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Chen L, Wei M, Zhou B, Wang K, Zhu E, Cheng Z. The roles and mechanisms of endoplasmic reticulum stress-mediated autophagy in animal viral infections. Vet Res 2024; 55:107. [PMID: 39227990 PMCID: PMC11373180 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-024-01360-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/05/2024] Open
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a unique organelle responsible for protein synthesis and processing, lipid synthesis in eukaryotic cells, and the replication of many animal viruses is closely related to ER. A considerable number of viral proteins are synthesised during viral infection, resulting in the accumulation of unfolded and misfolded proteins in ER, which in turn induces endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS). ERS further drives three signalling pathways (PERK, IRE1, and ATF6) of the cellular unfolded protein response (UPR) to respond to the ERS. In numerous studies, ERS has been shown to mediate autophagy, a highly conserved cellular degradation mechanism to maintain cellular homeostasis in eukaryotic cells, through the UPR to restore ER homeostasis. ERS-mediated autophagy is closely linked to the occurrence and development of numerous viral diseases in animals. Host cells can inhibit viral replication by regulating ERS-mediated autophagy, restoring the ER's normal physiological process. Conversely, many viruses have evolved strategies to exploit ERS-mediated autophagy to achieve immune escape. These strategies include the regulation of PERK-eIF2α-Beclin1, PERK-eIF2α-ATF4-ATG12, IRE1α-JNK-Beclin1, and other signalling pathways, which provide favourable conditions for the replication of animal viruses in host cells. The ERS-mediated autophagy pathway has become a hot topic in animal virological research. This article reviews the most recent research regarding the regulatory functions of ERS-mediated autophagy pathways in animal viral infections, emphasising the underlying mechanisms in the context of different viral infections. Furthermore, it considers the future direction and challenges in the development of ERS-mediated autophagy targeting strategies for combating animal viral diseases, which will contribute to unveiling their pathogenic mechanism from a new perspective and provide a scientific reference for the discovery and development of new antiviral drugs and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chen
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Miaozhan Wei
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Bijun Zhou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Kaigong Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Erpeng Zhu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
| | - Zhentao Cheng
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Veterinary Public Health of Guizhou Province, College of Animal Science, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China.
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Yu H, Chen Z, Liu Y, Shen Y, Gui L, Qiu J, Xu X, Li J. Deep sequencing identified miR-193b-3p as a positive regulator of autophagy targeting Akt3 in Ctenopharyngodon idella CIK cells during GCRV infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 149:109586. [PMID: 38670410 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2024] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Recent research has highlighted complex and close interaction between miRNAs, autophagy, and viral infection. In this study, we observed the autophagy status in CIK cells infected with GCRV at various time points. We found that GCRV consistently induced cellar autophagy from 0 h to 12 h post infection. Subsequently, we performed deep sequencing on CIK cells infected with GCRV at 0 h and 12 h respectively, identifying 38 DEMs and predicting 9581 target genes. With the functional enrichment analyses of GO and KEGG, we identified 35 autophagy-related target genes of these DEMs, among which akt3 was pinpointed as the most central hub gene using module assay of the PPI network. Then employing the miRanda and Targetscan programs for prediction, and verification through a double fluorescent enzyme system and qPCR method, we confirmed that miR-193 b-3p could target the 3'-UTR of grass carp akt3, reducing its gene expression. Ultimately, we illustrated that grass carp miR-193 b-3p could promote autophagy in CIK cells. Above results collectively indicated that miRNAs might play a critical role in autophagy of grass carp during GCRV infection and contributed significantly to antiviral immunity by targeting autophagy-related genes. This study may provide new insights into the intricate mechanisms involved in virus, autophagy, and miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zheyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuting Liu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yubang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lang Gui
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junqiang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China.
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Li F, Yu H, Qi A, Zhang T, Huo Y, Tu Q, Qi C, Wu H, Wang X, Zhou J, Hu L, Ouyang H, Pang D, Xie Z. Regulatory Non-Coding RNAs during Porcine Viral Infections: Potential Targets for Antiviral Therapy. Viruses 2024; 16:118. [PMID: 38257818 PMCID: PMC10818342 DOI: 10.3390/v16010118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Pigs play important roles in agriculture and bio-medicine; however, porcine viral infections have caused huge losses to the pig industry and severely affected the animal welfare and social public safety. During viral infections, many non-coding RNAs are induced or repressed by viruses and regulate viral infection. Many viruses have, therefore, developed a number of mechanisms that use ncRNAs to evade the host immune system. Understanding how ncRNAs regulate host immunity during porcine viral infections is critical for the development of antiviral therapies. In this review, we provide a summary of the classification, production and function of ncRNAs involved in regulating porcine viral infections. Additionally, we outline pathways and modes of action by which ncRNAs regulate viral infections and highlight the therapeutic potential of artificial microRNA. Our hope is that this information will aid in the development of antiviral therapies based on ncRNAs for the pig industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Li
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Hao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Aosi Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Tianyi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Yuran Huo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Qiuse Tu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Chunyun Qi
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Heyong Wu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Xi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Lanxin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
| | - Hongsheng Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Daxin Pang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Zicong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun 130062, China; (F.L.); (H.Y.); (A.Q.); (T.Z.); (Y.H.); (Q.T.); (C.Q.); (H.W.); (X.W.); (J.Z.); (L.H.); (H.O.)
- Chongqing Research Institute, Jilin University, Chongqing 401120, China
- Chongqing Jitang Biotechnology Research Institute Co., Ltd., Chongqing 401120, China
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Luo W, Qi H, Huang Z, Guo M, Peng D, Yang Z, Fan Z, Wang Q, Qin Q, Yang M, Lee X. Autophagy induced by Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) facilitated intracellular viral replication and extracellular viral yields in common carp brain cells. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 141:109049. [PMID: 37678483 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.109049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conservative and important process that exists in all eukaryotic cells in nature. Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3), also known as KHV (Koi Herpesvirus), is a pathogen that mainly infecting common carp and koi. In the present study, we identified the CcLC3B gene, with a length of 379 bp and displaying a close evolutionary relationship with other sixteen different species, the tissue distribution and expression pattern of CcLC3 were also identified. We found that CyHV-3 infection could promote autophagy in CCB cells at the early stage but inhibit autophagy at the late stage by using confocal fluorescence microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and western blotting. And we measured the protein levels associated with the Akt/mTOR signalling pathway, intracellular replication of CyHV-3 at the mRNA and protein levels as well as viral titters. Collectively, the results taken together suggested that CyHV-3 infection could promote autophagy in CCB cells at the early stage but inhibit autophagy at the late stage via mTOR and that promoting autophagy could facilitate CyHV-3 intracellular replication and extracellular viral yields in CCB cells. These findings revealed the relationship between CyHV-3 and autophagy and provided a novel treatment strategy targeting the autophagy signalling pathway against CyHV-3 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Luo
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bio Resource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Hemei Qi
- Guangzhou Jinan Biomedicine Research and Development Centre, Institute of Biomedicine, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, PR China
| | - Zhihong Huang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bio Resource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Min Guo
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bio Resource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Dikuang Peng
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bio Resource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Zimin Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bio Resource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Zihan Fan
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bio Resource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Qing Wang
- Pearl River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Key Laboratory of Fishery Drug Development of Ministry of Agriculture, Key Laboratory of Aquatic Animal Immune Technology, Guangzhou, 510380, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiwei Qin
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bio Resource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China
| | - Min Yang
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bio Resource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
| | - Xuezhu Lee
- Joint Laboratory of Guangdong Province and Hong Kong Regions on Marine Bio Resource Conservation and Exploitation, College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, PR China.
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Yao Y, Li S, Zhu Y, Xu Y, Hao S, Guo S, Feng WH. miR-204 suppresses porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication via inhibiting LC3B-mediated autophagy. Virol Sin 2023; 38:690-698. [PMID: 37454810 PMCID: PMC10590697 DOI: 10.1016/j.virs.2023.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) has been regarded as a persistent challenge for the swine farms worldwide. microRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in regulating almost every important biological process, including virus-host interaction. In this study, we found that miR-204 was highly expressed in cells that were not permissive to PRRSV infection compared with cells susceptible to PRRSV infection. Subsequently, we demonstrated that overexpression of miR-204 significantly inhibited PRRSV replication in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs). Through bioinformatic analysis, we found that there existed a potential binding site of miR-204 on the 3'UTR of microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3B (MAP1LC3B, LC3B), a hallmark of autophagy. Applying experiments including luciferase reporter assay and UV cross-linking and immunoprecipitation (CLIP) assay, we demonstrated that miR-204 directly targeted LC3B, thereby downregulating autophagy. Meanwhile, we investigated the interplay between autophagy and PRRSV replication in PAMs, confirming that PRRSV infection induces autophagy, which in turn facilitates viral replication. Overall, we verify that miR-204 suppresses PRRSV replication via inhibiting LC3B-mediated autophagy in PAMs. These findings will provide a novel potential approach for us to develop antiviral therapeutic agents and controlling measures for future PRRSV outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Sihan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yingqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yangyang Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Siyuan Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuyuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Wen-Hai Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Biotech Breeding, Frontiers Science Center for Molecular Design Breeding, Ministry of Agriculture Key Laboratory of Soil Microbiology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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