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Uricoechea Patiño D, Collins A, Romero García OJ, Santos Vecino G, Aristizábal Espinosa P, Bernal Villegas JE, Benavides Benitez E, Vergara Muñoz S, Briceño Balcázar I. Unraveling the Genetic Threads of History: mtDNA HVS-I Analysis Reveals the Ancient Past of the Aburra Valley. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:2036. [PMID: 38002979 PMCID: PMC10670959 DOI: 10.3390/genes14112036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
This article presents a comprehensive genetic study focused on pre-Hispanic individuals who inhabited the Aburrá Valley in Antioquia, Colombia, between the tenth and seventeenth centuries AD. Employing a genetic approach, the study analyzed maternal lineages using DNA samples obtained from skeletal remains. The results illuminate a remarkable degree of biological diversity within these populations and provide insights into their genetic connections with other ancient and indigenous groups across the American continent. The findings strongly support the widely accepted hypothesis that the migration of the first American settlers occurred through Beringia, a land bridge connecting Siberia to North America during the last Ice Age. Subsequently, these early settlers journeyed southward, crossing the North American ice cap. Of particular note, the study unveils the presence of ancestral lineages from Asian populations, which played a pivotal role in populating the Americas. The implications of these results extend beyond delineating migratory routes and settlement patterns of ancient populations. They also enrich our understanding of the genetic diversity inherent in indigenous populations of the region. By revealing the genetic heritage of pre-Hispanic individuals from the Aburrá Valley, this study offers valuable insights into the history of human migration and settlement in the Americas. Furthermore, it enhances our comprehension of the intricate genetic tapestry that characterizes indigenous communities in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Uricoechea Patiño
- Doctoral Program in Biosciences, Human Genetics Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Sabana, Chía 250001, Colombia;
| | - Andrew Collins
- Human Genetics & Genomic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK;
| | | | - Gustavo Santos Vecino
- Department of Anthropology, Faculty of Social and Human Science, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
| | | | | | | | - Saray Vergara Muñoz
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Sinú, Cartagena de Indias 130011, Colombia; (J.E.B.V.); (S.V.M.)
| | - Ignacio Briceño Balcázar
- Doctoral Program in Biosciences, Human Genetics Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of La Sabana, Chía 250001, Colombia;
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Feng Y, Zhang H, Wang Q, Jin X, Le C, Liu Y, Wang X, Jiang H, Ren Z. Whole mitochondrial genome analysis of Tai-Kadai-speaking populations in Southwest China. Front Ecol Evol 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2022.1000493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As a single matrilineal gene, human mitochondrial DNA plays a very important role in the study of population genetics. The whole mitogenome sequences of 287 individuals of the Tai-Kadai-speaking population in Guizhou were obtained. It was discovered that there were 82, 104, and 94 haplotypes in 83 Bouyei individuals, 107 Dong individuals, and 97 Sui individuals, respectively; and the haplotype diversity in Bouyei, Dong, and Sui groups was 1.000 ± 0.02, 0.9993 ± 0.0015, and 0.999 ± 0.002, respectively. The result of neutrality tests of the Tai-Kadai-speaking population in Guizhou showed significant negative values, and the analysis of mismatch distribution showed an obvious unimodal distribution. The results implied that Guizhou Tai-Kadai-speaking populations had high genetic diversities and may have experienced recent population expansion. In addition, the primary haplogroups of studied populations were M*, F, B, D, and R*, implying that they may origin from Southern China. The matrilineal genetic structure of the Tai-Kadai-speaking populations in Guizhou was analyzed by merging the mitogenome data of 79 worldwide populations as reference data. The results showed that there were close relationships between studied populations and other Tai-Kadai as well as some Austronesian populations in East and Southeast Asia. Overall, the mitogenome data generated in this study will provide important data for the study of genetic structure of Tai-Kadai speaking populations.
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Helena's Many Daughters: More Mitogenome Diversity behind the Most Common West Eurasian mtDNA Control Region Haplotype in an Extended Italian Population Sample. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126725. [PMID: 35743173 PMCID: PMC9223851 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The high number of matching haplotypes of the most common mitochondrial (mt)DNA lineages are considered to be the greatest limitation for forensic applications. This study investigates the potential to solve this constraint by massively parallel sequencing a large number of mitogenomes that share the most common West Eurasian mtDNA control region (CR) haplotype motif (263G 315.1C 16519C). We augmented a pilot study on 29 to a total of 216 Italian mitogenomes that represents the largest set of the most common CR haplotype compiled from a single country. The extended population sample confirmed and extended the huge coding region diversity behind the most common CR motif. Complete mitogenome sequencing allowed for the detection of 163 distinct haplotypes, raising the power of discrimination from 0 (CR) to 99.6% (mitogenome). The mtDNAs were clustered into 61 named clades of haplogroup H and did not reveal phylogeographic trends within Italy. Rapid individualization approaches for investigative purposes are limited to the most frequent H clades of the dataset, viz. H1, H3, and H7.
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McElhoe JA, Wilton PR, Parson W, Holland MM. Exploring statistical weight estimates for mitochondrial DNA matches involving heteroplasmy. Int J Legal Med 2022; 136:671-685. [PMID: 35243529 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-022-02774-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Massively parallel sequencing (MPS) of mitochondrial (mt) DNA allows forensic laboratories to report heteroplasmy on a routine basis. Statistical approaches will be needed to determine the relative frequency of observing an mtDNA haplotype when including the presence of a heteroplasmic site. Here, we examined 1301 control region (CR) sequences, collected from individuals in four major population groups (European, African, Asian, and Latino), and covering 24 geographically distributed haplogroups, to assess the rates of point heteroplasmy (PHP) on an individual and nucleotide position (np) basis. With a minor allele frequency (MAF) threshold of 2%, the data was similar across population groups, with an overall PHP rate of 37.7%, and the majority of heteroplasmic individuals (77.3%) having only one site of heteroplasmy. The majority (75.2%) of identified PHPs had an MAF of 2-10%, and were observed at 12.6% of the nps across the CR. Both the broad and phylogenetic testing suggested that in many cases the low number of observations of heteroplasmy at any one np results in a lack of statistical association. The posterior frequency estimates, which skew conservative to a degree depending on the sample size in a given haplogroup, had a mean of 0.152 (SD 0.134) and ranged from 0.031 to 0.83. As expected, posterior frequency estimates decreased in accordance with 1/n as the sample size (n) increased. This provides a proposed conservative statistical framework for assessing haplotype/heteroplasmy matches when applying an MPS technique in forensic cases and will allow for continual refinement as more data is generated, both within the CR and across the mitochondrial genome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A McElhoe
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Forensic Science Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 014 Thomas Building, State College, PA, 16802, USA.
| | - Peter R Wilton
- Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- 23andMe Inc, Sunnyvale, CA, 94086, USA
| | - Walther Parson
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Forensic Science Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 014 Thomas Building, State College, PA, 16802, USA
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck, Müllerstraße 44, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Mitchell M Holland
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Forensic Science Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, 014 Thomas Building, State College, PA, 16802, USA
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Rambaldi Migliore N, Colombo G, Capodiferro MR, Mazzocchi L, Chero Osorio AM, Raveane A, Tribaldos M, Perego UA, Mendizábal T, Montón AG, Lombardo G, Grugni V, Garofalo M, Ferretti L, Cereda C, Gagliardi S, Cooke R, Smith-Guzmán N, Olivieri A, Aram B, Torroni A, Motta J, Semino O, Achilli A. Weaving Mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome Variation in the Panamanian Genetic Canvas. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12121921. [PMID: 34946870 PMCID: PMC8702192 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Isthmus of Panama was a crossroads between North and South America during the continent’s first peopling (and subsequent movements) also playing a pivotal role during European colonization and the African slave trade. Previous analyses of uniparental systems revealed significant sex biases in the genetic history of Panamanians, as testified by the high proportions of Indigenous and sub-Saharan mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) and by the prevalence of Western European/northern African Y chromosomes. Those studies were conducted on the general population without considering any self-reported ethnic affiliations. Here, we compared the mtDNA and Y-chromosome lineages of a new sample collection from 431 individuals (301 males and 130 females) belonging to either the general population, mixed groups, or one of five Indigenous groups currently living in Panama. We found different proportions of paternal and maternal lineages in the Indigenous groups testifying to pre-contact demographic events and genetic inputs (some dated to Pleistocene times) that created genetic structure. Then, while the local mitochondrial gene pool was marginally involved in post-contact admixtures, the Indigenous Y chromosomes were differentially replaced, mostly by lineages of western Eurasian origin. Finally, our new estimates of the sub-Saharan contribution, on a more accurately defined general population, reduce an apparent divergence between genetic and historical data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Rambaldi Migliore
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.R.M.); (G.C.); (M.R.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.C.O.); (A.R.); (U.A.P.); (G.L.); (V.G.); (M.G.); (L.F.); (A.O.); (A.T.)
| | - Giulia Colombo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.R.M.); (G.C.); (M.R.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.C.O.); (A.R.); (U.A.P.); (G.L.); (V.G.); (M.G.); (L.F.); (A.O.); (A.T.)
| | - Marco Rosario Capodiferro
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.R.M.); (G.C.); (M.R.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.C.O.); (A.R.); (U.A.P.); (G.L.); (V.G.); (M.G.); (L.F.); (A.O.); (A.T.)
| | - Lucia Mazzocchi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.R.M.); (G.C.); (M.R.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.C.O.); (A.R.); (U.A.P.); (G.L.); (V.G.); (M.G.); (L.F.); (A.O.); (A.T.)
| | - Ana Maria Chero Osorio
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.R.M.); (G.C.); (M.R.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.C.O.); (A.R.); (U.A.P.); (G.L.); (V.G.); (M.G.); (L.F.); (A.O.); (A.T.)
| | - Alessandro Raveane
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.R.M.); (G.C.); (M.R.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.C.O.); (A.R.); (U.A.P.); (G.L.); (V.G.); (M.G.); (L.F.); (A.O.); (A.T.)
- Laboratory of Hematology-Oncology, European Institute of Oncology IRCCS, 20141 Milan, Italy
| | - Maribel Tribaldos
- Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama; (M.T.); (J.M.)
| | - Ugo Alessandro Perego
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.R.M.); (G.C.); (M.R.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.C.O.); (A.R.); (U.A.P.); (G.L.); (V.G.); (M.G.); (L.F.); (A.O.); (A.T.)
- Department of Math and Science, Southeastern Community College, West Burlington, IA 52655, USA
| | - Tomás Mendizábal
- Center for Historical, Anthropological and Cultural Research—AIP, Panama City 0816-07812, Panama;
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City 0843-03092, Panama; (R.C.); (N.S.-G.)
| | - Alejandro García Montón
- Departamento de Geografía, Historia y Filosofía, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.G.M.); (B.A.)
| | - Gianluca Lombardo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.R.M.); (G.C.); (M.R.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.C.O.); (A.R.); (U.A.P.); (G.L.); (V.G.); (M.G.); (L.F.); (A.O.); (A.T.)
| | - Viola Grugni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.R.M.); (G.C.); (M.R.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.C.O.); (A.R.); (U.A.P.); (G.L.); (V.G.); (M.G.); (L.F.); (A.O.); (A.T.)
| | - Maria Garofalo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.R.M.); (G.C.); (M.R.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.C.O.); (A.R.); (U.A.P.); (G.L.); (V.G.); (M.G.); (L.F.); (A.O.); (A.T.)
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Luca Ferretti
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.R.M.); (G.C.); (M.R.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.C.O.); (A.R.); (U.A.P.); (G.L.); (V.G.); (M.G.); (L.F.); (A.O.); (A.T.)
| | - Cristina Cereda
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Stella Gagliardi
- Genomic and Post-Genomic Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (C.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Richard Cooke
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City 0843-03092, Panama; (R.C.); (N.S.-G.)
- Sistema Nacional de Investigadores, Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ciudad del Saber, Clayton 0816-02852, Panama
| | - Nicole Smith-Guzmán
- Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City 0843-03092, Panama; (R.C.); (N.S.-G.)
- Sistema Nacional de Investigadores, Secretaría Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología, Ciudad del Saber, Clayton 0816-02852, Panama
| | - Anna Olivieri
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.R.M.); (G.C.); (M.R.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.C.O.); (A.R.); (U.A.P.); (G.L.); (V.G.); (M.G.); (L.F.); (A.O.); (A.T.)
| | - Bethany Aram
- Departamento de Geografía, Historia y Filosofía, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, 41013 Seville, Spain; (A.G.M.); (B.A.)
| | - Antonio Torroni
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.R.M.); (G.C.); (M.R.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.C.O.); (A.R.); (U.A.P.); (G.L.); (V.G.); (M.G.); (L.F.); (A.O.); (A.T.)
| | - Jorge Motta
- Gorgas Memorial Institute for Health Studies, Panama City 0816-02593, Panama; (M.T.); (J.M.)
| | - Ornella Semino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.R.M.); (G.C.); (M.R.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.C.O.); (A.R.); (U.A.P.); (G.L.); (V.G.); (M.G.); (L.F.); (A.O.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: (O.S.); (A.A.)
| | - Alessandro Achilli
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology “L. Spallanzani”, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.R.M.); (G.C.); (M.R.C.); (L.M.); (A.M.C.O.); (A.R.); (U.A.P.); (G.L.); (V.G.); (M.G.); (L.F.); (A.O.); (A.T.)
- Correspondence: (O.S.); (A.A.)
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Marshall C, Taylor R, Sturk-Andreaggi K, Barritt-Ross S, Berg GE, McMahon TP. Mitochondrial DNA haplogrouping to assist with the identification of unknown service members from the World War II Battle of Tarawa. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2020; 47:102291. [PMID: 32315949 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The World War II Battle of Tarawa, 1943, was a devastating conflict that resulted in losses of more than 1100 American and 4690 Japanese troops. The United States government aims to identify and repatriate the remains of all missing American service members through the Defense Prisoner of War/Missing in Action (POW/MIA) Accounting Agency (DPAA) and its partners such as the Armed Forces Medical Examiner System's Armed Forces DNA Identification Laboratory (AFMES-AFDIL). Remains associated with the Battle of Tarawa have been recovered from field excavations conducted by History Flight, a DPAA strategic partner, as well as from the National Memorial Cemetery of the Pacific (NMCP) in Hawaii where unknowns have been disinterred for identification. DNA testing at the AFMES-AFDIL has produced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences from 1027 case samples to date. Haplogroup assignments indicate that more than one third (36.2 %) of field-collected samples are likely of Asian maternal ancestry. Therefore the field collections from the Tarawa battlefield comprise the remains of American service members but also those of foreign nationals from Asia. The mtDNA of the NMCP unknowns is similar in ancestry proportion to the family reference sample distribution. The DPAA uses the ancestry information gleaned from mtDNA sequence data in conjunction with anthropological evidence to make foreign national determinations. In this way, mtDNA haplogrouping is used to sort the commingled and fragmentary remains recovered from Tarawa between Americans and foreign nationals, which are then repatriated to their country of origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charla Marshall
- Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, Dover Air Force Base, DE, USA; SNA International, Alexandria, VA, USA; Forensic Science Program, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
| | - Rebecca Taylor
- Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, HI, USA
| | - Kimberly Sturk-Andreaggi
- Armed Forces Medical Examiner System, Dover Air Force Base, DE, USA; SNA International, Alexandria, VA, USA; Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Gregory E Berg
- Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, HI, USA
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Mengge W, Guanglin H, Yongdong S, Shouyu W, Xing Z, Jing L, Zheng W, Hou Y. Massively parallel sequencing of mitogenome sequences reveals the forensic features and maternal diversity of tai-kadai-speaking hlai islanders. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2020; 47:102303. [PMID: 32361554 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2020.102303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
As a single maternally inherited locus, human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is geographically arranged and plays a key role in forensic applications. Hlai population has been evidenced as the most typical and unmixed representative of the Tai-Kadai-speaking populations via genome-wide analyses. However, forensic features and maternal diversity of the complete mitogenomes in this Tai-Kadai ancestrally related population are scarce. Thus, we sequenced the complete mitogenomes in 127 Hainan Hlais and found 109 distinct haplotypes belonging to 43 terminal haplogroups resulting in the haplotype diversity of 0.9970. Our results of comprehensive population comparisons showed that Hlai islanders had a close genetic affinity with Tai-Kadai-speaking populations from Southeast Asia, which is consistent with the back-migration of Chinese Neolithic farmers into this region via the inland route. Besides, maternally genetic evidence further revealed a close genetic relationship between Tai-Kadai-speaking and Austronesian-speaking populations when only East Asian dataset was considered, which is consistent with the common origin from Yangtze rice farmers and then spread southward along the inland and coastal routes, respectively. In the reconstructed phylogenetic tree and median-joining networks, the vast majority of Hlais were clustered in exclusive clades, which demonstrated that Hlai people probably had undergone founder effect or genetic bottleneck in their history, and remained genetically isolated for a long time. Collectively, Hainan Hlai did not exhibit detectable maternal gene flow from surrounding or incoming populations. Mitogenome information generated in this study is a contribution in mitigating the underrepresentation of Chinese data in forensic mitogenetics and will assist geography-, metapopulation-, as well as phylogeny-based queries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Mengge
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - He Guanglin
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Su Yongdong
- Forensic Identification Center, Public Security Bureau of Tibet Tibetan Autonomous Region, Lhasa, Tibet Tibetan Autonomous Region, 850000, China
| | - Wang Shouyu
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zou Xing
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liu Jing
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Wang Zheng
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yiping Hou
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, West China School of Basic Science & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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