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Aldersey JE, Lange MD, Beck BH, Abernathy JW. Single-nuclei transcriptome analysis of channel catfish spleen provides insight into the immunome of an aquaculture-relevant species. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0309397. [PMID: 39325796 PMCID: PMC11426453 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0309397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The catfish industry is the largest sector of U.S. aquaculture production. Given its role in food production, the catfish immune response to industry-relevant pathogens has been extensively studied and has provided crucial information on innate and adaptive immune function during disease progression. To further examine the channel catfish immune system, we performed single-cell RNA sequencing on nuclei isolated from whole spleens, a major lymphoid organ in teleost fish. Libraries were prepared using the 10X Genomics Chromium X with the Next GEM Single Cell 3' reagents and sequenced on an Illumina sequencer. Each demultiplexed sample was aligned to the Coco_2.0 channel catfish reference assembly, filtered, and counted to generate feature-barcode matrices. From whole spleen samples, outputs were analyzed both individually and as an integrated dataset. The three splenic transcriptome libraries generated an average of 278,717,872 reads from a mean 8,157 cells. The integrated data included 19,613 cells, counts for 20,121 genes, with a median 665 genes/cell. Cluster analysis of all cells identified 17 clusters which were classified as erythroid, hematopoietic stem cells, B cells, T cells, myeloid cells, and endothelial cells. Subcluster analysis was carried out on the immune cell populations. Here, distinct subclusters such as immature B cells, mature B cells, plasma cells, γδ T cells, dendritic cells, and macrophages were further identified. Differential gene expression analyses allowed for the identification of the most highly expressed genes for each cluster and subcluster. This dataset is a rich cellular gene expression resource for investigation of the channel catfish and teleost splenic immunome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna E. Aldersey
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Agricultural Research Service Research Participation Program, Oak Ridge, TN, United States of America
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Miles D. Lange
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Benjamin H. Beck
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, United States of America
| | - Jason W. Abernathy
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Aquatic Animal Health Research Unit, Auburn, AL, United States of America
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2
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Sato K, Ohno-Oishi M, Yoshida M, Sato T, Aizawa T, Sasaki Y, Maekawa S, Ishikawa M, Omodaka K, Kawano C, Ohue-Kitano R, Kimura I, Nakazawa T. The GPR84 molecule is a mediator of a subpopulation of retinal microglia that promote TNF/IL-1α expression via the rho-ROCK pathway after optic nerve injury. Glia 2023; 71:2609-2622. [PMID: 37470163 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Resident microglia are important to maintain homeostasis in the central nervous system, which includes the retina. The retinal microglia become activated in numerous pathological conditions, but the molecular signatures of these changes are poorly understood. Here, using an approach based on FACS and RNA-seq, we show that microglial gene expression patterns gradually change during RGC degeneration induced by optic nerve injury. Most importantly, we found that the microglial cells strongly expressed Tnf and Il1α, both of which are known to induce neurotoxic reactive astrocytes, and were characterized by Gpr84high -expressing cells in a particular subpopulation. Moreover, ripasudil, a Rho kinase inhibitor, significantly blunted Gpr84 expression and cytokine induction in vitro and in vivo. Finally, GPR84-deficient mice prevented RGC loss in optic nerve-injured retina. These results reveal that Rho kinase-mediated GPR84 alteration strongly contribute to microglial activation and promote neurotoxicity, suggesting that Rho-ROCK and GPR84 signaling may be potential therapeutic targets to prevent the neurotoxic microglial phenotype induced by optic nerve damage, such as occurs in traumatic optic neuropathy and glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Michiko Ohno-Oishi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masaaki Yoshida
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Taimu Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Takaharu Aizawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuto Sasaki
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Shigeto Maekawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Makoto Ishikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kazuko Omodaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Chihiro Kawano
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryuji Ohue-Kitano
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ikuo Kimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Biostudies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Ophthalmic Imaging and Information Analytics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Department of Retinal Disease Control, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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Li Y, Song WJ, Yi SK, Yu HX, Mo HL, Yao MX, Tao YX, Wang LX. Molecular Cloning, Tissue Distribution, and Pharmacological Characterization of GPR84 in Grass Carp ( Ctenopharyngodon Idella). Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3001. [PMID: 37835607 PMCID: PMC10571743 DOI: 10.3390/ani13193001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Revised: 09/09/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The G-protein-coupled receptor GPR84, activated by medium-chain fatty acids, primarily expressed in macrophages and microglia, is involved in inflammatory responses and retinal development in mammals and amphibians. However, our understanding of its structure, function, tissue expression, and signaling pathways in fish is limited. In this study, we cloned and characterized the coding sequence of GPR84 (ciGPR84) in grass carp. A phylogenetic analysis revealed its close relationship with bony fishes. High expression levels of GPR84 were observed in the liver and spleen. The transfection of HEK293T cells with ciGPR84 demonstrated its responsiveness to medium-chain fatty acids and diindolylmethane (DIM). Capric acid, undecanoic acid, and lauric acid activated ERK and inhibited cAMP signaling. Lauric acid showed the highest efficiency in activating the ERK pathway, while capric acid was the most effective in inhibiting cAMP signaling. Notably, DIM did not activate GPR84 in grass carp, unlike in mammals. These findings provide valuable insights for mitigating chronic inflammation in grass carp farming and warrant further exploration of the role of medium-chain fatty acids in inflammation regulation in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (W.-J.S.); (H.-X.Y.); (H.-L.M.); (M.-X.Y.); (L.-X.W.)
| | - Wei-Jia Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (W.-J.S.); (H.-X.Y.); (H.-L.M.); (M.-X.Y.); (L.-X.W.)
| | - Shao-Kui Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Huzhou University, Huzhou 313000, China;
| | - Hui-Xia Yu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (W.-J.S.); (H.-X.Y.); (H.-L.M.); (M.-X.Y.); (L.-X.W.)
| | - Hao-Lin Mo
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (W.-J.S.); (H.-X.Y.); (H.-L.M.); (M.-X.Y.); (L.-X.W.)
| | - Ming-Xing Yao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (W.-J.S.); (H.-X.Y.); (H.-L.M.); (M.-X.Y.); (L.-X.W.)
| | - Ya-Xiong Tao
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA;
| | - Li-Xin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; (W.-J.S.); (H.-X.Y.); (H.-L.M.); (M.-X.Y.); (L.-X.W.)
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Zhu J, Fan J, Xia Y, Wang H, Li Y, Feng Z, Fu C. Potential therapeutic targets of macrophages in inhibiting immune damage and fibrotic processes in musculoskeletal diseases. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1219487. [PMID: 37545490 PMCID: PMC10400722 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1219487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are a heterogeneous cell type with high plasticity, exhibiting unique activation characteristics that modulate the progression and resolution of diseases, serving as a key mediator in maintaining tissue homeostasis. Macrophages display a variety of activation states in response to stimuli in the local environment, with their subpopulations and biological functions being dependent on the local microenvironment. Resident tissue macrophages exhibit distinct transcriptional profiles and functions, all of which are essential for maintaining internal homeostasis. Dysfunctional macrophage subpopulations, or an imbalance in the M1/M2 subpopulation ratio, contribute to the pathogenesis of diseases. In skeletal muscle disorders, immune and inflammatory damage, as well as fibrosis induced by macrophages, are prominent pathological features. Therefore, targeting macrophages is of great significance for maintaining tissue homeostasis and treating skeletal muscle disorders. In this review, we discuss the receptor-ligand interactions regulating macrophages and identify potential targets for inhibiting collateral damage and fibrosis in skeletal muscle disorders. Furthermore, we explore strategies for modulating macrophages to maintain tissue homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianshu Zhu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiawei Fan
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanliang Xia
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hengyi Wang
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuehong Li
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zijia Feng
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Changfeng Fu
- Department of Spine Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Schulze AS, Kleinau G, Krakowsky R, Rochmann D, Das R, Worth CL, Krumbholz P, Scheerer P, Stäubert C. Evolutionary analyses reveal immune cell receptor GPR84 as a conserved receptor for bacteria-derived molecules. iScience 2022; 25:105087. [PMID: 36164652 PMCID: PMC9508565 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The G protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) is found in immune cells and its expression is increased under inflammatory conditions. Activation of GPR84 by medium-chain fatty acids results in pro-inflammatory responses. Here, we screened available vertebrate genome data and found that GPR84 is present in vertebrates for more than 500 million years but absent in birds and a pseudogene in bats. Cloning and functional characterization of several mammalian GPR84 orthologs in combination with evolutionary and model-based structural analyses revealed evidence for positive selection of bear GPR84 orthologs. Naturally occurring human GPR84 variants are most frequent in Asian populations causing a loss of function. Further, we identified cis- and trans-2-decenoic acid, both known to mediate bacterial communication, as evolutionary highly conserved ligands. Our integrated set of approaches contributes to a comprehensive understanding of GPR84 in terms of evolutionary and structural aspects, highlighting GPR84 as a conserved immune cell receptor for bacteria-derived molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amadeus Samuel Schulze
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gunnar Kleinau
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rosanna Krakowsky
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David Rochmann
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ranajit Das
- Yenepoya Research Centre, Yenepoya University, Mangalore, Karnataka, India
| | - Catherine L Worth
- Independent Data Lab UG, Frauenmantelanger 31, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Krumbholz
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Scheerer
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Group Protein X-ray Crystallography and Signal Transduction, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Stäubert
- Rudolf Schönheimer Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Leipzig University, Johannisallee 30, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Watanabe S, Tsujino S. Applications of Medium-Chain Triglycerides in Foods. Front Nutr 2022; 9:802805. [PMID: 35719157 PMCID: PMC9203050 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.802805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the 1950s, the production of processed fats and oils from coconut oil was popular in the United States. It became necessary to find uses for the medium-chain fatty acids (MCFAs) that were byproducts of the process, and a production method for medium-chain triglycerides (MCTs) was established. At the time of this development, its use as a non-fattening fat was being studied. In the early days MCFAs included fatty acids ranging from hexanoic acid (C6:0) to dodecanoic acid (C12:0), but today their compositions vary among manufacturers and there seems to be no clear definition. MCFAs are more polar than long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) because of their shorter chain length, and their hydrolysis and absorption properties differ greatly. These differences in physical properties have led, since the 1960s, to the use of MCTs to improve various lipid absorption disorders and malnutrition. More than half a century has passed since MCTs were first used in the medical field. It has been reported that they not only have properties as an energy source, but also have various physiological effects, such as effects on fat and protein metabolism. The enhancement of fat oxidation through ingestion of MCTs has led to interest in the study of body fat reduction and improvement of endurance during exercise. Recently, MCTs have also been shown to promote protein anabolism and inhibit catabolism, and applied research has been conducted into the prevention of frailty in the elderly. In addition, a relatively large ingestion of MCTs can be partially converted into ketone bodies, which can be used as a component of "ketone diets" in the dietary treatment of patients with intractable epilepsy, or in the nutritional support of terminally ill cancer patients. The possibility of improving cognitive function in dementia patients and mild cognitive impairment is also being studied. Obesity due to over-nutrition and lack of exercise, and frailty due to under-nutrition and aging, are major health issues in today's society. MCTs have been studied in relation to these concerns. In this paper we will introduce the results of applied research into the use of MCTs by healthy subjects.
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Gao WS, Qu YJ, Huai J, Wei H, Zhang Y, Yue SW. DOK3 is involved in microglial cell activation in neuropathic pain by interacting with GPR84. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:389-410. [PMID: 33281117 PMCID: PMC7835011 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Adaptor molecule downstream of kinase-3 (DOK3) is a vital regulator of innate immune responses in macrophages and B cells, and G-protein-coupled receptor 84 (GPR84) is significant in mediating the biosynthesis and maintenance of inflammatory mediators that are induced by neuropathic pain in microglia. In the present study, we determined the role of DOK3 in activating microglia-induced neuropathic pain and investigated the underlying mechanisms associated with GPR84. We found that knockdown of DOK3 in microglial cells dramatically reduced the levels of inflammatory factors, and we uncovered a physical association between DOK3 and GPR84 in the induction of inflammatory responses. We also observed that neuropathic pain and inflammatory responses induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve or intrathecal injection of a GPR84 agonist were compromised in DOK3-/- mice in vivo. Finally, enforced expression of DOK3 provoked inflammatory responses, and administration of pregabalin relieved neuropathic pain via inhibition of DOK3 expression. In conclusion, DOK3 induced neuropathic pain in mice by interacting with GPR84 in microglia. We hypothesize that targeting the adaptor protein DOK3 may open new avenues for pharmaceutical approaches to the alleviation of neuropathic pain in the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Shuang Gao
- Rehabilitation Center, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yu-Juan Qu
- Rehabilitation Center, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Juan Huai
- Rehabilitation Center, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hui Wei
- Rehabilitation Center, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Rehabilitation Center, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Shou-Wei Yue
- Rehabilitation Center, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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