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Sattanathan G, Padmapriya S, Almanaa TN, Malafaia G, Govindarajan M. Impact of Chaetomorpha aerea-enriched diet on growth, feed utilization, and haemato-immunological responses in Clarias batrachus challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila. Microb Pathog 2024; 196:106962. [PMID: 39303960 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 09/14/2024] [Accepted: 09/18/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024]
Abstract
The bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila, which causes motile Aeromonas septicemia (MAS), is dangerous to aquaculture because it affects the fish's well-being and production. As the aquaculture industry seeks sustainable and effective methods to enhance fish immunity and growth, natural supplements such as marine algae have gained attention. This study explored the potential benefits of incorporating the green marine algae Chaetomorpha aerea into the fish diet, focusing on disease resistance, growth, feed utilization, and hematological and immunological responses. Five diets were prepared, varying concentrations of C. aerea (0 control, T1: 1 g/kg; T2: 2 g/kg: T3: 5 g/kg: and T4: 10 g/kg) and administered to fish over 30 days. Following the feeding trial, the fish were exposed to A. hydrophila, and their survival rates were observed for the next 14 days. The findings demonstrated that the final weight, weight gain, relative growth rate, specific growth rate, and daily growth rate were all positively impacted by a diet containing 5 g/kg of C. aerea. Additionally, fish in the 5 g/kg C. aerea group demonstrated improved feed conversion efficiency compared to the control group. While there were no significant changes in red and white blood cell counts on the initial day, serum lysozyme activity and overall resistance to infection were enhanced in fish receiving C. aerea at 2 and 5 g/kg. These results imply that C. aerea supplementation with fish supplements may be a useful immunostimulant, boosting improved health and growth in sustainable aquaculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindharajan Sattanathan
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Wei-fang Key Laboratory of Coho Salmon Culturing Facility Engineering, Institute of Modern Facility Fisheries, College of Biology and Oceanography, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China
| | - Swaminathan Padmapriya
- Department of Zoology, Government College for Women (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, 612 001, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Taghreed N Almanaa
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Post-Graduation Program in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí Campus. Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5 km, Zona Rural, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Post-Graduation Program in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil
| | - Marimuthu Govindarajan
- Department of Zoology, Government College for Women (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, 612 001, Tamil Nadu, India; Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Sattanathan G, Padmapriya S, Kadaikunnan S, Khaled JM, Malafaia G, Govindarajan M. Marine macroalgae Chaetomorpha aerea as a dietary supplement: Optimizing immunity and resistance to Edwardsiella tarda in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 154:109956. [PMID: 39393614 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2024] [Revised: 09/30/2024] [Accepted: 10/09/2024] [Indexed: 10/13/2024]
Abstract
The intensification of aquaculture has led to a rise in fish infections, necessitating the search for alternative antibiotics. In this context, our study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with Chaetomorpha aerea, a filamentous green algae, on the immune health and resistance to infections in tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus). Diets containing varying concentrations of C. aerea (0, 1, 2, 5, and 10 g/kg) were prepared and administered to the fish for 30 days, followed by a challenge with Edwardsiella tarda to evaluate survival rates. The results were significant. The diet containing 5 g/kg of C. aerea (group T3) brought about substantial improvements in hematological parameters, including increases in red blood cell count (RBC), hematocrit (Hct), and hemoglobin (Hb). The T3 group exhibited a robust immune response, with higher lysozyme and ceruloplasmin activity in immunological assays. LBP gene expression was significantly elevated in the spleen and thymus of fish in the T3 group, which correlated with higher survival after bacterial challenge compared to the control group. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis confirmed that the 5 g/kg concentration stood out for maximizing immunological benefits without compromising the overall health of the fish. These findings highlight the robust immune response in the T3 group, a key finding of our study. We conclude that supplementation with C. aerea represents a promising and sustainable alternative in the formulation of diets for tilapia, contributing to improved health and resistance to diseases. Future studies are recommended to explore its application in other species and development stages, in addition to evaluating other health biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindharajan Sattanathan
- Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology in Universities of Shandong (Weifang University), Weifang Key Laboratory of Coho Salmon Culturing Facility Engineering, Institute of Modern Facility Fisheries, College of Biology and Oceanography, Weifang University, Weifang, 261061, China.
| | - Swaminathan Padmapriya
- Department of Zoology, Government College for Women (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, 612 001, TamilNadu, India.
| | - Shine Kadaikunnan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Jamal M Khaled
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P. O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Guilherme Malafaia
- Post-GraduationProgram in Ecology, Conservation, and Biodiversity, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil; Laboratory of Toxicology Applied to the Environment, Goiano Federal Institute - Urutaí Campus, Rodovia Geraldo Silva Nascimento, 2,5 km, Zona Rural, Urutaí, GO, Brazil; Post-GraduationProgram in Biotechnology and Biodiversity, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil; Post-GraduationProgram in Conservation of Cerrado Natural Resources, Goiano Federal Institute, Urutaí, GO, Brazil.
| | - Marimuthu Govindarajan
- Department of Zoology, Government College for Women (Autonomous), Kumbakonam, 612 001, TamilNadu, India; Unit of Vector Control, Phytochemistry and Nanotechnology, Department of Zoology, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamil Nadu, India.
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The Acute Immune Responses of the Common Carp Cyprinus carpio to PLGA Microparticles-The Interactions of a Teleost Fish with a Foreign Material. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020326. [PMID: 35204827 PMCID: PMC8869309 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) particles safely and effectively deliver pharmaceutical ingredients, with many applications approved for clinical use in humans. In fishes, PLGA particles are being considered as carriers of therapeutic drugs and vaccine antigens. However, existing studies focus mainly on vaccine antigens, the endpoint immune responses to these (e.g., improved antibody titres), without deeper understanding of whether fishes react to the carrier. To test whether or not PLGA are recognized by or interact at all with the immune system of a teleost fish, we prepared, characterized and injected PLGA microparticles intraperitoneally into common carp. The influx, phenotype of inflammatory leukocytes, and their capacity to produce reactive oxygen species and phagocytose PLGA microparticles were tested by flow cytometry, qPCR, and microscopy. PLGA microparticles were indeed recognized. However, they induced only transient recruitment of inflammatory leukocytes that was resolved 4 days later whereas only the smallest µm-sized particles were phagocytosed. The overall response resembled that described in mammals against foreign materials. Given the similarities between our findings and those described in mammals, PLGA particles can be adapted to play a dual role as both antigen and drug carriers in fishes, depending on the administered dose and their design.
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