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Elia AC, Magara G, Pastorino P, Zaccaroni A, Caldaroni B, Andreini R, Righetti M, Silvi M, Dörr AJM, Prearo M. Ecotoxicity in Hyriopsis bialatus of copper and zinc biocides used in metal-based antifouling paints. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:18245-18258. [PMID: 34689271 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17069-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biofouling is a costly burden for the shipping industry. Metal-based antifouling paints are widely used to protect submerged surfaces, but the release of metals from coatings and the recoating of hulls can leach large amounts of copper and zinc into aquatic environments, posing a risk for aquatic ecosystems and biodiversity. With this study, we studied the time-course metal accumulation and oxidative stress in the digestive gland and the gills of Hyriopsis bialatus, an Asian freshwater mussel, exposed to sublethal concentrations of cuprous chloride (50 and 5 µg/L) and zinc sulfate (1000 and 100 µg/L). Time-dependent accumulation was observed after exposure to copper, but zinc uptake was negligible. Integrated biomarker response (IBRv2) and statistical analysis of individual biomarker levels showed a greater biomarker response in the digestive gland and the gills after exposure to the higher concentration of CuCl and ZnSO4. Both compounds elicited a biochemical response, especially in the digestive gland. Glutathione peroxidase activity was increased after exposure to both metals at both concentrations, suggesting a powerful defense against lipid peroxidation. The biological impact of zinc was less than that of copper, suggesting mitigated ecological pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Concetta Elia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Gabriele Magara
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley, Torino, Italy.
| | - Annalisa Zaccaroni
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Cesenatico, Italy
| | - Barbara Caldaroni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rebecca Andreini
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Cesenatico, Italy
| | - Marzia Righetti
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley, Torino, Italy
| | - Marina Silvi
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, University of Bologna, Cesenatico, Italy
| | | | - Marino Prearo
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley, Torino, Italy
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Li F, Liu Z, Yao L, Jiang Y, Qu M, Yu Y, Gong X, Tan Z, Li Z. Immunotoxicity of Perfluorooctanoic Acid to the Marine Bivalve Species Ruditapes philippinarum. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:426-436. [PMID: 34888925 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polyfluorinated alkylated substances are recognized as an important class of pollutants in marine environments. Bivalves are good model organisms for evaluating the toxicity of pollutants and monitoring marine environments. In the present study, immunotoxicity of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) was investigated by measuring biomarkers of the immune profile of Ruditapes philippinarum. In bivalves, hemocytes are an important component of the immune system. Thus, hemocyte proliferation, phagocytosis, cell viability, and immune enzyme activities, which have been applied as marine pollution bioindicators, were identified and observed for changes after exposure to PFOA in R. philippinarum. Based on the integrated biomarker responses method, we selected five biomarkers to evaluate PFOA risk at the multibiomarker level. In addition, the histopathological alterations of hemocytes in bivalves were used as indexes of the response to environmental stress. The subcellular structure of the hemocytes in R. philippinarum changed significantly with PFOA exposure, including hemocyte and nucleus morphological changes, organelle dissolution, cytomembrane and karyotheca swelling, and cytoplasm vacuolization. The present study verifies PFOA immunotoxicity to R. philippinarum at different levels and the integrated assessment of stress levels caused by PFOA in marine environment. Our results will provide new insights into evaluating adverse effects of PFOA and monitoring marine ecosystem. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:426-436. © 2021 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Li
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Yao
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Qu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongxing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuqiong Gong
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhijun Tan
- Key Laboratory of Testing and Evaluation for Aquatic Product Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
- Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaojie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, People's Republic of China
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Trenz TS, Delaix CL, Turchetto-Zolet AC, Zamocky M, Lazzarotto F, Margis-Pinheiro M. Going Forward and Back: The Complex Evolutionary History of the GPx. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10111165. [PMID: 34827158 PMCID: PMC8614756 DOI: 10.3390/biology10111165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Simple Summary Glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) are considered as one of the main antioxidant enzymes, which reduce peroxides into less toxic compounds. This family of enzymes is found in most eukaryotic organisms, but it is highly divergent regarding its structure, catalytic mechanism, and substrate usage. Furthermore, it is still unclear how these enzymes are dispersed in the animal kingdom. Through robust phylogenetic and sequence analyses, we show that all GPx genes originated from a common ancestor and evolved independently across different kingdoms. In Metazoa, GPx genes expanded into three main groups before the rise of bilaterian animals, and they were further expanded in vertebrates. These expansions allowed GPx enzymes to diversify, not only structurally, but also functionally. Our study contributes to the understanding of how this abundant class of antioxidant enzymes evolved. The evolution of GPxs appears to be a continuous process, leading to the diversification of their functions. Abstract There is large diversity among glutathione peroxidase (GPx) enzymes regarding their function, structure, presence of the highly reactive selenocysteine (SeCys) residue, substrate usage, and reducing agent preference. Moreover, most vertebrate GPxs are very distinct from non-animal GPxs, and it is still unclear if they came from a common GPx ancestor. In this study, we aimed to unveil how GPx evolved throughout different phyla. Based on our phylogenetic trees and sequence analyses, we propose that all GPx encoding genes share a monomeric common ancestor and that the SeCys amino acid was incorporated early in the evolution of the metazoan kingdom. In addition, classical GPx and the cysteine-exclusive GPx07 have been present since non-bilaterian animals, but they seem to have been lost throughout evolution in different phyla. Therefore, the birth-and-death of GPx family members (like in other oxidoreductase families) seems to be an ongoing process, occurring independently across different kingdoms and phyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomaz Stumpf Trenz
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91509-900, Brazil;
| | - Camila Luiza Delaix
- Graduação em Biotecnologia, Departamento de Biologia Molecular e Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91509-900, Brazil;
| | - Andreia Carina Turchetto-Zolet
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91509-900, Brazil;
| | - Marcel Zamocky
- Laboratory of Phylogenomic Ecology, Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 84551 Bratislava, Slovakia;
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Muthgasse 18, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Fernanda Lazzarotto
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91509-900, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (M.M.-P.)
| | - Márcia Margis-Pinheiro
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Centro de Biotecnologia, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91509-900, Brazil;
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Departamento de Genética, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91509-900, Brazil;
- Correspondence: (F.L.); (M.M.-P.)
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Hlaing SMM, Lou J, Cheng J, Xun X, Li M, Lu W, Hu X, Bao Z. Tissue-Biased and Species-Specific Regulation of Glutathione Peroxidase ( GPx) Genes in Scallops Exposed to Toxic Dinoflagellates. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 13:toxins13010021. [PMID: 33396547 PMCID: PMC7824116 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13010021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine bivalves could accumulate paralytic shellfish toxins (PSTs) produced by toxic microalgae, which might induce oxidative stress. Glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) are key enzymes functioning in the antioxidant defense, whereas our understanding of their roles in PST challenge in bivalves is limited. Herein, through genome-wide screening, we identified nine (CfGPx) and eight (PyGPx) GPx genes in Zhikong scallop (Chlamys farreri) and Yesso scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis), respectively, and revealed the expansion of GPx3 sub-family in both species. RNA-Seq analysis revealed high expression of scallop GPx3s after D stage larva during early development, and in adult hepatopancreas. However, in scallops exposed to PST-producing dinoflagellates, no GPx was significantly induced in the hepatopancreas. In scallop kidneys where PSTs were transformed to higher toxic analogs, most CfGPxs were up-regulated, with CfGPx3s being acutely and chronically induced by Alexandrium minutum and A. catenella exposure, respectively, but only one PyGPx from GPx3 subfamily was up-regulated by A. catenella exposure. Our results suggest the function of scallop GPxs in protecting kidneys against the oxidative stresses by PST accumulation or transformation. The tissue-, species-, and toxin-dependent expression pattern of scallop GPxs also implied their functional diversity in response to toxin exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sein Moh Moh Hlaing
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (S.M.M.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (X.X.); (M.L.); (Z.B.)
| | - Jiarun Lou
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (S.M.M.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (X.X.); (M.L.); (Z.B.)
| | - Jie Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (S.M.M.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (X.X.); (M.L.); (Z.B.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xiaogang Xun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (S.M.M.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (X.X.); (M.L.); (Z.B.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Moli Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (S.M.M.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (X.X.); (M.L.); (Z.B.)
| | - Wei Lu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (S.M.M.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (X.X.); (M.L.); (Z.B.)
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (X.H.); Tel.: +86-532-82031802 (W.L.); +86-532-82031970 (X.H.)
| | - Xiaoli Hu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (S.M.M.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (X.X.); (M.L.); (Z.B.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
- Correspondence: (W.L.); (X.H.); Tel.: +86-532-82031802 (W.L.); +86-532-82031970 (X.H.)
| | - Zhenmin Bao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Ministry of Education, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China; (S.M.M.H.); (J.L.); (J.C.); (X.X.); (M.L.); (Z.B.)
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
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Cheng CH, Ma HL, Deng YQ, Feng J, Chen XL, Guo ZX. Glutathione peroxidase 3 in the mud crab Scylla paramamosain: Characterization and regulation under nitrite stress. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2020; 229:108673. [PMID: 31760077 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.108673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidases (GPx) are parts of the enzymatic antioxidant system that can eliminate the peroxides produced as effect of reactions of molecules with reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this study, a selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase 3 cDNAs (designated as SpGPx3) was obtained from the mud crab Scylla paramamosain. The open reading frame (ORF) of SpGPx3 was 639 bp, which encoded a putative protein of 212 amino acids. SpGPx3 protein contained a characteristic GPx signature motif, and an active site motif. Mud crabs were exposed to 20 mg L-1 nitrite for 72 h. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the SpGPx3 mRNA was distributed abundantly in mud crab. The transcript levels of antioxidant enzyme genes (SpGPx3, SpSOD and SpCAT) were obviously induced after acute nitrite exposure. After knockdown of the SpGPx3 level, the mortality of mud crabs and malondialdehyde (MDA) content significantly increased under nitrite stress. These results suggested that SpGPx3 played an important role in protecting organisms against oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Hong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, China
| | - Hong-Ling Ma
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, China
| | - Yi-Qin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, China
| | - Juan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, China
| | - Xiao-Long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, China
| | - Zhi-Xun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing, Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510300, China.
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