1
|
Chu X, Yin Z, Yue P, Wang X, Yang Y, Sun J, Kong Z, Ren J, Liu X, Lu C, Zhao H, Li Y, Ding X. A novel method for extraction of high purity and high production Phytophthora sojae oospores. PLANT METHODS 2024; 20:70. [PMID: 38755668 PMCID: PMC11097473 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-024-01199-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Phytophthora sojae, a soil-borne oomycete pathogen, has been a yield limiting factor for more than 60 years on soybean. The resurgence of P. sojae (Phytophthora sojae) is primarily ascribed to the durable oospores found in soil and remnants of the disease. P. sojae is capable of infesting at any growth periods of the soybean, and the succeed infestation of P. sojae is predominantly attributed to long-lived oospores present in soil. Comprehending the molecular mechanisms that drive oospores formation and their significance in infestation is the key for effective management of the disease. However, the existing challenges in isolating and extracting significant quantities of oospores pose limitations in investigating the sexual reproductive stages of P. sojae. RESULTS The study focused on optimizing and refining the culture conditions and extraction process of P. sojae, resulting in establishment of an efficient and the dependable method for extraction. Novel optimized approach was yielded greater quantities of high-purity P. sojae oospores than traditional methods. The novel approach exceeds the traditional approaches with respect to viability, survival ability, germination rates of new oospores and the pathogenicity of oospores in potting experiments. CONCLUSION The proposed method for extracting P. sojae oospores efficiently yielded a substantial quantity of highly pure, viable, and pathogenic oospores. The enhancements in oospores extraction techniques will promote the research on the sexual reproductive mechanisms of P. sojae and lead to the creation of innovative and effective approaches for managing oomycete diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Chu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Ziyi Yin
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Pengjie Yue
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Yue Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Jiayi Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Ziying Kong
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Jian Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Xiaohan Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Chongchong Lu
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai, Shandong, 271018, China
| | - Haipeng Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai, Shandong, 271018, China.
| | - Yang Li
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai, Shandong, 271018, China.
| | - Xinhua Ding
- College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai, Shandong, 271018, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Situ J, Xi P, Lin L, Huang W, Song Y, Jiang Z, Kong G. Signal and regulatory mechanisms involved in spore development of Phytophthora and Peronophythora. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:984672. [PMID: 36160220 PMCID: PMC9500583 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.984672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oomycetes cause hundreds of destructive plant diseases, threatening agricultural production and food security. These fungus-like eukaryotes show multiple sporulation pattern including the production of sporangium, zoospore, chlamydospore and oospore, which are critical for their survival, dispersal and infection on hosts. Recently, genomic and genetic technologies have greatly promoted the study of molecular mechanism of sporulation in the genus Phytophthora and Peronophythora. In this paper, we characterize the types of asexual and sexual spores and review latest progress of these two genera. We summarize the genes encoding G protein, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, transcription factors, RNA-binding protein, autophagy-related proteins and so on, which function in the processes of sporangium production and cleavage, zoospore behaviors and oospore formation. Meanwhile, various molecular, chemical and electrical stimuli in zoospore behaviors are also discussed. Finally, with the molecular mechanism of sporulation in Phytophthora and Peronophythora is gradually being revealed, we propose some thoughts for the further research and provide the alternative strategy for plant protection against phytopathogenic oomycetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Situ
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Pinggen Xi
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Long Lin
- Department of Plant Pathology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Weixiong Huang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zide Jiang
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guanghui Kong
- Department of Plant Pathology, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Guanghui Kong,
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Jung T, Horta Jung M, Webber JF, Kageyama K, Hieno A, Masuya H, Uematsu S, Pérez-Sierra A, Harris AR, Forster J, Rees H, Scanu B, Patra S, Kudláček T, Janoušek J, Corcobado T, Milenković I, Nagy Z, Csorba I, Bakonyi J, Brasier CM. The Destructive Tree Pathogen Phytophthora ramorum Originates from the Laurosilva Forests of East Asia. J Fungi (Basel) 2021; 7:jof7030226. [PMID: 33803849 PMCID: PMC8003361 DOI: 10.3390/jof7030226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
As global plant trade expands, tree disease epidemics caused by pathogen introductions are increasing. Since ca 2000, the introduced oomycete Phytophthora ramorum has caused devastating epidemics in Europe and North America, spreading as four ancient clonal lineages, each of a single mating type, suggesting different geographical origins. We surveyed laurosilva forests for P. ramorum around Fansipan mountain on the Vietnam-China border and on Shikoku and Kyushu islands, southwest Japan. The surveys yielded 71 P. ramorum isolates which we assigned to eight new lineages, IC1 to IC5 from Vietnam and NP1 to NP3 from Japan, based on differences in colony characteristics, gene x environment responses and multigene phylogeny. Molecular phylogenetic trees and networks revealed the eight Asian lineages were dispersed across the topology of the introduced European and North American lineages. The deepest node within P. ramorum, the divergence of lineages NP1 and NP2, was estimated at 0.5 to 1.6 Myr. The Asian lineages were each of a single mating type, and at some locations, lineages of "opposite" mating type were present, suggesting opportunities for inter-lineage recombination. Based on the high level of phenotypic and phylogenetic diversity in the sample populations, the coalescence results and the absence of overt host symptoms, we conclude that P. ramorum comprises many anciently divergent lineages native to the laurosilva forests between eastern Indochina and Japan.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Jung
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.J.); (S.P.); (T.K.); (J.J.); (T.C.); (I.M.); (Z.N.)
- Phytophthora Research and Consultancy, 83131 Nußdorf, Germany
- Correspondence: (T.J.); (C.M.B.); Tel.: +420-545136172 (T.J.)
| | - Marília Horta Jung
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.J.); (S.P.); (T.K.); (J.J.); (T.C.); (I.M.); (Z.N.)
- Phytophthora Research and Consultancy, 83131 Nußdorf, Germany
| | - Joan F. Webber
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham GU10 4LH, Surrey, UK; (J.F.W.); (A.P.-S.); (A.R.H.); (J.F.); (H.R.)
| | - Koji Kageyama
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (K.K.); (A.H.)
| | - Ayaka Hieno
- River Basin Research Center, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan; (K.K.); (A.H.)
| | - Hayato Masuya
- Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan;
| | - Seiji Uematsu
- Departament of Bioregulation and Biointeraction, Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan;
| | - Ana Pérez-Sierra
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham GU10 4LH, Surrey, UK; (J.F.W.); (A.P.-S.); (A.R.H.); (J.F.); (H.R.)
| | - Anna R. Harris
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham GU10 4LH, Surrey, UK; (J.F.W.); (A.P.-S.); (A.R.H.); (J.F.); (H.R.)
| | - Jack Forster
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham GU10 4LH, Surrey, UK; (J.F.W.); (A.P.-S.); (A.R.H.); (J.F.); (H.R.)
| | - Helen Rees
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham GU10 4LH, Surrey, UK; (J.F.W.); (A.P.-S.); (A.R.H.); (J.F.); (H.R.)
| | - Bruno Scanu
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
| | - Sneha Patra
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.J.); (S.P.); (T.K.); (J.J.); (T.C.); (I.M.); (Z.N.)
- Laboratory of Ecological Plant Physiology, CzechGlobe, Global Change Research Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 603 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Kudláček
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.J.); (S.P.); (T.K.); (J.J.); (T.C.); (I.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Josef Janoušek
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.J.); (S.P.); (T.K.); (J.J.); (T.C.); (I.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Tamara Corcobado
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.J.); (S.P.); (T.K.); (J.J.); (T.C.); (I.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Ivan Milenković
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.J.); (S.P.); (T.K.); (J.J.); (T.C.); (I.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Zoltán Nagy
- Phytophthora Research Centre, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Mendel University in Brno, 613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.J.); (S.P.); (T.K.); (J.J.); (T.C.); (I.M.); (Z.N.)
| | - Ildikó Csorba
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, ELKH, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (I.C.); (J.B.)
| | - József Bakonyi
- Centre for Agricultural Research, Plant Protection Institute, ELKH, H-1022 Budapest, Hungary; (I.C.); (J.B.)
| | - Clive M. Brasier
- Forest Research, Alice Holt Lodge, Farnham GU10 4LH, Surrey, UK; (J.F.W.); (A.P.-S.); (A.R.H.); (J.F.); (H.R.)
- Correspondence: (T.J.); (C.M.B.); Tel.: +420-545136172 (T.J.)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Grünwald NJ, LeBoldus JM, Hamelin RC. Ecology and Evolution of the Sudden Oak Death Pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 57:301-321. [PMID: 31226018 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-082718-100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The sudden oak and sudden larch death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum emerged simultaneously in the United States on oak and in Europe on Rhododendron in the 1990s. This pathogen has had a devastating impact on larch plantations in the United Kingdom as well as mixed conifer and oak forests in the Western United States. Since the discovery of this pathogen, a large body of research has provided novel insights into the emergence, epidemiology, and genetics of this pandemic. Genetic and genomic resources developed for P. ramorum have been instrumental in improving our understanding of the epidemiology, evolution, and ecology of this disease. The recent reemergence of EU1 in the United States and EU2 in Europe and the discovery of P. ramorum in Asia provide renewed impetus for research on the sudden oak death pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Niklaus J Grünwald
- Horticultural Crops Research Laboratory, USDA Agricultural Research Service, Corvallis, Oregon 97330, USA;
| | - Jared M LeBoldus
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, USA
- Department of Forest Engineering, Resources, and Management, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-5704, USA
| | - Richard C Hamelin
- Department of Forest and Conservation Sciences, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Faculté de Foresterie et de Géomatique, Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des Systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec G1V 0A6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mitotic Recombination and Rapid Genome Evolution in the Invasive Forest Pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.02452-18. [PMID: 30862749 PMCID: PMC6414701 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02452-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alien species are often successful invaders in new environments, despite the introduction of a few isolates with a reduced genetic pool. This is called the genetic paradox of invasion. We found two mechanisms by which the invasive forest pathogen causing sudden oak and sudden larch death can evolve. Extensive mitotic recombination producing runs of homozygosity generates genotypic diversity even in the absence of sexual reproduction, and rapid turnover of genes in the non-core, or nonessential portion of genome not shared by all isolates, allows pathogenicity genes to evolve rapidly or be eliminated while retaining essential genes. Mitotic recombination events occur in genomic hot spots, resulting in similar ROH patterns in different isolates or groups; one ROH, independently generated in two different groups, was enriched in pathogenicity genes and may be a target for selection. This provides important insights into the evolution of invasive alien pathogens and their potential for adaptation and future persistence. Invasive alien species often have reduced genetic diversity and must adapt to new environments. Given the success of many invasions, this is sometimes called the genetic paradox of invasion. Phytophthora ramorum is invasive, limited to asexual reproduction within four lineages, and presumed clonal. It is responsible for sudden oak death in the United States, sudden larch death in Europe, and ramorum blight in North America and Europe. We sequenced the genomes of 107 isolates to determine how this pathogen can overcome the invasion paradox. Mitotic recombination (MR) associated with transposons and low gene density has generated runs of homozygosity (ROH) affecting 2,698 genes, resulting in novel genotypic diversity within the lineages. One ROH enriched in effectors was fixed in the NA1 lineage. An independent ROH affected the same scaffold in the EU1 lineage, suggesting an MR hot spot and a selection target. Differences in host infection between EU1 isolates with and without the ROH suggest that they may differ in aggressiveness. Non-core regions (not shared by all lineages) had signatures of accelerated evolution and were enriched in putative pathogenicity genes and transposons. There was a striking pattern of gene loss, including all effectors, in the non-core EU2 genome. Positive selection was observed in 8.0% of RxLR and 18.8% of Crinkler effector genes compared with 0.9% of the core eukaryotic gene set. We conclude that the P. ramorum lineages are diverging via a rapidly evolving non-core genome and that the invasive asexual lineages are not clonal, but display genotypic diversity caused by MR.
Collapse
|
6
|
Changes in the population structure and sporulation behaviour of Phytophthora ramorum associated with the epidemic on Larix (larch) in Britain. Biol Invasions 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-018-1702-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
7
|
Canker and decline diseases caused by soil- and airborne Phytophthora species in forests and woodlands. Persoonia - Molecular Phylogeny and Evolution of Fungi 2018; 40:182-220. [PMID: 30505001 PMCID: PMC6146643 DOI: 10.3767/persoonia.2018.40.08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Most members of the oomycete genus Phytophthora are primary plant pathogens. Both soil- and airborne Phytophthora species are able to survive adverse environmental conditions with enduring resting structures, mainly sexual oospores, vegetative chlamydospores and hyphal aggregations. Soilborne Phytophthora species infect fine roots and the bark of suberized roots and the collar region with motile biflagellate zoospores released from sporangia during wet soil conditions. Airborne Phytophthora species infect leaves, shoots, fruits and bark of branches and stems with caducous sporangia produced during humid conditions on infected plant tissues and dispersed by rain and wind splash. During the past six decades, the number of previously unknown Phytophthora declines and diebacks of natural and semi-natural forests and woodlands has increased exponentially, and the vast majority of them are driven by introduced invasive Phytophthora species. Nurseries in Europe, North America and Australia show high infestation rates with a wide range of mostly exotic Phytophthora species. Planting of infested nursery stock has proven to be the main pathway of Phytophthora species between and within continents. This review provides insights into the history, distribution, aetiology, symptomatology, dynamics and impact of the most important canker, decline and dieback diseases caused by soil- and airborne Phytophthora species in forests and natural ecosystems of Europe, Australia and the Americas.
Collapse
|
8
|
Bertier L, Leus L, D’hondt L, de Cock AWAM, Höfte M. Host adaptation and speciation through hybridization and polyploidy in Phytophthora. PLoS One 2013; 8:e85385. [PMID: 24386473 PMCID: PMC3873470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly evident that interspecific hybridization is a common event in phytophthora evolution. Yet, the fundamental processes underlying interspecific hybridization and the consequences for its ecological fitness and distribution are not well understood. We studied hybridization events in phytophthora clade 8b. This is a cold-tolerant group of plant pathogenic oomycetes in which six host-specific species have been described that mostly attack winter-grown vegetables. Hybrid characterization was done by sequencing and cloning of two nuclear (ITS and Ypt1) and two mitochondrial loci (Cox1 and Nadh1) combined with DNA content estimation using flow cytometry. Three different mtDNA haplotypes were recovered among the presumed hybrid isolates, dividing the hybrids into three types, with different parental species involved. In the nuclear genes, additivity, i.e. the presence of two alleles coming from different parents, was detected. Hybrid isolates showed large variations in DNA content, which was positively correlated with the additivity in nuclear loci, indicating allopolyploid hybridization followed by a process of diploidization. Moreover, indications of homeologous recombination were found in the hybrids by cloning ITS products. The hybrid isolates have been isolated from a range of hosts that have not been reported previously for clade 8b species, indicating that they have novel pathogenic potential. Next to this, DNA content measurements of the non-hybrid clade 8b species suggest that polyploidy is a common feature of this clade. We hypothesize that interspecific hybridization and polyploidy are two linked phenomena in phytophthora, and that these processes might play an important and ongoing role in the evolution of this genus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lien Bertier
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Leen Leus
- Plant Sciences Unit, Applied Genetics and Breeding, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | - Liesbet D’hondt
- Plant Sciences Unit, Applied Genetics and Breeding, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Melle, Belgium
| | | | - Monica Höfte
- Department of Crop Protection, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Garbelotto M, Hayden KJ. Sudden oak death: interactions of the exotic oomycete Phytophthora ramorum with naïve North American hosts. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2012; 11:1313-23. [PMID: 23002108 PMCID: PMC3486021 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00195-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Ten years after a threatening and previously unknown disease of oaks and tanoaks appeared in coastal California, a significant amount of progress has been made toward the understanding of its causal agent Phytophthora ramorum and of the novel pathosystems associated with this exotic organism. However, a complete understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of this species still eludes us. In part, our inability to fully understand this organism is due to its phylogenetic, phylogeographic, phenotypic, and epidemiological complexities, all reviewed in this paper. Most lines of evidence suggest that the high degree of disease severity reported in California is not simply due to a generalized lack of resistance or tolerance in naïve hosts but also to an innate ability of the pathogen to survive in unfavorable climatic conditions and to reproduce rapidly when conditions become once again favorable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Garbelotto
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Van Poucke K, Franceschini S, Webber JF, Vercauteren A, Turner JA, McCracken AR, Heungens K, Brasier CM. Discovery of a fourth evolutionary lineage of Phytophthora ramorum: EU2. Fungal Biol 2012; 116:1178-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2012.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2012] [Revised: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
11
|
Emergence of the sudden oak death pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Trends Microbiol 2012; 20:131-8. [PMID: 22326131 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2011] [Revised: 12/20/2011] [Accepted: 12/28/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The recently emerged plant pathogen Phytophthora ramorum is responsible for causing the sudden oak death epidemic. This review documents the emergence of P. ramorum based on evolutionary and population genetic analyses. Currently infection by P. ramorum occurs only in Europe and North America and three clonal lineages are distinguished: EU1, NA1 and NA2. Ancient divergence of these lineages supports a scenario in which P. ramorum originated from reproductively isolated populations and underwent at least four global migration events. This recent work sheds new light on mechanisms of emergence of exotic pathogens and provides crucial insights into migration pathways.
Collapse
|
12
|
Scientific Opinion on the Pest Risk Analysis onPhytophthora ramorumprepared by the FP6 project RAPRA. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
|
13
|
Vercauteren A, Larsen M, Goss E, Grünwald NJ, Maes M, Heungens K. Identification of new polymorphic microsatellite markers in the NA1 and NA2 lineages of Phytophthora ramorum. Mycologia 2011; 103:1245-9. [PMID: 21642345 DOI: 10.3852/10-420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Phytophthora ramorum is a recently introduced pathogen in Europe and North America consisting of three clonal lineages. Due to the limited intralineage genetic variation, only a few polymorphic markers are available for use in studies involving the epidemiology and evolution of P. ramorum. A total of 159 primer pairs for candidate polymorphic SSR loci were tested with universal labeling. Four polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified within the NA1 lineage and one within the NA2 lineage, demonstrating the power and flexibility of the screening technique. The markers may significantly increase the number of genotypes that can be identified and as such can help better characterize the North American lineages of P. ramorum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Vercauteren
- Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Plant Sciences Unit, Crop Protection, Burg. Van Gansberghelaan 96 bus 2, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Aberrant genome size and instability of Phytophthora ramorum oospore progenies. Fungal Genet Biol 2011; 48:537-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2010] [Revised: 01/17/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
|
15
|
Determination of viability of Phytophthora capsici oospores with the tetrazolium bromide staining test versus a plasmolysis method. Rev Iberoam Micol 2011; 28:43-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.riam.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|