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Hou Z, Xu B, Liu L, Yan R, Zhang J. Isolation, Identification, Antimicrobial Resistance, Genotyping, and Whole-Genome Sequencing Analysis of Salmonella Enteritidis Isolated from a Food-Poisoning Incident. Pol J Microbiol 2024; 73:69-89. [PMID: 38437471 PMCID: PMC10911658 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2024-008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Salmonella enterica is a common pathogen in humans and animals that causes food poisoning and infection, threatening public health safety. We aimed to investigate the genome structure, drug resistance, virulence characteristics, and genetic relationship of a Salmonella strain isolated from patients with food poisoning. The pathogen strain 21A was collected from the feces of patients with food poisoning, and its minimum inhibitory concentration against commonly used antibiotics was determined using the strip test and Kirby-Bauer disk methods. Subsequently, WGS analysis was used to reveal the genome structural characteristics and the carrying status of resistance genes and virulence genes of strain 21A. In addition, an MLST-based minimum spanning tree and an SNP-based systematic spanning tree were constructed to investigate its genetic evolutionary characteristics. The strain 21A was identified by mass spectrometry as S. enterica, which was found to show resistance to ampicillin, piperacillin, sulbactam, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin. The WGS and bioinformatics analyses revealed this strain as Salmonella Enteritidis belonging to ST11, which is common in China, containing various resistance genes and significant virulence characteristics. Strain 21A was closely related to the SJTUF strains, a series strains from animal, food and clinical sources, as well as from Shanghai, China, which were located in the same evolutionary clade. According to the genetic makeup of strain 21A, the change G > A was found to be the most common variation. We have comprehensively analyzed the genomic characteristics, drug resistance phenotype, virulence phenotype, and genetic evolution relationship of S. Enteritidis strain 21A, which will contribute towards an in-depth understanding of the pathogenic mechanism of S. Enteritidis and the effective prevention and control of foodborne diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuru Hou
- Department of Basic Medicine, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
- Key Laboratory of Lvliang for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, Fenyang, China
| | - Benjin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Lvliang for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, Fenyang, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province, Fenyang, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Lvliang for Clinical Molecular Diagnostics, Fenyang, China
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Fenyang College of Shanxi Medical University, Fenyang, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province, Fenyang, China
| | - Rongrong Yan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province, Fenyang, China
| | - Jinjing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fenyang Hospital of Shanxi Province, Fenyang, China
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2
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Kang L, You J, Li Y, Huang R, Wu S. Effects and mechanisms of Salmonella plasmid virulence gene spv on host-regulated cell death. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:86. [PMID: 38305917 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03612-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Salmonella is responsible for the majority of food poisoning outbreaks around the world. Pathogenic Salmonella mostly carries a virulence plasmid that contains the Salmonella plasmid virulence gene (spv), a highly conserved sequence encoding effector proteins that can manipulate host cells. Intestinal epithelial cells are crucial components of the innate immune system, acting as the first barrier of defense against infection. When the barrier is breached, Salmonella encounters the underlying macrophages in lamina propria, triggering inflammation and engaging in combat with immune cells recruited by inflammatory factors. Host regulated cell death (RCD) provides a variety of means to fight against or favour Salmonella infection. However, Salmonella releases effector proteins to regulate RCD, evading host immune killing and neutralizing host antimicrobial effects. This review provides an overview of pathogen-host interactions in terms of (1) pathogenicity of Salmonella spv on intestinal epithelial cells and macrophages, (2) mechanisms of host RCD to limit or promote pathogenic Salmonella expansion, and (3) effects and mechanisms of Salmonella spv gene on host RCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Kang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiayi You
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Experimental Center, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China.
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3
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Zhou L, Li Y, You J, Wu C, Zuo L, Chen Y, Kang L, Zhou Z, Huang R, Wu S. Salmonella spvC gene suppresses macrophage/neutrophil antibacterial defense mediated by gasdermin D. Inflamm Res 2024; 73:19-33. [PMID: 38135851 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-023-01818-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 10/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a representative model organism for investigating host-pathogen interactions. It was reported that S. Typhimurium spvC gene alleviated intestinal inflammation to aggravate systemic infection, while the precise mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the influence of spvC on the antibacterial defense of macrophage/neutrophil mediated by gasdermin D (GSDMD) was investigated. METHODS Mouse macrophage-like cell lines J774A.1 and RAW264.7, neutrophil-like cells derived from HL-60 cells (human promyletic leukemia cell lines) were infected with S. Typhimurium wild type, spvC deletion and complemented strains. Cell death was evaluated by LDH release and Annexin V-FITC/PI staining. Macrophage pyroptosis and neutrophil NETosis were detected by western blotting, live cell imaging and ELISA. Flow cytometry was used to assess the impact of spvC on macrophage-neutrophil cooperation in macrophage (dTHP-1)-neutrophil (dHL-60) co-culture model pretreated with GSDMD inhibitor disulfiram. Wild-type and Gsdmd-/- C57BL/6J mice were utilized for in vivo assay. The degree of phagocytes infiltration and inflammation were analyzed by immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy. RESULTS Here we find that spvC inhibits pyroptosis in macrophages via Caspase-1/Caspase-11 dependent canonical and non-canonical pathways, and restrains neutrophil extracellular traps extrusion in GSDMD-dependent manner. Moreover, spvC could ameliorate macrophages/neutrophils infiltration and cooperation in the inflammatory response mediated by GSDMD to combat Salmonella infection. CONCLUSIONS Our findings highlight the antibacterial activity of GSDMD in phagocytes and reveal a novel pathogenic mechanism employed by spvC to counteract this host defense, which may shed new light on designing effective therapeutics to control S. Typhimurium infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Center of Clinical Laboratory, Dushu Lake Hospital, Affiliated to Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Experimental Center, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jiayi You
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chaoyi Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingli Zuo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Medical Research Center, The People's Hospital of Suzhou New District, Suzhou, China
| | - Yilin Chen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Kang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhengyu Zhou
- Laboratory Animal Center, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology & Basic Medical Science, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
- MOE Key Laboratory of Geriatric Diseases and Immunology, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Pathogen Bioscience and Anti-Infective Medicine, School of Biology & Basic Medical Sciences, Suzhou Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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4
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Zhou G, Zhao Y, Ma Q, Li Q, Wang S, Shi H. Manipulation of host immune defenses by effector proteins delivered from multiple secretion systems of Salmonella and its application in vaccine research. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1152017. [PMID: 37081875 PMCID: PMC10112668 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Salmonella is an important zoonotic bacterial species and hazardous for the health of human beings and livestock globally. Depending on the host, Salmonella can cause diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to life-threatening systemic infection. In this review, we discuss the effector proteins used by Salmonella to evade or manipulate four different levels of host immune defenses: commensal flora, intestinal epithelial-mucosal barrier, innate and adaptive immunity. At present, Salmonella has evolved a variety of strategies against host defense mechanisms, among which various effector proteins delivered by the secretory systems play a key role. During its passage through the digestive system, Salmonella has to face the intact intestinal epithelial barrier as well as competition with commensal flora. After invasion of host cells, Salmonella manipulates inflammatory pathways, ubiquitination and autophagy processes with the help of effector proteins. Finally, Salmonella evades the adaptive immune system by interfering the migration of dendritic cells and interacting with T and B lymphocytes. In conclusion, Salmonella can manipulate multiple aspects of host defense to promote its replication in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuying Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Qifeng Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Quan Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University (JIRLAAPS), Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Huoying Shi,
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5
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Zhou C, Yang L, Wu Y, Yang M, He Q. A Chemotactic Colloidal Motor. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202319. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) School of Medicine and Health Harbin Institute of Technology No. 92 XiDaZhi Street 150001 Harbin P. R. China
- Wenzhou Institute University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Jinlian Street 325000 Wenzhou P. R. China
| | - Ling Yang
- Wenzhou Institute University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Jinlian Street 325000 Wenzhou P. R. China
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) School of Medicine and Health Harbin Institute of Technology No. 92 XiDaZhi Street 150001 Harbin P. R. China
| | - Mingcheng Yang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Condensed Matter Physics and Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics Institute of Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences 100190 Beijing P. R. China
- School of Physical Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 100049 Beijing P. R. China
- Songshan Lake Materials Laboratory 523808 Dongguan Guangdong P. R. China
| | - Qiang He
- Key Laboratory of Microsystems and Microstructures Manufacturing (Ministry of Education) School of Medicine and Health Harbin Institute of Technology No. 92 XiDaZhi Street 150001 Harbin P. R. China
- Wenzhou Institute University of Chinese Academy of Sciences 1 Jinlian Street 325000 Wenzhou P. R. China
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Yuan J, Zhang Q, Chen S, Yan M, Yue L. LC3-Associated Phagocytosis in Bacterial Infection. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11080863. [PMID: 36014984 PMCID: PMC9415076 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11080863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) is a noncanonical autophagy process reported in recent years and is one of the effective mechanisms of host defense against bacterial infection. During LAP, bacteria are recognized by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), enter the body, and then recruit LC3 onto a single-membrane phagosome to form a LAPosome. LC3 conjugation can promote the fusion of the LAPosomes with lysosomes, resulting in their maturation into phagolysosomes, which can effectively kill the identified pathogens. However, to survive in host cells, bacteria have also evolved strategies to evade killing by LAP. In this review, we summarized the mechanism of LAP in resistance to bacterial infection and the ways in which bacteria escape LAP. We aim to provide new clues for developing novel therapeutic strategies for bacterial infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Yuan
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (J.Y.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Qiuyu Zhang
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (J.Y.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Shihua Chen
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (J.Y.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.)
| | - Min Yan
- Department of Pathogen Biology and Immunology, Faculty of Basic Medical Science, Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650500, China; (J.Y.); (Q.Z.); (S.C.)
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (L.Y.)
| | - Lei Yue
- The Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650118, China
- Correspondence: (M.Y.); (L.Y.)
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7
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Zhou L, Li Y, Gao S, Yuan H, Zuo L, Wu C, Huang R, Wu S. Salmonella spvC Gene Inhibits Autophagy of Host Cells and Suppresses NLRP3 as Well as NLRC4. Front Immunol 2021; 12:639019. [PMID: 34335562 PMCID: PMC8317172 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.639019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Salmonella spvC gene, encoding a phosphothreonine lyase on host mitogen-activated protein kinases, facilitates systemic infection of Salmonella while the precise mechanisms remain elusive. Autophagy and pyroptosis dependent on the activation of inflammasomes, as parts of innate immune response, contribute to host defense against Salmonella infection. Recently, we reported that spvC could inhibit pyroptosis. To explore the effect of spvC on autophagy and the relationship between its function in pyroptosis and autophagy, infection models of macrophages J774A.1 and epithelial HeLa cells co-cultured with Salmonella Typhimurium wild type, spvC deletion, site-directed mutant which lacks phosphothreonine lyase activity, or complemented strain were established. The levels of LC3 turnover and Beclin 1 of J774A.1 cells were determined by western blot. Confocal laser scanning microscopy was used to visualize the autophagic flux after being transfected with mRFP-GFP-LC3 plasmid in HeLa cells. Results showed that SpvC inhibited autophagosome formation through its phosphothreonine lyase activity. Additionally, analysis of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain, leucine-rich repeat and pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) and NLR with CARD domain-containing 4 (NLRC4) in J774A.1 cells indicated that spvC decreased the protein levels of NLRP3 and NLRC4, which were significantly changed by autophagy inhibitor Bafilomycin A1. Together, our observations reveal a novel mechanism of spvC in Salmonella pathogenesis and host inflammatory response via inhibiting autophagy and NLRP3 as well as NLRC4. These pathways and their subversion by diverse pathogen virulence determinants are expected to throw light on the design of anti-infective agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liting Zhou
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Song Gao
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Haibo Yuan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lingli Zuo
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chaoyi Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Rui Huang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuyan Wu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biology and Basic Medical Science, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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Muñoz-Sánchez S, van der Vaart M, Meijer AH. Autophagy and Lc3-Associated Phagocytosis in Zebrafish Models of Bacterial Infections. Cells 2020; 9:cells9112372. [PMID: 33138004 PMCID: PMC7694021 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Modeling human infectious diseases using the early life stages of zebrafish provides unprecedented opportunities for visualizing and studying the interaction between pathogens and phagocytic cells of the innate immune system. Intracellular pathogens use phagocytes or other host cells, like gut epithelial cells, as a replication niche. The intracellular growth of these pathogens can be counteracted by host defense mechanisms that rely on the autophagy machinery. In recent years, zebrafish embryo infection models have provided in vivo evidence for the significance of the autophagic defenses and these models are now being used to explore autophagy as a therapeutic target. In line with studies in mammalian models, research in zebrafish has shown that selective autophagy mediated by ubiquitin receptors, such as p62, is important for host resistance against several bacterial pathogens, including Shigella flexneri, Mycobacterium marinum, and Staphylococcus aureus. Furthermore, an autophagy related process, Lc3-associated phagocytosis (LAP), proved host beneficial in the case of Salmonella Typhimurium infection but host detrimental in the case of S. aureus infection, where LAP delivers the pathogen to a replication niche. These studies provide valuable information for developing novel therapeutic strategies aimed at directing the autophagy machinery towards bacterial degradation.
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Xie Z, Zhang Y, Huang X. Evidence and speculation: the response of Salmonella confronted by autophagy in macrophages. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:1277-1286. [PMID: 33026883 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2020-0125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria of the Salmonella genus cause diseases ranging from self-limited gastroenteritis to typhoid fever. Macrophages are immune cells that engulf and restrict Salmonella. These cells will carry Salmonella into the circulatory system and provoke a systemic infection. Therefore, the interaction between macrophages and intracellular Salmonella is vital for its pathogenicity. As one of the immune responses of macrophages, autophagy, along with the fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes, occupies an important position in eliminating Salmonella. However, Salmonella that can overcome cellular defensive responses and infect neighboring cells must derive strategies to escape autophagy. This review introduces novel findings on Salmonella and macrophage autophagy as a mechanism against infection and explores the strategies used by Salmonella to escape autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongyi Xie
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.,International Genome Center, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Xinxiang Huang
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Jiangsu University School of Medicine, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
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10
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Kong C, Wang C, Shi Y, Yan L, Xu J, Qi W. Active vitamin D activates chondrocyte autophagy to reduce osteoarthritis via mediating the AMPK–mTOR signaling pathway. Biochem Cell Biol 2020; 98:434-442. [PMID: 31815524 DOI: 10.1139/bcb-2019-0333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) is a common joint degenerative disease. Vitamin D (VD) is essential for bone health. We hypothesized that active VD could be used as a therapeutic treatment for OA. Low serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] have been found in patients with OA, and thus the serum level of VD could be diagnostic of OA. To test this, we established a mouse model of OA. The results from staining with hematoxylin–eosin and Safranin O – Fast Green indicated that active VD reduced the symptoms of OA in mice. The results from Western blotting indicated that treatment with VD increased the activity of the p-AMPK–AMPK signaling pathway and decreased the p-mTOR–mTOR pathway; it also increased the ratio of LC3II:LC3I antibodies and the protein expression levels of Beclin-1, but decreased the level of p62. Further, treatment with VD reduced the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 both in cartilage tissues and in chondrocytes. Administration of the AMPK inhibitor compound C and autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) reversed these changes following VD treatment. In addition, the results from transfection with mRFP-GFP-LC3 indicated that active VD led to autophagosome aggregation in OA chondrocytes. 3-MA inhibited cell autophagy and promoted inflammation in OA. This study provides evidence that active VD activate chondrocyte autophagy to reduce OA inflammation via activating the AMPK–mTOR signaling pathway. Treatment with active VD could be a novel therapeutic option for OA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyu Kong
- Department of Rheumatic Immunology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300190, P.R. China
| | - Changlei Wang
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 300193, P.R. China
| | - Yuquan Shi
- Department of Rheumatic Immunology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300190, P.R. China
| | - Lei Yan
- Department of Rheumatic Immunology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300190, P.R. China
| | - Junhua Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300190, P.R. China
| | - Wufang Qi
- Department of Rheumatic Immunology, Tianjin First Central Hospital, Tianjin 300190, P.R. China
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11
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Wu S, Shen Y, Zhang S, Xiao Y, Shi S. Salmonella Interacts With Autophagy to Offense or Defense. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:721. [PMID: 32390979 PMCID: PMC7188831 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an important component of the innate immune system in mammals. Low levels of basic autophagy are sustained in normal cells, to help with the clearance of aging organelles and misfolded proteins, thus maintaining their structural and functional stability. However, when cells are faced with challenges, such as starvation or pathogenic infection, their level of autophagy increases significantly. Salmonella is a facultative intracellular pathogen, which imposes an economic burden on the poultry farming industry and human public health. Previous studies have shown that Salmonella can induce the autophagy of cells following invasion, which to a certain extent helps to protect the cells from bacterial colonization. This review summarizes the latest research in the field of Salmonella-induced autophagy, including: (i) the autophagy induction and escape mechanisms employed by Salmonella during the infection of host cells; (ii) the effect of autophagy on intracellular Salmonella; (iii) the important autophagy adaptors that recognize intracellular Salmonella in host cells; and (iv) the effect of autophagy-modulating drugs on Salmonella infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Wu
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China.,College of Animal Science and Technology, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China
| | - Yiru Shen
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shan Zhang
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yunqi Xiao
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shourong Shi
- Department of Feed and Nutrition, Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China.,Institute of Effective Evaluation of Feed and Feed Additive (Poultry institute), Ministry of Agriculture, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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