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Gong Y, Chen S, Wang Z, Li W, Xie R, Zhang H, Huang X, Chen N, Li S. Dietary lipid sources affect growth performance, lipid deposition, antioxidant capacity and inflammatory response of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 150:109635. [PMID: 38754648 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
The present study explored the effects of different lipid sources on growth performance, lipid deposition, antioxidant capacity, inflammatory response and disease resistance of largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides). Four isonitrogenous (crude protein 50.46 %) and isolipidic (crude lipid 11.12 %) diets were formulated to contain 7 % of different oil sources including fish oil (FO) (control), soybean oil (SO), linseed oil (LO) and coconut oil (CO). Largemouth bass with initial body weight of 36.0 ± 0.2 g were randomly distributed into 12 tanks, with 30 fish per tank and 3 tanks per treatment. The fish were fed with the experiment diets twice daily for 8 weeks. The results indicated that the weight gain of largemouth bass fed the FO diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the LO and CO diets. The liver crude lipid content in FO group was significantly higher than other groups, while the highest liver triglyceride content was showed in SO group and the lowest was detected in LO group. At transcriptional level, expression of lipogenesis related genes (pparγ, srebp1, fas, acc, dgat1 and dgat2) in the SO and CO group were significantly higher than the FO group. However, the expression of lipolysis and fatty acids oxidation related genes (pparα, cpt1, and aco) in vegetable oils groups were significantly higher than the FO group. As to the antioxidant capacity, vegetable oils significantly reduced the malondialdehyde content of largemouth bass. Total antioxidant capacity in the SO and LO groups were significantly increased compared with the FO group. Catalase in the LO group was significantly increased compared with the FO group. Furthermore, the ER stress related genes, such as grp78, atf6α, atf6β, chop and xbp1 were significantly enhanced in the vegetable oil groups compared with the FO group. The activity of serum lysozyme in vegetable oil groups were significantly higher than in FO group. Additionally, the relative expression of non-specific immune related genes, including tlr2, mapk11, mapk13, mapk14, rela, tgf-β1, tnfα, 5lox, il-1β and il10, were all significantly increased in SO and CO groups compared to the other groups. In conclusion, based on the indexes including growth performance, lipid deposition, antioxidant capacity and inflammatory response, SO and LO could be alternative oil sources for largemouth bass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Gong
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Shiwen Chen
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Zhenjie Wang
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Wenfei Li
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Ruitao Xie
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang, 524000, China
| | - Xuxiong Huang
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center on Experiment Teaching of Fisheries Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Naisong Chen
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Songlin Li
- Research Centre of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs on Environmental Ecology and Fish Nutrition, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; National Demonstration Center on Experiment Teaching of Fisheries Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Shastak Y, Pelletier W. Captivating Colors, Crucial Roles: Astaxanthin's Antioxidant Impact on Fish Oxidative Stress and Reproductive Performance. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:3357. [PMID: 37958112 PMCID: PMC10648254 DOI: 10.3390/ani13213357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish, constantly exposed to environmental stressors due to their aquatic habitat and high metabolic rates, are susceptible to oxidative stress. This review examines the interplay between oxidative stress and fish reproduction, emphasizing the potent antioxidant properties of astaxanthin. Our primary objective is to highlight astaxanthin's role in mitigating oxidative stress during critical reproductive stages, leading to improved gamete quality, ovary development, and hormone levels. We also explore its practical applications in aquaculture, including enhanced pigmentation and overall fish health. We conducted a comprehensive literature review, analyzing studies on astaxanthin's antioxidant properties and its impact on fish reproduction. Astaxanthin, a carotenoid pigment, effectively combats reactive oxygen species, inhibiting lipid peroxidation and maintaining membrane integrity. It significantly enhances reproductive success in fish and improves overall fish health in aquaculture settings. This review reveals astaxanthin's multifaceted benefits in fish health and reproduction, offering economic advantages in aquaculture. Future research should delve into species-specific responses, optimal dosages, and the long-term effects of astaxanthin supplementation to inform sustainable aquaculture strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yauheni Shastak
- Nutrition & Health Division, BASF SE, 67063 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
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Dong Y, Wei Y, Wang L, Song K, Zhang C, Lu K, Rahimnejad S. Dietary n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio modulates growth performance in spotted seabass ( Lateolabrax maculatus) through regulating lipid metabolism, hepatic antioxidant capacity and intestinal health. ANIMAL NUTRITION (ZHONGGUO XU MU SHOU YI XUE HUI) 2023; 14:20-31. [PMID: 37234947 PMCID: PMC10208799 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2023.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
An 8-week feeding experiment was carried out to explore the effects of dietary n-3/n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) ratio on growth performance, lipid metabolism, hepatic antioxidant status, and gut flora of spotted seabass (Lateolabrax maculatus). Six experimental diets were formulated to contain different levels of two purified oil sources including docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids enriched oil (n-3) and linoleic acid-enriched oil (n-6) leading to n-3/n-6 PUFA ratios of 0.04, 0.35, 0.66, 1.35, 2.45 and 16.17. Each diet was fed to triplicate groups of juvenile L. maculatus (11.06 ± 0.20 g, 30 fish/tank). Final body weight (FBW), weight gain (WG), specific growth rates (SGR), protein efficiency ratio (PER) and feed utilization efficiency increased as n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio increased up to a certain level, and then decreased thereafter. Fish fed the diet with n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio of 0.66 exhibited the highest FBW, WG, SGR and PER and the lowest feed conversion ratio. Lower n-3/n-6 PUFA ratios induced up-regulated expression of lipid synthesis-related genes (fas, acc2 and srebp-1c) and down-regulated expression of lipolysis related genes (atgl, pparα, cpt-1 and aox). Higher expression of lipolysis-related genes (atgl, pparα and cpt-1) was recorded at moderate n-3/n-6 PUFA ratios (0.66 to 1.35). Moreover, inappropriate n-3/n-6 PUFA ratios triggered up-regulation of pro-inflammatory genes (il-6 and tnf-α) and down-regulation of anti-inflammatory genes (il-4 and il-10) in the intestine. The diet with n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio of 0.66 inhibited intestine inflammation, improved intestinal flora richness, increased the abundance of beneficial bacteria such as Lactobacillus, Alloprevotella and Ruminococcus, and reduced the abundance of harmful bacteria including Escherichia-Shigella and Enterococcus. In summary, it could be suggested that a dietary n-3/n-6 PUFA ratio of 0.66 can improve growth performance and feed utilization in L. maculatus, as is deemed to be mediated through regulation of lipid metabolism and intestinal flora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanzou Dong
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Ling Wang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Kai Song
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Chunxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Kangle Lu
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Samad Rahimnejad
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, South Bohemian Research Centre of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Vodňany, Zátiší 728, Vodňany 389 25, Czech Republic
- Fish Innate Immune System Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence “Campus Mare Nostrum”, University of Murcia, Murcia 30100, Spain
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Li Y, Chen Z, Xiao Y, Gao F, Zhan F, Lu Z, Huang Z, Wei X, Su F, Shi F, Lin L, Qin Z. The Keap1-Nrf2 signaling pathway regulates antioxidant defenses of Ctenopharyngodon idella induced by bacterial infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 137:108686. [PMID: 37011738 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory burst is a process involving rapid production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) for eliminating invading pathogens. However, excessive ROS production can be fatal to the host organism. The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE (Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 [Keap1]; Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2 [Nrf2]; Antioxidant responsive element [ARE]) signaling pathway plays an important role in alleviating oxidative stress and preserving cellular homeostasis. However, the role of Keap1 during bacterial infection in fish remains unclear. In this study, we cloned and characterized the Keap1 gene of grass carp (CiKeap1) for the first time. CiKeap1 encodes a 593-amino acid protein of the Keap1b type. The tissue distribution analysis data revealed that the brain contains the highest transcription level of Keap1, followed by the heart and liver. The infection of Aeromonas hydrophila and Staphylococcus aureus obviously modulated the gene transcription and protein expression levels of Keap1, which suggested that the CiKeap1 participates in antibacterial immune responses. Furthermore, in vitro overexpression assays clarified the defensive and regular roles of CiKeap1 in maintaining host redox homeostasis in response to bacterial infection through the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway. In conclusion, the present results provide an expanded perspective on the role of Keap1 in teleost immunology that can guide healthy farming cultivation of grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Zongfu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Yayuan Xiao
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, PR China, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, 510300, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Fanbin Zhan
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Zhijie Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Zhenpeng Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Xuefeng Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Fengping Su
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Fei Shi
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China
| | - Li Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China.
| | - Zhendong Qin
- Guangdong Provincial Water Environment and Aquatic Products Security Engineering Technology Research Center, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Diseases and Waterfowl Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Zhongkai University of Agriculture and Engineering, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510222, China.
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Zhu A, Tan P, Xu D, Zhang X, Yan X. Proteomics and phosphoproteomics analysis identifies liver immune protein markers in large yellow croakers (Larimichthys crocea) fed a soybean oil-based diet. Int J Biol Macromol 2023:125097. [PMID: 37268069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.125097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Dietary fish oil (FO) replacement has led to an inflammatory response in fish species. This study aimed to identify immune-related proteins in the liver tissue of fish fed a FO-based or soybean oil (SO)-based diet. By conducting proteomics and phosphoproteomics analyses, a total of 1601 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) and 460 differentially abundant phosphorylated proteins (DAPs) were identified, respectively. Enrichment analysis revealed immune-related proteins involved in bacterial infection, pathogen identification, cytokine production, and cell chemotaxis. The mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway exhibited significant alterations in both protein and phosphorylation levels, with several hub DEPs and DAPs associated with MAPK pathway and leukocyte transendothelial migration being notable. In vitro experiments indicated that linolenic acid (LNA), derived from SO, inhibited the expression of NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), but increased the expression of signaling proteins linked to nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) and MAPK pathways. Transwell assays indicated that treatment of liver cells with LNA promoted macrophage migration. Collectively, the results showed that the SO-based diet upregulated the expression of NF-κB signaling-related proteins and activated the MAPK pathway, promoting immune cell migration. These findings provide novel insights for developing effective solutions to alleviate health problems caused by dietary high levels of SO inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijun Zhu
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Tan
- Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fishery Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, People's Republic of China; Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongdong Xu
- Key Lab of Mariculture and Enhancement of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Marine Fishery Research Institute, Zhoushan 316021, People's Republic of China; Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaolin Zhang
- Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Yan
- School of Marine Sciences, Ningbo University, Ningbo 315211, People's Republic of China; Laboratory of Marine Biology Protein Engineering, Marine Science and Technical College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, People's Republic of China
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Wang X, Wan M, Wang Z, Zhang H, Zhu S, Cao X, Xu N, Zheng J, Bu X, Xu W, Mai K, Ai Q. Effects of Tributyrin Supplementation on Growth Performance, Intestinal Digestive Enzyme Activity, Antioxidant Capacity, and Inflammation-Related Gene Expression of Large Yellow Croaker ( Larimichthys crocea) Fed with a High Level of Clostridium autoethanogenum Protein. AQUACULTURE NUTRITION 2023; 2023:2687734. [PMID: 36860969 PMCID: PMC9973137 DOI: 10.1155/2023/2687734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An 8-week growth experiment was conducted to investigate effects of tributyrin (TB) supplementation on growth performance, intestinal digestive enzyme activity, antioxidant capacity, and inflammation-related gene expression of juvenile large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea) (initial weight of 12.90 ± 0.02 g) fed diets with high level of Clostridium autoethanogenum protein (CAP). In the negative control diet, 40% fish meal was used as the major source of protein (named as FM), while 45% fish meal protein of FM was substituted with CAP (named as FC) to form a positive control diet. Based on the FC diet, grade levels of 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.4%, and 0.8% tributyrin were added to formulate other five experimental diets. Results showed that fish fed diets with high levels of CAP significantly decreased the weight gain rate (WGR) and specific growth rate (SGR) compared with fish fed the FM diet (P < 0.05). WGR and SGR were significantly higher than in fish fed diets with 0.05% and 0.1% tributyrin that fed the FC diet (P < 0.05). Supplementation of 0.1% tributyrin significantly elevated fish intestinal lipase and protease activities compared to FM and FC diets (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, compared to fish fed the FC diet, fish fed diets with 0.05% and 0.1% tributyrin showed remarkably higher intestinal total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC). Malondialdehyde (MDA) content in the intestine of fish fed diets with 0.05%-0.4% tributyrin was remarkably lower than those in the fish fed the FC diet (P < 0.05). The mRNA expressions of tumor necrosis factor α (tnfα), interleukin-1β (il-1β), interleukin-6 (il-6), and interferon γ (ifnγ) were significantly downregulated in fish fed diets with 0.05%-0.2% tributyrin, and the mRNA expression of il-10 was significantly upregulated in fish fed the 0.2% tributyrin diet (P < 0.05). In regard to antioxidant genes, as the supplementation of tributyrin increased from 0.05% to 0.8%, the mRNA expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (nrf2) demonstrated a trend of first rising and then decreasing. However, the mRNA expression of Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (keap1) was remarkably lower in fish fed the FC diet than that fed diets with tributyrin supplementation (P < 0.05). Overall, fish fed tributyrin supplementation diets can ameliorate the negative effects induced by high proportion of CAP in diets, with an appropriate supplementation of 0.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuneng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Min Wan
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haitao Zhang
- Guangdong Evergreen Feed Industry Co., Ltd., Key Laboratory of Aquatic, Livestock and Poultry Feed Science and Technology in South China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Si Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiufei Cao
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Ning Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jichang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xianyong Bu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Kangsen Mai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Qinghui Ai
- Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affair) and Key Laboratory of Mariculture (Ministry of Education), Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 1 Wenhai Road, Qingdao 266003, China
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