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Hao R, Zhao M, Tayyab M, Lin Z, Zhang Y. The mucosal immunity in crustaceans: Inferences from other species. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 152:109785. [PMID: 39053584 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Crustaceans such as shrimps and crabs, hold significant ecological significance and substantial economic value within marine ecosystems. However, their susceptibility to disease outbreaks and pathogenic infections has posed major challenges to production in recent decades. As invertebrate, crustaceans primarily rely on their innate immune system for defense, lacking the adaptive immune system found in vertebrates. Mucosal immunity, acting as the frontline defense against a myriad of pathogenic microorganisms, is a crucial aspect of their immune repertoire. This review synthesizes insights from comparative immunology, highlighting parallels between mucosal immunity in vertebrates and innate immune mechanisms in invertebrates. Despite lacking classical adaptive immunity, invertebrates, including crustaceans, exhibit immune memory and rely on inherent "innate immunity factors" to combat invading pathogens. Drawing on parallels from mammalian and piscine systems, this paper meticulously explores the complex role of mucosal immunity in regulating immune responses in crustaceans. Through the extrapolation from well-studied models like mammals and fish, this review infers the potential mechanisms of mucosal immunity in crustaceans and provides insights for research on mucosal immunity in crustaceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixue Hao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology and Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Mingming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology and Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Muhammad Tayyab
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology and Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Zhongyang Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology and Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
| | - Yueling Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology and Department of Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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He Q, Feng W, Chen X, Xu Y, Zhou J, Li J, Xu P, Tang Y. H 2O 2-Induced Oxidative Stress Responses in Eriocheir sinensis: Antioxidant Defense and Immune Gene Expression Dynamics. Antioxidants (Basel) 2024; 13:524. [PMID: 38790629 PMCID: PMC11117496 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13050524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Eriocheir sinensis, a key species in China's freshwater aquaculture, is threatened by various diseases, which were verified to be closely associated with oxidative stress. This study aimed to investigate the response of E. sinensis to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced oxidative stress to understand the biological processes behind these diseases. Crabs were exposed to different concentrations of H2O2 and their antioxidant enzyme activities and gene expressions for defense and immunity were measured. Results showed that activities of antioxidant enzymes-specificallysuperoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), total antioxidant capacity(T-AOC), glutathione (GSH), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px)-varied with exposure concentration and duration, initially increasing then decreasing. Notably, SOD, GSH-Px, and T-AOC activities dropped below control levels at 96 h. Concurrently, oxidative damage markers, including malondialdehyde (MDA), H2O2, and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) levels, increased with exposure duration. The mRNA expression of SOD, CAT, and GSH-Px also showed an initial increase followed by a decrease, peaking at 72 h. The upregulation of phenoloxidaseloxidase (proPO) and peroxinectin (PX) was also detected, but proPO was suppressed under high levels of H2O2. Heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression gradually increased with higher H2O2 concentrations, whereas induced nitrogen monoxide synthase (iNOS) was upregulated but decreased at 96 h. These findings emphasize H2O2's significant impact on the crab's oxidative and immune responses, highlighting the importance of understanding cellular stress responses for disease prevention and therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinghong He
- College of Fisheries and Life, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
| | - Wenrong Feng
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (W.F.); (X.C.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (P.X.)
| | - Xue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (W.F.); (X.C.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (P.X.)
| | - Yuanfeng Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (W.F.); (X.C.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (P.X.)
| | - Jun Zhou
- Freshwater Fisheries Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210017, China;
| | - Jianlin Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (W.F.); (X.C.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (P.X.)
| | - Pao Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (W.F.); (X.C.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (P.X.)
| | - Yongkai Tang
- College of Fisheries and Life, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China;
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi 214081, China; (W.F.); (X.C.); (Y.X.); (J.L.); (P.X.)
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Xin ZZ, Zhang XT, Zhou M, Chen JY, Zhu ZQ, Zhang JY. Differential molecular responses of hemolymph and hepatopancreas of swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus, infected with Ameson portunus (Microsporidia). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 145:109324. [PMID: 38134977 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Ameson portunus (Microsporidia) has caused serious economic losses to the aquaculture industry of swimming crab, Portunus trituberculatus. The hemolymph and hepatopancreas are the main immune organs of P. trituberculatus, and the main sites of A. portunus infection. Elucidating the response characteristics of hemolymph and hepatopancreas to microsporidian infection facilitates the development of microsporidiosis prevention and control strategy. This study performed comparative transcriptomic analysis of hemolymph (PTX/PTXA) and hepatopancreas (PTG/PTGA) of P. trituberculatus uninfected and infected with A. portunus. The results showed that there were 223 and 1309 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in PTX/PTXA and PTG/PTGA, respectively. The lysosome pathway was significantly enriched after the invasion of the hemolymph by A. portunus. Also, immune-related genes were all significantly up-regulated in the hemolymph and hepatopancreas, suggesting that the invasion by A. portunus may activate host immune responses. Unlike hemolymph, antioxidant and detoxification-related genes were also significantly up-regulated in the hepatopancreas. Moreover, metabolism-related genes were significantly down-regulated in the hepatopancreas, suggesting that energy synthesis, resistance to pathogens, and regulation of oxidative stress were suppressed in the hepatopancreas. Hemolymph and hepatopancreas have similarity and tissue specificity to microsporidian infection. The differential genes and pathways identified in this study can provide references for the prevention and control of microsporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Zhe Xin
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
| | - Xin-Tong Zhang
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
| | - Min Zhou
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
| | - Jiu-Yang Chen
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
| | - Zhi-Qiang Zhu
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
| | - Jin-Yong Zhang
- The Laboratory of Aquatic Parasitology, School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, China.
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Mengal K, Kor G, Kozák P, Niksirat H. Effects of environmental factors on the cellular and molecular parameters of the immune system in decapods. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2023; 276:111332. [PMID: 36241042 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2022.111332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Crustaceans and in particular decapods (i.e. shrimp, crabs and lobsters) are a diverse, commercially and ecologically important group of organisms. They are exposed to a range of environmental factors whose abiotic and biotic components are prone to fluctuate beyond their optimum ranges and, in doing so, affect crustaceans' immune system and health. Changes in key environmental factors such as temperature, pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen, ammonia concentrations and pathogens can provoke stress and immune responses due to alterations in immune parameters. The mechanisms through which stressors mediate effects on immune parameters are not fully understood in decapods. Improved knowledge of the environmental factors - above all, their abiotic components - that influence the immune parameters of decapods could help mitigate or constrain their harmful effects that adversely affect the production of decapod crustaceans. The first part of this overview examines current knowledge and information gaps regarding the basic components and functions of the innate immune system of decapods. In the second part, we discuss various mechanisms provoked by environmental factors and categorize cellular and molecular immune responses to each environmental factor with special reference to decapods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kifayatullah Mengal
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Golara Kor
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kozák
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Hamid Niksirat
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
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Li M, Huang Q, Lv X, Small HJ, Li C. Integrative omics analysis highlights the immunomodulatory effects of the parasitic dinoflagellate hhematodinium on crustacean hemocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 125:35-47. [PMID: 35526798 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Parasitic dinoflagellates in genus Hematodinium have caused substantial economic losses to multiple commercially valuable marine crustaceans around the world. Recent efforts to better understand the life cycle and biology of the parasite have improved our understanding of the disease ecology. However, studies on the host-parasite interaction, especially how Hematodinium parasites evade the host immune response are lacking. To address this shortfall, we used the comprehensive omics approaches (miRNA transcriptomics, iTRAQ-based proteomics) to get insights into the host-parasite interaction between hemocytes from Portunus trituberculatus and Hematodinium perezi in the present study. The parasitic dinoflagellate H. perezi remodeled the miRNome and proteome of hemocytes from challenged hosts, modulated the host immune response at both post-transcriptional and translational levels and caused post-transcriptional regulation to the host immune response. Multiple important cellular and humoral immune-related pathways (ex. Apoptosis, Endocytosis, ECM-receptor interaction, proPO activation pathway, Toll-like signaling pathway, Jak-STAT signaling pathway) were significantly affected by Hematodinium parasites. Through modulation of the host miRNome, the host immune responses of nodulation, proPO activation and antimicrobial peptides were significantly suppressed. Cellular homeostasis was imbalanced via post-transcriptional dysregulation of the phagosome and peroxisome pathways. Cellular structure and communication was seriously impacted by post-transcriptional downregulation of ECM-receptor interaction and focal adhesion pathways. In conclusion, H. perezi parasites could trigger striking changes in the miRNome and proteome of crustacean hemocytes, and this parasite exhibited multifaceted immunomodulatory effects and potential immune-suppressive mechanisms in crustacean hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Li
- CAS Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Qian Huang
- CAS Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoyang Lv
- CAS Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hamish J Small
- Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary, P.O. Box 1346, Gloucester Point, VA, 23062, USA.
| | - Caiwen Li
- CAS Key Lab of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; Marine Ecology and Environmental Science Laboratory, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266237, China; Centre for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Hong PP, Zhu XX, Yuan WJ, Niu GJ, Wang JX. Nitric Oxide Synthase Regulates Gut Microbiota Homeostasis by ERK-NF-κB Pathway in Shrimp. Front Immunol 2021; 12:778098. [PMID: 34925352 PMCID: PMC8678275 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.778098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a complex group of microorganisms that is not only closely related to intestinal immunity but also affects the whole immune system of the body. Antimicrobial peptides and reactive oxygen species participate in the regulation of gut microbiota homeostasis in invertebrates. However, it is unclear whether nitric oxide, as a key mediator of immunity that plays important roles in antipathogen activity and immune regulation, participates in the regulation of gut microbiota homeostasis. In this study, we identified a nitric oxide synthase responsible for NO production in the shrimp Marsupenaeus japonicus. The expression of Nos and the NO concentration in the gastrointestinal tract were increased significantly in shrimp orally infected with Vibrio anguillarum. After RNA interference of Nos or treatment with an inhibitor of NOS, L-NMMA, NO production decreased and the gut bacterial load increased significantly in shrimp. Treatment with the NO donor, sodium nitroprusside, increased the NO level and reduced the bacterial load significantly in the shrimp gastrointestinal tract. Mechanistically, V. anguillarum infection increased NO level via upregulation of NOS and induced phosphorylation of ERK. The activated ERK phosphorylated the NF-κB-like transcription factor, dorsal, and caused nuclear translocation of dorsal to increase expression of antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) responsible for bacterial clearance. In summary, as a signaling molecule, NOS-produced NO regulates intestinal microbiota homeostasis by promoting AMP expression against infected pathogens via the ERK-dorsal pathway in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan-Pan Hong
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Xu Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen-Jie Yuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guo-Juan Niu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Xing Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, Qingdao, China
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Huang AG, Tan XP, Qu SY, Wang GX, Zhu B. Evaluation on the antiviral activity of genipin against white spot syndrome virus in crayfish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 93:380-386. [PMID: 31374312 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a serious epidemic pathogen of crustaceans and cause severe economic losses to aquaculture. However, no commercial drugs presently available to control WSSV infection. Genipin (GN) is a bioactive compound extracted from the fruit of Gardenia jasminoides and exhibits potential antiviral activity. In the study, the antiviral activity of GN against WSSV was investigated in crayfish Procambarus clarkii and in shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei. In vitro antiviral test showed that GN could inhibit WSSV replication in crayfish and in shrimp, and the highest inhibition on WSSV was over 99% when treatment with 50 mg/kg of GN for 24 h. In vivo antiviral test proved that GN could be used to treat and prevent WSSV infection. GN could also effectively protect crayfish from WSSV infection by reducing the mortality rate of WSSV-infected crayfish. Moreover, GN attenuated the WSSV-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory by upregulation the expression of antioxidant-related genes and downregulation the expression of inflammatory-related genes, respectively. Mechanically, GN inhibited WSSV replication at least via decreasing STAT (signal transducer and activator of transcription) gene expression to block WSSV immediate-early gene ie1 transcription. Additionally, the inhibition of BI-1 (Bax inhibitor-1) gene expression also played an important role in the suppression of WSSV infection. In conclusion, GN represented a potential therapeutic and preventive agent to block WSSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Guo Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Tan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Shen-Ye Qu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Gao-Xue Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Bin Zhu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Xinong Road 22nd, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
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She Q, Han Z, Liang S, Xu W, Li X, Zhao Y, Wei H, Dong J, Li Y. Impacts of circadian rhythm and melatonin on the specific activities of immune and antioxidant enzymes of the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 89:345-353. [PMID: 30974217 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Many physiological functions of crustaceans show a rhythmic change to adapt to daily environmental cycles. However, daily variation in the immune and antioxidant status and its possible correlation with circulatory melatonin levels during the daily cycle have not been reported in the Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis. In this study, the specific activities of immune and antioxidant enzymes of E. sinensis during the 24 h cycle and its relationship with injected doses of melatonin were evaluated. The results showed that the immune parameters in the hemolymph, such as total hemolymph count, alkaline phosphatase, lysozyme, acid phosphatase, and phenol oxidase, exhibited bimodal patterns during the 24 h cycle, these parameters were synchronized with the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase, and catalase. However, there was only one peak in the muscle (during 1200-1600 h) and gills (during 0400-0800 h). The survival rate reached approximately 80% in 5 days when melatonin concentrations were lower than 0.05 g/L, significantly decreasing as melatonin concentrations increased. Four hours after melatonin injection, MDA levels in the muscle and hemolymph were significantly lower than those in the control group. Eight hours after melatonin injection, SOD levels in the hemolymph were significantly higher than those in the control group. These findings highlight the importance of considering circadian regulation of innate immunity when comparing immune responses at fixed times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxin She
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhibin Han
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China
| | - Shudong Liang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China
| | - Weibin Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China
| | - Xin Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China
| | - Hua Wei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China
| | - Yingdong Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural University, 110866, Shenyang, China.
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