S. The Onset of Whole-Body Regeneration in Botryllus schlosseri: Morphological and Molecular Characterization. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:843775. [PMID: 35237607 PMCID: PMC8882763 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.843775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Colonial tunicates are the only chordates that regularly regenerate a fully functional whole body as part of their asexual life cycle, starting from specific epithelia and/or mesenchymal cells. In addition, in some species, whole-body regeneration (WBR) can also be triggered by extensive injuries, which deplete most of their tissues and organs and leave behind only small fragments of their body. In this manuscript, we characterized the onset of WBR in Botryllus schlosseri, one colonial tunicate long used as a laboratory model. We first analyzed the transcriptomic response to a WBR-triggering injury. Then, through morphological characterization, in vivo observations via time-lapse, vital dyes, and cell transplant assays, we started to reconstruct the dynamics of the cells triggering regeneration, highlighting an interplay between mesenchymal and epithelial cells. The dynamics described here suggest that WBR in B. schlosseri is initiated by extravascular tissue fragments derived from the injured individuals rather than particular populations of blood-borne cells, as has been described in closely related species. The morphological and molecular datasets here reported provide the background for future mechanistic studies of the WBR ontogenesis in B. schlosseri and allow to compare it with other regenerative processes occurring in other tunicate species and possibly independently evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Ricci
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging in Nice (IRCAN), CNRS, INSERM, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Bastien Salmon
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Olivier
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Rita Andreoni-Pham
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- Institute for Research on Cancer and Aging in Nice (IRCAN), CNRS, INSERM, Université Côte d’Azur, Nice, France
| | - Ankita Chaurasia
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Alié
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Tiozzo
- Laboratoire de Biologie du Développement de Villefranche-sur-Mer (LBDV), CNRS, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Stefano Tiozzo,
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A P, G M, M T, L B, N F. Characterisation and functional role of a novel C1qDC protein from a colonial ascidian. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 122:104077. [PMID: 33905781 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2021.104077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As an invertebrate, the compound ascidian Botryllus schlosseri faces nonself only with innate immunity. In this species, we already identified the key components of the lectin and alternative complement activation pathways. In the present work, by mining the transcriptome, we identified a single transcript codifying for a protein, member of the C1q-domain-containing protein family, with a signal peptide followed by two globular C1q (gC1q) domains. It shares a similar domain organisation with C1q/TNF-related proteins 4, the only vertebrate protein family with two gC1q domains. Our gC1q domain-containing protein, called BsC1qDC, is actively transcribed by immunocytes. The transcription is modulated during the Botryllus blastogenetic cycle and is upregulated following the injection of Bacillus clausii cells in the circulation. Furthermore, the injection of bsc1qdc iRNA in the vasculature results in decreased transcription of the gene and a significant impairment of phagocytosis and degranulation, suggesting the involvement of this molecule in immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peronato A
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Minervini G
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Tabarelli M
- PhD School in Agricultural Science and Biotechnology, University of Udine, Italy
| | - Ballarin L
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy.
| | - Franchi N
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy
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Goldstein O, Mandujano-Tinoco EA, Levy T, Talice S, Raveh T, Gershoni-Yahalom O, Voskoboynik A, Rosental B. Botryllus schlosseri as a Unique Colonial Chordate Model for the Study and Modulation of Innate Immune Activity. Mar Drugs 2021; 19:md19080454. [PMID: 34436293 PMCID: PMC8398012 DOI: 10.3390/md19080454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms that sustain immunological nonreactivity is essential for maintaining tissue in syngeneic and allogeneic settings, such as transplantation and pregnancy tolerance. While most transplantation rejections occur due to the adaptive immune response, the proinflammatory response of innate immunity is necessary for the activation of adaptive immunity. Botryllus schlosseri, a colonial tunicate, which is the nearest invertebrate group to the vertebrates, is devoid of T- and B-cell-based adaptive immunity. It has unique characteristics that make it a valuable model system for studying innate immunity mechanisms: (i) a natural allogeneic transplantation phenomenon that results in either fusion or rejection; (ii) whole animal regeneration and noninflammatory resorption on a weekly basis; (iii) allogeneic resorption which is comparable to human chronic rejection. Recent studies in B. schlosseri have led to the recognition of a molecular and cellular framework underlying the innate immunity loss of tolerance to allogeneic tissues. Additionally, B. schlosseri was developed as a model for studying hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation, and it provides further insights into the similarities between the HSC niches of human and B. schlosseri. In this review, we discuss why studying the molecular and cellular pathways that direct successful innate immune tolerance in B. schlosseri can provide novel insights into and potential modulations of these immune processes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oron Goldstein
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (O.G.); (E.A.M.-T.); (S.T.); (O.G.-Y.)
| | - Edna Ayerim Mandujano-Tinoco
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (O.G.); (E.A.M.-T.); (S.T.); (O.G.-Y.)
- Laboratory of Connective Tissue, Centro Nacional de Investigación y Atención de Quemados, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación “Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra”, Calzada Mexico-Xochimilco No. 289, Col. Arenal de Guadalupe, Tlalpan, Mexico City 14389, Mexico
| | - Tom Levy
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA; (T.L.); (T.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Shani Talice
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (O.G.); (E.A.M.-T.); (S.T.); (O.G.-Y.)
| | - Tal Raveh
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA; (T.L.); (T.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Orly Gershoni-Yahalom
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (O.G.); (E.A.M.-T.); (S.T.); (O.G.-Y.)
| | - Ayelet Voskoboynik
- Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford University, Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA; (T.L.); (T.R.); (A.V.)
| | - Benyamin Rosental
- Regenerative Medicine and Stem Cell Research Center, The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva 8410501, Israel; (O.G.); (E.A.M.-T.); (S.T.); (O.G.-Y.)
- Correspondence:
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Peronato A, Franchi N, Loriano B. BsTLR1: A new member of the TLR family of recognition proteins from the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:967-974. [PMID: 32919053 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) represent a well-known family of conserved pattern recognition receptors the importance of which, in non-self recognition, was demonstrated in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Tunicates represent the vertebrate sister group and, as invertebrates, they rely only on innate immunity for their defence. As regards TLRs, two transcripts have been described and characterised in the solitary species Ciona intestinalis, referred to as CiTLR1 and CiTLR2. Using the Ciona TLR nucleotide sequences, we mined our available transcriptome of the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri looking for similar sequences. We were able to identify a sequence, with similarity to CiTLR2 and, through in silico transduction and subsequent sequence analysis, we studied the domain content of the putative protein. The sequence, called BsTLR1, has a TIR and a transmembrane domain, four LLR and two LRR-CT domains. It is actively transcribed by both phagocytes and morula cells, the two circulating immunocyte types. In addition, we analysed bstlr1 transcription in vivo and in vitro, in different phases of the Botryllus blastogenetic cycle and under various experimental conditions. Our data show that there is a change in gene expression and mRNA location, according to the blastogenetic phase. Furthermore, we used a commercial antibody raised against the ectodomain of hTLR5 to study the possible functional role of Botryllus TLR(s). We observed that anti-hTLR5 significantly decreased in vitro phagocytosis and morula cell degranulation, two typical responses to the recognition of nonself. Collectively, our data add new information on the mechanisms of nonself recognition in a colonial ascidian.
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Peronato A, Drago L, Rothbächer U, Macor P, Ballarin L, Franchi N. Complement system and phagocytosis in a colonial protochordate. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 103:103530. [PMID: 31669308 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2019.103530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, we investigated, in the colonial ascidian Botryllus schlosseri, the role of complement C3 (BsC3) in phagocytosis. We studied the modulation of BsC3 transcription in the course of the colonial blastogenetic cycle, with particular reference to the takeover, when apoptotic cells in the tissues of old zooids are cleared by circulating phagocytes. In situ hybridisation with BsC3 riboprobes labelled only morula cells, the most abundant haemocytes. Anti-hC3 antibody recognised morula cells and also phagocytes when haemocytes were previously incubated with zymosan. The inhibition of C3 activation prevented the labelling of phagocytes. In phagocytosis assays with haemocytes from colonies injected with anti-hC3 antibody or bsc3 iRNA, the capability to ingest target cells was significantly (p < 0.001) reduced. Therefore, our results strongly support a key role of BsC3 in phagocytosis and open to new investigations on the nature of the receptors of the products of BsC3 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Drago
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Macor
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Italy
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Zhao L, Sun L, Zheng X, Liu J, Zheng R, Yang R, Wang Y. Alterations in complement and coagulation pathways of human placentae subjected to in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer in the first trimester. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e17031. [PMID: 31689742 PMCID: PMC6946305 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000017031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying the potential risks of in vitro fertilization and embryo transfer (IVF-ET) have not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to explore changes in the complement and coagulation pathways in placentae subjected to IVF-ET in the first trimester compared to placentae from normal pregnancies. Four placenta samples in the first trimester were obtained from patients undergoing IVF-ET owing to oviductal factors only. An additional 4 control placentae were obtained from volunteers with normal pregnancies. A GeneChip Affymetrix HG-U133 Plus 2.0 Array was utilized to analyze the changes in gene expression between the normal and IVF-ET placentae. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were analyzed using the Database for Annotation and Visualization and Integrated Discovery bioinformatics resource, and gene ontology enrichment analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis were conducted. Using real-time PCR, we confirmed the obtained microarray data in 10 dysregulated genes. Five of the gene products were further analyzed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) to determine their protein expression and localization. A total of fifty DEGs were identified in the complement and coagulation pathways in the IVF-ET treated placentae: 38 upregulated and 12 down-regulated. KEGG pathway analysis indicated that IVF-ET manipulation substantially over-activated the coagulation and complement pathways, while urokinase plasminogen activator- and urokinase plasminogen activator receptor-mediated trophoblastic invasion and tissue remodeling were inhibited. Furthermore, the 5 proteins analyzed by IHC were found to be localized specifically to the placenta. This is the first study to compare DEGs relating to the placental complement and coagulation pathways from patients undergoing IVF-ET treatment compared to those undergoing normal pregnancy. These findings identified valuable biomarkers and potential novel therapeutic targets to combat the unfavorable effects of IVF-ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhao
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital
| | - Lifang Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital
| | - Xiuli Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital
| | - Jingfang Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital
| | - Rong Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital
| | - Rui Yang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
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Liu Y, Song Q, Li D, Zou R, Zhang Y, Hao S, Geng X, Sun J. A novel complement C3 like gene (Lv-C3L) from Litopenaeus vannamei with bacteriolytic and hemolytic activities and its role in antiviral immune response. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 91:376-387. [PMID: 31125666 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
As a core component of the complement system, complement component 3 (C3) plays a central role in the opsonization of pathogens, immune defense and immune regulation in the mammalian for its activation is required to trigger classical as well as alternative complement pathways. However, the molecular mechanism underlying C3 activation in invertebrates remains unknown. Several C3 genes have been characterized in invertebrates but very few in crustacean. To understand the molecular characterization and immunological functions of shrimp C3, we characterized a novel complement C3 like gene (designated Lv-C3L) with full-length cDNA sequence identified from pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei in the present study. The full length cDNA of Lv-C3L sequence was 4769 bp (GenBank accession number: MH638255) containing a 4077 bp open reading frame (ORF), which encodes 1358 amino acids contained a putative signal peptide of 17 amino acids. Six model motifs of C3 were found in Lv-C3L including typical A2M domain, a highly conserved thioester region (GCGEQ) and proteolytic cleavage site of ANATO. In addition to typical conservative domains, Lv-C3L also contains a particular GLN-rich region which might be involved in the protein interaction and transcriptional activation. The transcripts of Lv-C3L were mainly detected in hemocytes and gill which might be involved in defense response. At 36 h post V.parahaemolyticus and B.thuringensis infection, the expression level of Lv-C3L gene in hemocytes were significantly upregulated. At 48 h and 72 h post WSSV infection, the expression level of Lv-C3L gene in hemocytes and gill were significantly upregulated. These results indicated that Lv-C3L gene play a pivotal role in innate immune responses to the WSSV and G+/G- bacterial infection. The obvious immune function of Lv-C3L was described as an effective membrane rupture in bacteriolytic and hemolytic activities on V.parahaemolyticus, V.anguillarum and rabbit erythrocytes. Combining with WSSV copy number, WSSV-VP28 gene expression profile and shrimp cumulative mortality analysis, RNAi knockdown of Lv-C3L gene could obviously promote the in vivo propagation of WSSV in shrimp. This is the first report in crustaceans that Lv-C3L, as a key complement like components, is involved in shrimp antiviral immune response. It is speculated that complicated complement response cascade may exist in shrimp. These results collectively indicated that the complement pathway in shrimp might play an important protective role against pathogenic infection and activation of complement pathway including C3 could restrict the propagation of WSSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance/College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Qiaozhen Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance/College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Danlei Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance/College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Ruifeng Zou
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance/College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Yichen Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance/College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Shaoyan Hao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance/College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China
| | - Xuyun Geng
- Tianjin Fisheries Research Institute, Tianjin, 300221, China
| | - Jinsheng Sun
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Animal and Plant Resistance/College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin, 300387, China.
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Cima F, Peronato A, Ballarin L. The haemocytes of the colonial aplousobranch ascidian Diplosoma listerianum: Structural, cytochemical and functional analyses. Micron 2017; 102:51-64. [PMID: 28889072 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diplosoma listerianum is a colonial aplousobranch ascidian of the family Didemnidae that is native to the northeast Atlantic and exhibits a cosmopolitan distribution in temperate waters. It lacks a shared colonial circulation crossing the tunic, and the zooids are connected only by the common tunic. In the present study, the haemocytes of this ascidian were analysed via light and electron microscopy. Their phagocytic and enzymatic activities, staining and immunostaining properties, and lectin affinity were examined with various classical methods reconsidered and modified for small marine invertebrates. Eight morphotypes were identified in reference to corresponding cell types described in other ascidians: undifferentiated cells (haemoblasts), storage cells for nitrogenous catabolites (nephrocytes) and immunocytes. The immunocytes are involved in immune responses, acting as (1) phagocytes, rich in hydrolases and involved in the clearance of both foreign particles and effete cells (hyaline amoebocytes and macrophage-like cells); (2) cytotoxic cells, able to degranulate and induce cytotoxicity through the release of the enzyme phenoloxidase after an immune stimulus (granular amoebocytes and morula cells); and (3) basophilic cells with an affinity for ConA and NPA that contain heparin and histamine and that show sensitivity to the compound 48/80, promoting their degranulation (mast cell-like granulocytes). In addition, a particular cell type showing exceptional development of the Golgi apparatus and large vacuoles containing a filamentous material has been recognised (spherule cell), for which a role in tunic repair and fibrogenesis has been hypothesised.
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Franchi N, Ballarin L. Immunity in Protochordates: The Tunicate Perspective. Front Immunol 2017; 8:674. [PMID: 28649250 PMCID: PMC5465252 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tunicates are the closest relatives of vertebrates, and their peculiar phylogenetic position explains the increasing interest toward tunicate immunobiology. They are filter-feeding organisms, and this greatly influences their defense strategies. The majority of the studies on tunicate immunity were carried out in ascidians. The tunic acts as a first barrier against pathogens and parasites. In addition, the oral siphon and the pharynx represent two major, highly vascularized, immune organs, where circulating hemocytes can sense non-self material and trigger immune responses that, usually, lead to inflammation and phagocytosis. Inflammation involves the recruitment of circulating cytotoxic, phenoloxidase (PO)-containing cells in the infected area, where they degranulate as a consequence of non-self recognition and release cytokines, complement factors, and the enzyme PO. The latter, acting on polyphenol substrata, produces cytotoxic quinones, which polymerize to melanin, and reactive oxygen species, which induce oxidative stress. Both the alternative and the lectin pathways of complement activation converge to activate C3: C3a and C3b are involved in the recruitment of hemocytes and in the opsonization of foreign materials, respectively. The interaction of circulating professional phagocytes with potentially pathogenic foreign material can be direct or mediated by opsonins, either complement dependent or complement independent. Together with cytotoxic cells, phagocytes are active in the encapsulation of large materials. Cells involved in immune responses, collectively called immunocytes, represent a large fraction of hemocytes, and the presence of a cross talk between cytotoxic cells and phagocytes, mediated by secreted humoral factors, was reported. Lectins play a pivotal role as pattern-recognition receptors and opsonizing agents. In addition, variable region-containing chitin-binding proteins, identified in the solitary ascidian Ciona intestinalis, control the settlement and colonization of bacteria in the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Franchi
- Department of Biology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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