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Guo F, Liu Z, Long G, Zhang B, Liu D, Yu S. Performance and characterization of 94 identity-informative SNPs in Northern Han Chinese using ForenSeq ™ DNA signature prep kit. J Forensic Leg Med 2024; 103:102678. [PMID: 38522119 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2024.102678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Target and flanking region (FR) variation at 94 identity-informative SNPs (iSNPs) are investigated in 635 Northern Han Chinese using the ForenSeq DNA Signature Prep Kit on the MiSeq FGx Forensic Genomics System. The dataset presents the following performance characteristics (average values): ≥60% bases with a quality score of 20 or higher (%≥ Q20); >700 × of depth of coverage (DoC) from both Sample Details Reports and Flanking Region Reports; >80% of effective reads; ≥60% of allele coverage ratio (ACR); and ≥70% of inter-locus balance, while some stable low-performance characteristics are also observed: low DoC at rs1736442, rs1031825, rs7041158, rs338882, rs2920816, rs1493232, rs719366, and rs2342747; high noise at rs891700; and imbalanced ACR at rs6955448 and rs338882. The average amplicon length is 69 bp, suitable for detecting degraded samples. Bioinformatic concordance achieves 99.99% between the ForenSeq Universal Analysis Software (UAS) and the Integrative Genomic Viewer (IGV) inspection. Discordance results from flanking region deletions of rs10776839, rs8078417, rs2831700, and rs1454361. Due to FR variants within amplicons detected by massively parallel sequencing (MPS), the increases in the number of unique alleles, effective alleles (Ae), and observed heterozygosity (Hobs) are 46.81%, 4.51%, and 3.29%, respectively. Twelve FR variants are first reported to dbSNP, such as rs1252699848, rs1665500714, rs1771121532, rs2097285015, rs1851671415, rs2045669877, rs2046758811, rs2044248635, rs1251308240, rs1968822112, rs1981638299, and rs1341756746. All 94 iSNPs from target and amplicon data are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE) and independent within autosomes. As expected, forensic parameters from the amplicon data increase significantly on the combined power of discrimination (CPD = 1 - 3.9876 × 10-38) and the combined power of exclusion (CPE = 1 - 6.6690 × 10-8). Additionally, the power of the system effectiveness (CPD = 1 - 6.7054 × 10-72 and CPE = 1 - 4.4719 × 10-20) with sequence-based 27 autosomal STRs and 94 iSNP amplicons in combination is substantially improved compared to one type of marker alone. In conclusion, we have established a traditional length-based and current sequence-based reference database with 58 STRs and 94 iSNPs in the Northern Han Chinese population. We hope these data can serve as a solid reference and foundation for forensic practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, PR China; Key Laboratory of Human Ethnic Specificity and Phenomics of Critical Illness in Liaoning Province, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, PR China; Key Laboratory of Phenomics in Shenyang City, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110034, PR China.
| | - Ze Liu
- DNA Laboratory of Forensic Science Center, Shenyang Public Security Bureau, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110002, PR China
| | - Guannan Long
- DNA Laboratory of Forensic Science Center, Shenyang Public Security Bureau, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110002, PR China
| | - Biao Zhang
- DNA Laboratory of Forensic Science Center, Shenyang Public Security Bureau, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110002, PR China
| | - Dahua Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning, 121001, PR China
| | - Shaobo Yu
- DNA Laboratory of Forensic Science Center, Shenyang Public Security Bureau, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110002, PR China.
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Aizpurua-Iraola J, Rasal R, Prieto L, Comas D, Bonet N, Casals F, Calafell F, Vásquez P. Population analysis of complete mitogenomes for 334 samples from El Salvador. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2023; 66:102906. [PMID: 37364481 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2023.102906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in the field of forensic genetics is widely spread mainly due to its advantages when identifying highly degraded samples. In this sense, massive parallel sequencing has made the analysis of the whole mitogenome more accessible, noticeably increasing the informativeness of mtDNA haplotypes. The civil war (1980-1992) in El Salvador caused many deaths and disappearances (including children) all across the country and the economic and social instability after the war forced many people to emigration. For this reason, different organizations have collected DNA samples from relatives with the aim of identifying missing people. Thus, we present a dataset containing 334 complete mitogenomes from the Salvadoran general population. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first publication of a nationwide forensic-quality complete mitogenome database of any Latin American country. We found 293 different haplotypes, with a random match probability of 0.0041 and 26.6 mean pairwise differences, which is similar to other Latin American populations, and which represent a marked improvement from the values obtained with just control region sequences. These haplotypes belong to 54 different haplogroups, being 91% of them of Native American origin. Over a third (35.9%) of the individuals carried at least a heteroplasmic site (excluding length heteroplasmies). Ultimately, the present database aims to represent mtDNA haplotype diversity in the general Salvadoran populations as a basis for the identification of people that disappeared during or after the civil war.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julen Aizpurua-Iraola
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Rasal
- Genomics Core Facility, Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Prieto
- Instituto de Ciencias Forenses, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Comisaría General de Policía Científica. DNA Laboratory, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Comas
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Núria Bonet
- Genomics Core Facility, Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ferran Casals
- Genomics Core Facility, Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Parc de Recerca Biomèdica de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Calafell
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva (CSIC-UPF), Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Departament de Medicina i Ciències de la Vida, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Vásquez
- Asociación Pro-Búsqueda de Niñas y Niños Desaparecidos de El Salvador, San Salvador, El Salvador
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Aguilar-Velázquez JA, Llamas-de-Dios BJ, Córdova-Mercado MF, Coronado-Ávila CE, Salas-Salas O, López-Quintero A, Ramos-González B, Rangel-Villalobos H. Accuracy of Eye and Hair Color Prediction in Mexican Mestizos from Monterrey City Based on ForenSeq TM DNA Signature Prep. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14051120. [PMID: 37239480 DOI: 10.3390/genes14051120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Forensic genomic systems allow simultaneously analyzing identity informative (iiSNPs), ancestry informative (aiSNPs), and phenotype informative (piSNPs) genetic markers. Among these kits, the ForenSeq DNA Signature prep (Verogen) analyzes identity STRs and SNPs as well as 24 piSNPs from the HIrisPlex system to predict the hair and eye color. We report herein these 24 piSNPs in 88 samples from Monterrey City (Northeast, Mexico) based on the ForenSeq DNA Signature prep. Phenotypes were predicted by genotype results with both Universal Analysis Software (UAS) and the web tool of the Erasmus Medical Center (EMC). We observed predominantly brown eyes (96.5%) and black hair (75%) phenotypes, whereas blue eyes, and blond and red hair were not observed. Both UAS and EMC showed high performance in eye color prediction (p ≥ 96.6%), but a lower accuracy was observed for hair color prediction. Overall, UAS hair color predictions showed better performance and robustness than those obtained with the EMC web tool (when hair shade is excluded). Although we employed a threshold (p > 70%), we suggest using the EMC enhanced approach to avoid the exclusion of a high number of samples. Finally, although our results are helpful to employ these genomic tools to predict eye color, caution is suggested for hair color prediction in Latin American (admixed) populations such as those studied herein, principally when no black color is predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alonso Aguilar-Velázquez
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara (CUCS-UdeG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Departamento de Morfología, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara (CUCS-UdeG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Blanca Jeannete Llamas-de-Dios
- Licenciatura en Ciencias Forenses, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara (CUCS-UdeG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Miranda Fabiola Córdova-Mercado
- Instituto de Criminalística y Servicios Periciales, Fiscalía General de Justicia del Estado de Nuevo León (FGJNL), Monterrey 64720, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Carolina Elena Coronado-Ávila
- Instituto de Criminalística y Servicios Periciales, Fiscalía General de Justicia del Estado de Nuevo León (FGJNL), Monterrey 64720, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Orlando Salas-Salas
- Instituto de Criminalística y Servicios Periciales, Fiscalía General de Justicia del Estado de Nuevo León (FGJNL), Monterrey 64720, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Andrés López-Quintero
- Instituto de Nutrigenética y Nutrigenómica Traslacional, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara (CUCS-UdeG), Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Benito Ramos-González
- Instituto de Criminalística y Servicios Periciales, Fiscalía General de Justicia del Estado de Nuevo León (FGJNL), Monterrey 64720, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Héctor Rangel-Villalobos
- Instituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara (CUCI-UdeG), Ocotlán 47820, Jalisco, Mexico
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Guo F, Liu Z, Long G, Zhang B, Dong X, Liu D, Yu S. High-resolution genotyping of 58 STRs in 635 Northern Han Chinese with MiSeq FGx ® Forensic Genomics System. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2023; 65:102879. [PMID: 37150076 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2023.102879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sequence polymorphisms were characterized at 27 autosomal STRs (A-STRs), 7 X chromosomal STRs (X-STRs), and 24 Y chromosomal STRs (Y-STRs) in 635 Northern Han Chinese with the ForenSeq DNA Signature Prep Kit on the MiSeq FGx Forensic Genomics System. Since repeat region (RR) and flanking region (FR) variation can be detected by massively parallel sequencing (MPS), the increase in the number of unique alleles and the average of gene diversity was 78.18% and 3.51% between sequence and length, respectively. A total of 74 novel RR variants were identified at 33 STRs compared with STRSeq and previous studies, and 13 FR variants (rs1770275883, rs2053373277, rs2082557941, rs1925525766, rs1926380862, rs1569322793, rs2051848492, rs2051848696, rs2016239814, rs2053269960, rs2044518192, rs2044536444, and rs2089968964) were first submitted to dbSNP. Also, 99.94% of alleles were concordant between the ForenSeq DNA Signature Prep Kit and commercial CE kits. Discordance resulted from the low performance at D22S1045 and occasionally at DYS392, flanking region deletions at D7S820 and DXS10074, and the strict alignment algorithm at DXS7132. Null alleles at DYS505 and DYS448 and multialleles at DYS387S1a/b, DYS385a/b, DYS448, DYS505, DXS7132, and HPRTB were validated with other MPS and CE kits. Thus, a high-resolution sequence-based (SB) and length-based (LB) allele frequencies dataset from Northern Han Chinese has been established already. As expected, forensic parameters increased significantly on combined power of discrimination (PD) and combined power of exclusion (PE) at A-STRs, mildly on combined PD and combined mean exclusion chance (MEC) at X-STRs, and barely on discrimination capacity (DC) at Y-STRs. Additionally, MiSeq FGx quality metrics and MPS performance were evaluated in this study, which presented the high-quality of the dataset at 20 consecutive runs, such as ≥ 60% bases with a quality score of 20 or higher (%≥ Q20), > 60% of effective reads, > 2000 × of depth of coverage (DoC), ≥ 60% of allele coverage ratio (ACR) or heterozygote balance, ≥ 70% of inter-locus balance, and ≤ 0.4 of the absolute value of observed minus expected heterozygosity (|Hexp - Hobs|). In conclusion, MiSeq FGx can help us generate a high-resolution and high-quality dataset for human identification and population genetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- School of Forensic Science and Technology, Criminal Investigation Police University of China, Shenyang, Liaoning 110854, PR China.
| | - Ze Liu
- DNA Laboratory of Forensic Science Center, Shenyang Public Security Bureau, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, PR China
| | - Guannan Long
- DNA Laboratory of Forensic Science Center, Shenyang Public Security Bureau, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, PR China
| | - Biao Zhang
- DNA Laboratory of Forensic Science Center, Shenyang Public Security Bureau, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, PR China
| | - Xinyu Dong
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong, Shanxi 030619, PR China
| | - Dahua Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, Liaoning 121001, PR China
| | - Shaobo Yu
- DNA Laboratory of Forensic Science Center, Shenyang Public Security Bureau, Shenyang, Liaoning 110002, PR China.
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5
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Davenport L, Devesse L, Syndercombe Court D, Ballard D. Forensic identity SNPs: Characterisation of flanking region variation using massively parallel sequencing. Forensic Sci Int Genet 2023; 64:102847. [PMID: 36863275 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsigen.2023.102847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can be analysed for identity or kinship applications in forensic genetics to either provide an adjunct to traditional STR typing or as a stand-alone approach. The advent of massively parallel sequencing technology (MPS) has provided a useful opportunity to more easily deploy SNP typing in a forensic context, given the ability to simultaneously amplify a large number of markers. Furthermore, MPS also provides valuable sequence data for the targeted regions, which enables the detection of any additional variation seen in the flanking regions of amplicons. In this study we genotyped 977 samples across five UK-relevant population groups (White British, East Asian, South Asian, North-East African and West African) for 94 identity-informative SNP markers using the ForenSeq DNA Signature Prep Kit. Examination of flanking region variation allowed for the identification of 158 additional alleles across all populations studied. Here we present allele frequencies for all 94 identity-informative SNPs, both including and excluding the flanking region sequence of these markers. We also present information on the configuration of these SNPs in the ForenSeq DNA Signature Prep Kit, including performance metrics for the markers and investigation of bioinformatic and chemistry-based discordances. Overall, the inclusion of flanking region variation in the analysing workflow for these markers reduced the average combined match probability 2175 times across all populations, with a maximum reduction of 675,000-fold in the West African population. The gain due to flanking region-based discrimination increased the heterozygosity of some loci above that of some of the least useful forensic STR loci; thus demonstrating the benefit of enhanced analysis of currently targeted SNP markers for forensic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda Davenport
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Laurence Devesse
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Denise Syndercombe Court
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Ballard
- King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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6
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De Oliveira TC, Secolin R, Lopes-Cendes I. A review of ancestrality and admixture in Latin America and the caribbean focusing on native American and African descendant populations. Front Genet 2023; 14:1091269. [PMID: 36741309 PMCID: PMC9893294 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2023.1091269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Genomics can reveal essential features about the demographic evolution of a population that may not be apparent from historical elements. In recent years, there has been a significant increase in the number of studies applying genomic epidemiological approaches to understand the genetic structure and diversity of human populations in the context of demographic history and for implementing precision medicine. These efforts have traditionally been applied predominantly to populations of European origin. More recently, initiatives in the United States and Africa are including more diverse populations, establishing new horizons for research in human populations with African and/or Native ancestries. Still, even in the most recent projects, the under-representation of genomic data from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is remarkable. In addition, because the region presents the most recent global miscegenation, genomics data from LAC may add relevant information to understand population admixture better. Admixture in LAC started during the colonial period, in the 15th century, with intense miscegenation between European settlers, mainly from Portugal and Spain, with local indigenous and sub-Saharan Africans brought through the slave trade. Since, there are descendants of formerly enslaved and Native American populations in the LAC territory; they are considered vulnerable populations because of their history and current living conditions. In this context, studying LAC Native American and African descendant populations is important for several reasons. First, studying human populations from different origins makes it possible to understand the diversity of the human genome better. Second, it also has an immediate application to these populations, such as empowering communities with the knowledge of their ancestral origins. Furthermore, because knowledge of the population genomic structure is an essential requirement for implementing genomic medicine and precision health practices, population genomics studies may ensure that these communities have access to genomic information for risk assessment, prevention, and the delivery of optimized treatment; thus, helping to reduce inequalities in the Western Hemisphere. Hoping to set the stage for future studies, we review different aspects related to genetic and genomic research in vulnerable populations from LAC countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thais C. De Oliveira
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil,The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Secolin
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil,The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Iscia Lopes-Cendes
- Department of Translational Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil,The Brazilian Institute of Neuroscience and Neurotechnology (BRAINN), Campinas, Brazil,*Correspondence: Iscia Lopes-Cendes,
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Aguilar-Velázquez JA, Duran-Salazar MÁ, Córdoba-Mercado MF, Coronado-Avila CE, Salas-Salas O, Martinez-Cortés G, Casals F, Calafell F, Ramos-González B, Rangel-Villalobos H. Characterization of 58 STRs and 94 SNPs with the ForenSeq™ DNA signature prep kit in Mexican-Mestizos from the Monterrey city (Northeast, Mexico). Mol Biol Rep 2022; 49:7601-7609. [PMID: 35657453 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-07575-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND STR allele frequency databases from populations are necessary to take full advantage of the increased power of discrimination offered by massively parallel sequencing (MPS) platforms. MATERIAL AND METHODS For this reason, we sequenced 58 STRs (aSTRs, X-STRs, and Y-STRs) and 94 identity informative SNPs (iiSNPs) on 105 Mestizo (admixed) individuals from Monterrey City (Northeast, Mexico), with the Primer Set-A of the ForenSeq™ DNA Signature Prep Kit. RESULTS Most of the STR markers were in Hardy Weinberg equilibrium, with a few exceptions. We found 346 different length-based alleles for these 58 STRs; nevertheless, they became 528 alleles when the sequence was assessed. The combined power of discrimination from autosomal STRs (aSTRs) was -virtually- 100% in both length and sequence-based alleles, while the power of exclusion was 99.9999999976065 and 99.9999999999494%, respectively. Haplotypes based on X-STRs and Y-STRs showed 100% of discriminatory capacity. CONCLUSIONS These results provide -for the first time- forensic genomic population data from Mexico necessary for interpretation in kinship and criminal analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alonso Aguilar-Velázquez
- Instituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad #1115, CP 47810, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico.,Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Miguel Ángel Duran-Salazar
- Instituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad #1115, CP 47810, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico.,Programa de Doctorado en Biociencias, Centro Universitario de los Altos, Universidad de uadalajara, Tepatitlán de Morelos, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Miranda Fabiola Córdoba-Mercado
- Instituto de Criminalística y Servicios Periciales, Fiscalía General de Justicia del Estado de Nuevo León (FGJNL), Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Carolina Elena Coronado-Avila
- Instituto de Criminalística y Servicios Periciales, Fiscalía General de Justicia del Estado de Nuevo León (FGJNL), Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Orlando Salas-Salas
- Instituto de Criminalística y Servicios Periciales, Fiscalía General de Justicia del Estado de Nuevo León (FGJNL), Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Gabriela Martinez-Cortés
- Instituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad #1115, CP 47810, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Ferrán Casals
- Servei de Genómica, Universitat Pampeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Genètica, Microbiologia i Estadística, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francesc Calafell
- Institut de Biologia Evolutiva, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Dr. Aiguader, 88, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benito Ramos-González
- Instituto de Criminalística y Servicios Periciales, Fiscalía General de Justicia del Estado de Nuevo León (FGJNL), Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Héctor Rangel-Villalobos
- Instituto de Investigación en Genética Molecular, Centro Universitario de la Ciénega, Universidad de Guadalajara, Av. Universidad #1115, CP 47810, Ocotlán, Jalisco, Mexico.
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