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Chen J, Li Q, Fan L, Xie L, Zhang Q, Deng X. The impact of Lactococcus lactis KUST48 on the transcription profile of Aeromonas hydrophila-infected zebrafish spleen. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0392723. [PMID: 38441470 PMCID: PMC10986548 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03927-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila, an aquatic pathogenic bacterium, has been found to infect many fish species and cause huge aquaculture losses. Antibiotics are the most common drugs used to treat these infections. However, antibiotic abuse can lead to the development of antibiotic resistance. Probiotics have the potential to replace antibiotics for preventing infections. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a model organism used to study the innate immune system and host-pathogen interactions. Currently, there is little information on how the fish immune system responds to A. hydrophila and probiotic treatment. To increase the understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the zebrafish defense against A. hydrophila and provide evidence that antibiotics can be replaced by probiotics, a transcriptome analysis of the zebrafish spleen was conducted 48 hours after infection by A. hydrophila, as well as after treatment using Lactococcus lactis KUST48 4 hours after infection. A total of 36,499 genes were obtained. There were 3,337 genes found to have significant differential expression between treatment and control groups. According to further annotation and enrichment analysis, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were involved in signal transduction, endocrine system cancer, and the immune system. Insulin resistance disappeared in the zebrafish after treatment. Quantitative real-time PCR was performed to confirm the significant regulation of immune defense DEGs, the results of which were consistent with the RNA-sequencing data. These results could serve as a basis for future studies on the immune response to A. hydrophila and provide suggestions for probiotic alternatives to antibiotics, which will be of great significance to aquaculture and environmental protection.IMPORTANCEIn recent years, the unreasonable use of antibiotics has led to the emergence of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria, antibiotic residues, cross infection, toxic side effects, and so on, which has caused a serious threat to human food safety and life health. In recent years, many studies have demonstrated the potential of probiotics as a substitute for antibiotics, but there is still a lack of understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying probiotic therapy. We conduct a research on the impact of Lactococcus lactis KUST48 on the transcription profile of Aeromonas hydrophila-infected zebrafish spleen. Mortality of zebrafish infected with A. hydrophila was significantly reduced after treatment with L. lactis KUST48. Our results can help to strengthen our understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms of zebrafish and provide a valuable reference for the molecular mechanisms of probiotic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Chen
- Department of Modern Agriculture, Zunyi Vocational Technology College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qiuyue Li
- Department of Modern Agriculture, Zunyi Vocational Technology College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Lili Fan
- Department of Modern Agriculture, Zunyi Vocational Technology College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Liqin Xie
- Department of Modern Agriculture, Zunyi Vocational Technology College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Qilin Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xianyu Deng
- Department of Modern Agriculture, Zunyi Vocational Technology College, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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2
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Tran NT, Liang H, Li J, Deng T, Bakky MAH, Zhang M, Li S. Cellular responses in crustaceans under white spot syndrome virus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 140:108984. [PMID: 37549875 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity plays the most important system responsible for protecting crustaceans against invading pathogens. White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is considered a serious pathogen in crustaceans with high cumulative mortality and morbidity in infected animals. Understanding the mechanism of the response of hosts to WSSV infection is necessary, which is useful for effective prevention in controlling infection. In this review, we summarize the participation of signaling pathways (toll, immune deficiency, JAK/STAT, endocytosis, mitogen-activated protein kinase, PI3K/Akt/mTOR, cGAS-STING, Wingless/Integrated signal transduction, and prophenoloxidase (proPO) cascade) and the activity of cells (apoptosis, autophagy, as well as, reactive oxygen species and antioxidant enzymes) in the cellular-mediated immune response of crustaceans during WSSV infection. The information presented in this current review is important for a better understanding of the mechanism of the response of hosts to pathogens. Additionally, this provides a piece of basic knowledge for discovering approaches to strengthen the immune system and resistance of cultured animals against viral infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Tuan Tran
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
| | - Huifen Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Jinkun Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Taoqiu Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Md Akibul Hasan Bakky
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China
| | - Shengkang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biology, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China; Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, China.
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Robinson NA, Robledo D, Sveen L, Daniels RR, Krasnov A, Coates A, Jin YH, Barrett LT, Lillehammer M, Kettunen AH, Phillips BL, Dempster T, Doeschl‐Wilson A, Samsing F, Difford G, Salisbury S, Gjerde B, Haugen J, Burgerhout E, Dagnachew BS, Kurian D, Fast MD, Rye M, Salazar M, Bron JE, Monaghan SJ, Jacq C, Birkett M, Browman HI, Skiftesvik AB, Fields DM, Selander E, Bui S, Sonesson A, Skugor S, Østbye TK, Houston RD. Applying genetic technologies to combat infectious diseases in aquaculture. REVIEWS IN AQUACULTURE 2023; 15:491-535. [PMID: 38504717 PMCID: PMC10946606 DOI: 10.1111/raq.12733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
Disease and parasitism cause major welfare, environmental and economic concerns for global aquaculture. In this review, we examine the status and potential of technologies that exploit genetic variation in host resistance to tackle this problem. We argue that there is an urgent need to improve understanding of the genetic mechanisms involved, leading to the development of tools that can be applied to boost host resistance and reduce the disease burden. We draw on two pressing global disease problems as case studies-sea lice infestations in salmonids and white spot syndrome in shrimp. We review how the latest genetic technologies can be capitalised upon to determine the mechanisms underlying inter- and intra-species variation in pathogen/parasite resistance, and how the derived knowledge could be applied to boost disease resistance using selective breeding, gene editing and/or with targeted feed treatments and vaccines. Gene editing brings novel opportunities, but also implementation and dissemination challenges, and necessitates new protocols to integrate the technology into aquaculture breeding programmes. There is also an ongoing need to minimise risks of disease agents evolving to overcome genetic improvements to host resistance, and insights from epidemiological and evolutionary models of pathogen infestation in wild and cultured host populations are explored. Ethical issues around the different approaches for achieving genetic resistance are discussed. Application of genetic technologies and approaches has potential to improve fundamental knowledge of mechanisms affecting genetic resistance and provide effective pathways for implementation that could lead to more resistant aquaculture stocks, transforming global aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Robinson
- Nofima ASTromsøNorway
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory—Temperate and Tropical (SALTT)School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Diego Robledo
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Rose Ruiz Daniels
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | - Andrew Coates
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory—Temperate and Tropical (SALTT)School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Ye Hwa Jin
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Luke T. Barrett
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory—Temperate and Tropical (SALTT)School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research StationMatredalNorway
| | | | | | - Ben L. Phillips
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory—Temperate and Tropical (SALTT)School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Tim Dempster
- Sustainable Aquaculture Laboratory—Temperate and Tropical (SALTT)School of BioSciences, The University of MelbourneMelbourneVictoriaAustralia
| | - Andrea Doeschl‐Wilson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Francisca Samsing
- Sydney School of Veterinary ScienceThe University of SydneyCamdenAustralia
| | | | - Sarah Salisbury
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | | | | | | | | | - Dominic Kurian
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary StudiesThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Mark D. Fast
- Atlantic Veterinary CollegeThe University of Prince Edward IslandCharlottetownPrince Edward IslandCanada
| | | | | | - James E. Bron
- Institute of AquacultureUniversity of StirlingStirlingScotlandUK
| | - Sean J. Monaghan
- Institute of AquacultureUniversity of StirlingStirlingScotlandUK
| | - Celeste Jacq
- Blue Analytics, Kong Christian Frederiks Plass 3BergenNorway
| | | | - Howard I. Browman
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Ecosystem Acoustics GroupTromsøNorway
| | - Anne Berit Skiftesvik
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Ecosystem Acoustics GroupTromsøNorway
| | | | - Erik Selander
- Department of Marine SciencesUniversity of GothenburgGothenburgSweden
| | - Samantha Bui
- Institute of Marine Research, Matre Research StationMatredalNorway
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Limkul S, Phiwthong T, Massu A, Jaree P, Thawonsuwan J, Teaumroong N, Boonanuntanasarn S, Somboonwiwat K, Boonchuen P. The interferon-like proteins, Vagos, in Fenneropenaeus merguiensis elicit antimicrobial responses against WSSV and VP AHPND infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:718-728. [PMID: 36341873 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The Vago interferon-like protein participates in the interplay between interferon regulatory factors and the expression of immune-responsive genes. Vago was initially perceived to participate only in the antiviral activation through JAK/STAT pathway. However, certain isoforms of Vago can stimulate antimicrobial responses. Here we identify Vago isoforms in Fenneropenaeus merguiensis (FmVagos) and how they function in antiviral and antibacterial responses against highly invasive pathogens, including white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) and Vibrio parahaemolyticus (VPAHPND). Three isoforms of FmVagos were identified: FmVago4, FmVago5a, and FmVago5b, and expressed throughout tissues of the shrimp. During infection, FmVago4, FmVago5a, and FmVago5b, were up-regulated after WSSV and VPAHPND challenges at certain time points. Pre-injection of purified recombinant FmVago4 (rVago4), FmVago5a (rVago5a), and FmVago5b (rVago5b) proteins could significantly reduce the mortality of shrimp upon WSSV infection, while the increase of survival rate of VPAHPND-infected shrimp was observed only in rVago4 treatment. The immunity routes that FmVagos might instigate in response to the pathogens were examined by qRT-PCR, revealing that the JAK/STAT pathway was activated after introducing rVago4, rVago5a, and rVago5b, while the Toll/IMD pathway and proPO system, combined with PO activity, were provoked only in the rVago4-treated shrimp. Our finding suggests cross-talk between Vago's antiviral and antimicrobial responses in shrimp immunity. These findings complement previous studies in which Vago and its specific isoform could promote viral and bacterial clearance in shrimp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirawich Limkul
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Tannatorn Phiwthong
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Amarin Massu
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Phattarunda Jaree
- Center of Applied Shrimp Research and Innovation, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Salaya, Nakhon Pathom, 73170, Thailand
| | - Jumroensri Thawonsuwan
- Songkhla Aquatic Animal Health Research Center, Department of Fisheries, Songkhla, 90110, Thailand
| | - Neung Teaumroong
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Surintorn Boonanuntanasarn
- School of Animal Technology and Innovation, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand
| | - Kunlaya Somboonwiwat
- Center of Excellence for Molecular Biology and Genomics of Shrimp, Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 10330, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Pakpoom Boonchuen
- School of Biotechnology, Institute of Agricultural Technology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand.
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Fei H, Yi SF, Zhang HM, Cheng Y, Zhang YQ, Yu X, Qian SC, Huang MM, Yang S. Transcriptome and 16S rRNA analysis revealed the response of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) to Rhabdovirus infection. Front Immunol 2022; 13:973422. [PMID: 36275642 PMCID: PMC9585208 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.973422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
To better understand the response of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides) to Micropterus salmoides rhabdovirus (MSRV) infection, we investigated the intestinal bacterial flora and transcriptome profile of fish at 72 hours post-infection (hpi). Total of 1574 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in largemouth bass spleen following MSRV infection, including 573 upregulated and 1001 downregulated genes. KEGG and GO enrichment analysis revealed that upregulated genes were enriched in certain antiviral related signaling pathway, including NOD-like receptor (NLR), RIG-I like receptors (RLR) and regulation of the interferon (IFN)-γ-mediated signaling pathway, whereas some immune-related DEGs enriched in focal adhesion (FA) and ECM-receptor interaction(ECM-RI) were downregulated, as well as genes associated with metabolic processes, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), adipocytokine signaling pathway, Glycerolipid and Retinol metabolism. Furthermore, the principal component analysis (PCA) and phylogenetic analysis revealed that MSRV infection significantly affected the microbiota of largemouth bass intestine; the LEfSe analysis showed that relative abundances of Streptococcus were significantly increased, while the content of Akkermansia, Enterococcus and Lactobacillus were remarkably decreased in the fish intestine following MSRV infection. Additionally, a high correlation was determined between the expressions of interferon-related upregulated genes and the relative abundance of Streptococcus by redundancy analysis (RDA). These results collectively illustrated that intestinal microbiota composition might be associated with the immune-related gene expression in largemouth bass in response to MSRV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fei
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shun fa Yi
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hui min Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Cheng
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ya qi Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiang Yu
- Department of Industrilaztion, Zhejiang Development & Planning Institute, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shi chao Qian
- Department of Fish disease, Huzhou Baijiayu Biotech Co., Ltd., Huzhou, China
| | - Meng meng Huang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Silkworm Bioreactor and Biomedicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shun Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Shun Yang,
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Zhang Y, Yao N, Zhang C, Sun X, Huang J, Zhao B, Li H. LncRNA-mRNA integrated profiling analysis in response to white spot syndrome virus in hepatopancreas in Penaeus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 129:251-262. [PMID: 36031038 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Penaeus japonicas is an important shrimp species, which is exposed to stressors including a variety of epidemic diseases. To date, little is known about the mechanisms involved in the response to white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) mediated by long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). A total of 6544 putative lncRNAs were identified in the hepatopancreas in P. japonicas, which provides a useful lncRNA reference resource for use in future studies. In addition, a total of 444 differentially expressed mRNAs and 457 differentially expressed lncRNAs were identified at 6, 12, and 24 h after WSSV infection in the hepatopancreas of P. japonicas. Functional enrichment analysis showed that the differentially expressed mRNAs were enriched in terms related to immune response and viral infectivity such as defense response, aminopeptidase activity, whereas the differentially expressed lncRNA partner genes were enriched in ubiquitin-dependent protein catabolic process, lipoprotein metabolic process, and antigen processing and presentation. Moreover, several lncRNAs were induced by WSSV infection, indicating these lncRNAs might participate in regulating many immune processes referring to their partner genes. Co-expression analysis of the lncRNAs and their partner genes identified some high lncRNA-mRNA correlations. These results suggest that WSSV stimulates the immune response in the hepatopancreas potentially through an important coding and non-coding gene network, thereby providing valuable information regarding non-coding responses to WSSV in Penaeus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaqun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Na Yao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Chuantao Zhang
- Xiaying Enhancement and Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Weifang, Shandong, 261312, China
| | - Xiangshan Sun
- Xiaying Enhancement and Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Weifang, Shandong, 261312, China
| | - Jingxian Huang
- Xiaying Enhancement and Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Weifang, Shandong, 261312, China
| | - Bingran Zhao
- Xiaying Enhancement and Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Weifang, Shandong, 261312, China
| | - Hengde Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing Key Laboratory of Fishery Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China.
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Yang N, Xu J, Gao Y, Cao Z, Si L, Chang L, Li T, Yan D. Transcriptome analysis of IHHNV infection in Penaeus vannamei at different developmental stages. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:329-339. [PMID: 35760280 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Infectious hypodermal and haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHHNV) is the smallest known virus in shrimp, which causes runt-deformity syndrome (RDS) and leads to huge economic loss every year in penaeid shrimp farming. Previous studies have shown that the juvenile Penaeus vannamei is more susceptible to IHHNV infection than the adults, but the mechanism is still unclear. In order to investigate the mechanism of pathogenic differences in IHHNV infection of P. vannamei at different developmental stages, the juvenile and adult P. vannamei were studied by transcriptome high-throughput sequencing to analyze their response to IHHNV infection. GO and KEGG enrichment were analyzed to search for differentially expressed genes (DEGs) related to immunity, growth and metabolism. The results showed that many immune-related genes of the juvenile and adult P. vannamei responded differently to IHHNV infection. For the adult P. vannamei, the expression of most immune-related genes was significantly up-regulated, which means that a cellular defense response was triggered after IHHNV infection. However, most immune-related genes in juvenile P. vannamei were inhibited, indicating that the immune system of juvenile the P. vannamei is imperfect and makes it to be more susceptible to IHHNV. Similarly, the growth-related genes of P. vannamei were changed during IHHNV infection. For the juvenile P. vannamei, the growth-related genes were significantly down-regulated, which resulted in a growth hormone disorder and prevented the juvenile P. vannamei from growth. In the adult P. vannamei, most molting-related genes were significantly up-regulated, indicating that IHHNV infection leads the adult P. vannamei to early molting to eliminate pathogen in the body. Metabolic process data showed that energy metabolism pathway was affected when P. vannamei infected with IHHNV. The adult P. vannamei infected with IHHNV can cause energetically costly and lead to the disturbance of the metabolism, activate complex immune systems to resist the invasion of pathogens. The results of this study clarified the response mechanism of P. vannamei at different developmental stages to IHHNV infection, which can provide new insights to IHHNV effective control and a reference for the study of sensitive period of different shrimp virus to host infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Yang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, PR China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, PR China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, PR China
| | - Zheng Cao
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, PR China
| | - Lingjun Si
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, PR China
| | - Linrui Chang
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, PR China
| | - Ting Li
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, PR China.
| | - Dongchun Yan
- School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, 264025, PR China.
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