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Delcourte L, Berbon M, Rodriguez M, Subban K, Lends A, Grélard A, Morvan E, Habenstein B, Saupe SJ, Delhaes L, Aimanianda V, Daskalov A, Loquet A. Magic-angle spinning NMR spectral editing of polysaccharides in whole cells using the DREAM scheme. Methods 2024; 230:59-67. [PMID: 39047926 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2024.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Most bacterial, plant and fungal cells possess at their surface a protective layer called the cell wall, conferring strength, plasticity and rigidity to withstand the osmotic pressure. This molecular barrier is crucial for pathogenic microorganisms, as it protects the cell from the local environment and often constitutes the first structural component encountered in the host-pathogen interaction. In pathogenic molds and yeasts, the cell wall constitutes the main target for the development of clinically-relevant antifungal drugs. In the past decade, solid-state NMR has emerged as a powerful analytical technique to investigate the molecular organization of microbial cell walls in the context of intact cells. 13C NMR chemical shift is an exquisite source of information to identify the polysaccharides present in the cell wall, and two-dimensional 13C-13C correlation experiments provide an efficient tool to rapidly access the polysaccharide composition in whole cells. Here we investigate the use of the adiabatic DREAM (for dipolar recoupling enhancement through amplitude modulation) recoupling scheme to improve solid-state NMR analysis of polysaccharides in intact cells. We demonstrate the advantages of two-dimensional 13C-13C experiments using the DREAM recoupling scheme. We report the spectral editing of polysaccharide signals by varying the radio-frequency carrier position. We provide practical considerations for the implementation of DREAM experiments to characterize polysaccharides in whole cells. We demonstrate the approach on intact fungal cells of Neurospora crassa and Aspergillus fumigatus, a model and a pathogenic filamentous fungus, respectively. The approach could be envisioned to efficiently reduce the spectral crowding of more complex cell surfaces, such as cell wall and peptidoglycan in bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loic Delcourte
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, IECB, Pessac, France
| | - Mélanie Berbon
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, IECB, Pessac, France
| | - Marion Rodriguez
- CNR des Aspergilloses Chroniques, Mycology-Parasitology Department, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Kamalraj Subban
- ImmunoConcEpT, CNRS, UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Alons Lends
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, IECB, Pessac, France
| | - Axelle Grélard
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, IECB, Pessac, France
| | - Estelle Morvan
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Inserm, IECB, UAR3033, US01, Pessac, France
| | - Birgit Habenstein
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, IECB, Pessac, France
| | - Sven J Saupe
- CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, IBGC, UMR 5095, Bordeaux, France
| | - Laurence Delhaes
- CNR des Aspergilloses Chroniques, Mycology-Parasitology Department, CHU Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France; Centre de Recherche Cardio-Thoracique de Bordeaux, Inserm UMR 1045, Univ Bordeaux, Bordeaux 33000, France
| | - Vishukumar Aimanianda
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Immunobiology of Aspergillus, Mycology Department, Paris, France
| | - Asen Daskalov
- ImmunoConcEpT, CNRS, UMR 5164, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France; State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Antoine Loquet
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248, IECB, Pessac, France.
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Li P, Zhu H, Wang C, Zeng F, Jia J, Feng S, Han X, Shen S, Wang Y, Hao Z, Dong J. StRAB4 gene is required for filamentous growth, conidial development, and pathogenicity in Setosphaeria turcica. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1302081. [PMID: 38264490 PMCID: PMC10804457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1302081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Setosphaeria turcica, the fungal pathogen responsible for northern corn leaf blight in maize, forms specialized infectious structures called appressoria that are critical for fungal penetration of maize epidermal cells. The Rab family of proteins play a crucial role in the growth, development, and pathogenesis of many eukaryotic species. Rab4, in particular, is a key regulator of endocytosis and vesicle trafficking, essential for filamentous growth and successful infection by other fungal pathogens. In this study, we silenced StRAB4 in S. turcica to gain a better understanding the function of Rab4 in this plant pathogen. Phenotypically, the mutants exhibited a reduced growth rate, a significant decline in conidia production, and an abnormal conidial morphology. These phenotypes indicate that StRab4 plays an instrumental role in regulating mycelial growth and conidial development in S. turcica. Further investigations revealed that StRab4 is a positive regulator of cell wall integrity and melanin secretion. Functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes highlighted primary enrichments in peroxisome pathways, oxidoreductase and catalytic activities, membrane components, and cell wall organization processes. Collectively, our findings emphasize the significant role of StRab4 in S. turcica infection and pathogenicity in maize and provide valuable insights into fungal behavior and disease mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Li
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Hang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Chengze Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Fanli Zeng
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jingzhe Jia
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shang Feng
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Xinpeng Han
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Shen Shen
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yanhui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Zhimin Hao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Bioinformatic Utilization and Technological Innovation Center for Agricultural Microbes, Hebei Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Molecular Pathology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Jingao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
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3
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Ledoux C, Chapeland-Leclerc F, Ruprich-Robert G, Bobée C, Lalanne C, Herbert É, David P. Prediction and experimental evidence of different growth phases of the Podospora anserina hyphal network. Sci Rep 2023; 13:8501. [PMID: 37231023 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35327-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Under ideal conditions, the growth of the mycelial network of a filamentous fungus is monotonous, showing an ever increasing complexity with time. The components of the network growth are very simple and based on two mechanisms: the elongation of each hypha, and their multiplication by successive branching. These two mechanisms are sufficient to produce a complex network, and could be localized only at the tips of hyphae. However, branching can be of two types, apical or lateral, depending on its location on the hyphae, therefore imposing the redistribution of the necessary material in the whole mycelium. From an evolutionary point of view, maintaining different branching processes, with additional energy needs for structure and metabolism, is intriguing. We propose in this work to discuss the advantages of each branching type using a new observable for the network growth, allowing us to compare growth configurations. For this purpose, we build on experimental observations of the Podospora anserina mycelium growth, enabling us to feed and constrain a lattice-free modeling of this network based on a binary tree. First, we report the set of statistics related to the branches of P. anserina that we have implemented into the model. Then, we build the density observable, allowing us to discuss the succession of growth phases. We predict that density over time is not monotonic, but shows a decay growth phase, clearly separated from an other one by a stationary phase. The time of appearance of this stable region appears to be driven solely by the growth rate. Finally, we show that density is an appropriate observable to differentiate growth stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara Ledoux
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8236 - LIED, 75013, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Cécilia Bobée
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8236 - LIED, 75013, Paris, France
| | | | - Éric Herbert
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8236 - LIED, 75013, Paris, France.
| | - Pascal David
- Université Paris Cité, CNRS, UMR 8236 - LIED, 75013, Paris, France
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4
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Kollath-Leiß K, Yang Q, Winter H, Kempken F. Complementation of an Eisosomal Yeast pil1 Mutant and Characteristics of Eisosomal Distribution in Hyphae of Neurospora crassa Germinating from Two Different Spore Types. J Fungi (Basel) 2023; 9:jof9020147. [PMID: 36836262 PMCID: PMC9964885 DOI: 10.3390/jof9020147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Eisosomes are plasma-membrane-associated protein complexes of fungi and algae involved in various cellular processes. The eisosome composition of the budding yeast is well described, but there is a limited number of studies only about eisosomes in filamentous fungi. In our study, we examined the Neurospora crassa LSP-1 protein (NcLSP1). By complementing a Saccharomyces cerevisiae Δpil1 mutant strain with nclsp1, we show the functional homology of the NcLSP1 to yeast PIL1 rather than to yeast LSP1 and hereby confirm that the NcLSP1 is an eisosomal core protein and suitable eisosomal marker. The subsequent cloning and expression of the nclsp1::trfp reporter gene construct in N. crassa allowed for a systematical investigation of the characteristics of eisosome formation and distribution in different developmental stages. In N. crassa, the hyphae germinating from sexual and asexual spores are morphologically identical and have been historically recognized as the same type of cells. Here, we demonstrate the structural differences on the cellular level between the hyphae germinating from sexual and asexual spores.
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Bowman BJ. The structure of prevacuolar compartments in Neurospora crassa as observed with super-resolution microscopy. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0282989. [PMID: 37093794 PMCID: PMC10124863 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0282989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The hyphal tips of Neurospora crassa have prevacuolar compartments (PVCs) of unusual size and shape. They appear to function as late endosomes/multivesicular bodies. PVCs are highly variable in size (1-3 microns) and exhibit rapid changes in structure. When visualized with tagged integral membrane proteins of the vacuole the PVCs appear as ring or horseshoe-shaped structures. Some soluble molecules that fill the lumen of mature spherical vacuoles do not appear in the lumen of the PVC but are seen in the ring or horseshoe-shaped structures. By using super-resolution microscopy I have achieved a better understanding of the structure of the PVCs. The PVC appears to form a pouch with an open end. The walls of the pouch are composed of small vesicles or tubules, approximately 250 nm in diameter. The shape of the PVC can change in a few seconds, caused by the apparent movement of the vesicles/tubules. In approximately 85% of the PVCs dynein and dynactin were observed as poorly defined lumps inside the pouch-shaped PVCs. Within the PVCs they were not attached to microtubules nor did they appear to be in direct contact with the vesicles and tubules that formed the PVCs. In the future, the structure and relatively large size of the Neurospora PVC may allow us to visualize protein-sorting events that occur in the formation of vacuoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry J Bowman
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, California, United States of America
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Hernández-Guerrero N, Castro-Longoria E, Torres-Gómez N, Ruiz VF, Arenas-Alatorre J, Martínez-Mondragón MM, Vilchis-Nestor AR. Magnetite/Rhodamine 6G nanoparticles internalization in Neurospora crassa cells: towards the magnetic hyperthermia application. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-02317-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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7
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Bartholomai BM, Gladfelter AS, Loros JJ, Dunlap JC. Quantitative single molecule RNA-FISH and RNase-free cell wall digestion in Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 156:103615. [PMID: 34425213 PMCID: PMC8463489 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Single molecule RNA-FISH (smFISH) is a valuable tool for analysis of mRNA spatial patterning in fixed cells that is underutilized in filamentous fungi. A primary complication for fixed-cell imaging in filamentous fungi is the need for enzymatic cell wall permeabilization, which is compounded by considerable variability in cell wall composition between species. smFISH adds another layer of complexity due to a requirement for RNase free conditions. Here, we describe the cloning, expression, and purification of a chitinase suitable for supplementation of a commercially available RNase-free enzyme preparation for efficient permeabilization of the Neurospora cell wall. We further provide a method for smFISH in Neurospora which includes a tool for generating numerical data from images that can be used in downstream customized analysis protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley M Bartholomai
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Amy S Gladfelter
- University of North Carolina, Department of Biology, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jennifer J Loros
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Hanover, NH, USA
| | - Jay C Dunlap
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Department of Molecular and Systems Biology, Hanover, NH, USA.
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8
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Soft but Not Too Soft-How a Rigid Tube Expands without Breaking. mBio 2021; 12:e0050121. [PMID: 34126771 PMCID: PMC8262946 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00501-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Fungi grow by apical extension of their hyphae. The continuous growth requires constant delivery of vesicles, which fuse with the membrane and secrete cell wall biosynthesis enzymes. The growth mechanism requires the fungal cytoskeleton and turgor pressure. In a recent study by Fukuda et al. (mBio 12:e03196-20, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1128/mBio.03196-20), hyphal growth was studied in microfluidic devices with channels smaller than the hyphal diameter. The authors discovered that fast-growing fungi like Neurospora crassa enter the channels, but hyphal tips become fragile and rupture frequently, whereas slower-growing fungi like Aspergillus nidulans adapt their hyphal diameter and grow without problems through the channels. This study suggests two different growth mechanisms and a tradeoff between hyphal plasticity and growth speed.
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Herold I, Zolti A, Garduño-Rosales M, Wang Z, López-Giráldez F, Mouriño-Pérez RR, Townsend JP, Ulitsky I, Yarden O. The GUL-1 Protein Binds Multiple RNAs Involved in Cell Wall Remodeling and Affects the MAK-1 Pathway in Neurospora crassa. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:672696. [PMID: 37744127 PMCID: PMC10512220 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.672696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The Neurospora crassa GUL-1 is part of the COT-1 pathway, which plays key roles in regulating polar hyphal growth and cell wall remodeling. We show that GUL-1 is a bona fide RNA-binding protein (RBP) that can associate with 828 "core" mRNA species. When cell wall integrity (CWI) is challenged, expression of over 25% of genomic RNA species are modulated (2,628 mRNAs, including the GUL-1 mRNA). GUL-1 binds mRNAs of genes related to translation, cell wall remodeling, circadian clock, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), as well as CWI and MAPK pathway components. GUL-1 interacts with over 100 different proteins, including stress-granule and P-body proteins, ER components and components of the MAPK, COT-1, and STRIPAK complexes. Several additional RBPs were also shown to physically interact with GUL-1. Under stress conditions, GUL-1 can localize to the ER and affect the CWI pathway-evident via altered phosphorylation levels of MAK-1, interaction with mak-1 transcript, and involvement in the expression level of the transcription factor adv-1. We conclude that GUL-1 functions in multiple cellular processes, including the regulation of cell wall remodeling, via a mechanism associated with the MAK-1 pathway and stress-response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Herold
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Avihai Zolti
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Marisela Garduño-Rosales
- Departamento de Microbiología, CICESE (Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada), Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Zheng Wang
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Francesc López-Giráldez
- Yale Center for Genome Analysis, Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Rosa R. Mouriño-Pérez
- Departamento de Microbiología, CICESE (Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada), Ensenada, Mexico
| | - Jeffrey P. Townsend
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Igor Ulitsky
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oded Yarden
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
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Abstract
Tip-growing fungal cells maintain cell polarity at the apical regions and elongate by de novo synthesis of the cell wall. Cell polarity and tip growth rate affect mycelial morphology. Tip-growing fungal cells maintain cell polarity at the apical regions and elongate by de novo synthesis of the cell wall. Cell polarity and tip growth rate affect mycelial morphology. However, it remains unclear how both features act cooperatively to determine cell shape. Here, we investigated this relationship by analyzing hyphal tip growth of filamentous fungi growing inside extremely narrow 1 μm-width channels of microfluidic devices. Since the channels are much narrower than the diameter of hyphae, any hypha growing through the channel must adapt its morphology. Live-cell imaging analyses revealed that hyphae of some species continued growing through the channels, whereas hyphae of other species often ceased growing when passing through the channels, or had lost apical polarity after emerging from the other end of the channel. Fluorescence live-cell imaging analyses of the Spitzenkörper, a collection of secretory vesicles and polarity-related proteins at the hyphal tip, in Neurospora crassa indicates that hyphal tip growth requires a very delicate balance of ordered exocytosis to maintain polarity in spatially confined environments. We analyzed the mycelial growth of seven fungal species from different lineages, including phytopathogenic fungi. This comparative approach revealed that the growth defects induced by the channels were not correlated with their taxonomic classification or with the width of hyphae, but, rather, correlated with the hyphal elongation rate. This report indicates a trade-off between morphological plasticity and velocity in mycelial growth and serves to help understand fungal invasive growth into substrates or plant/animal cells, with direct impact on fungal biotechnology, ecology, and pathogenicity.
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Naranjo‐Ortiz MA, Gabaldón T. Fungal evolution: cellular, genomic and metabolic complexity. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2020; 95:1198-1232. [PMID: 32301582 PMCID: PMC7539958 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The question of how phenotypic and genomic complexity are inter-related and how they are shaped through evolution is a central question in biology that historically has been approached from the perspective of animals and plants. In recent years, however, fungi have emerged as a promising alternative system to address such questions. Key to their ecological success, fungi present a broad and diverse range of phenotypic traits. Fungal cells can adopt many different shapes, often within a single species, providing them with great adaptive potential. Fungal cellular organizations span from unicellular forms to complex, macroscopic multicellularity, with multiple transitions to higher or lower levels of cellular complexity occurring throughout the evolutionary history of fungi. Similarly, fungal genomes are very diverse in their architecture. Deep changes in genome organization can occur very quickly, and these phenomena are known to mediate rapid adaptations to environmental changes. Finally, the biochemical complexity of fungi is huge, particularly with regard to their secondary metabolites, chemical products that mediate many aspects of fungal biology, including ecological interactions. Herein, we explore how the interplay of these cellular, genomic and metabolic traits mediates the emergence of complex phenotypes, and how this complexity is shaped throughout the evolutionary history of Fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A. Naranjo‐Ortiz
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG)The Barcelona Institute of Science and TechnologyDr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona08003Spain
- Department of Experimental Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF)Dr. Aiguader 88, 08003BarcelonaSpain
- ICREAPg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010BarcelonaSpain
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12
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Yang Q, Kempken F. The Composition and the Structure of MCC/Eisosomes in Neurospora crassa. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:2115. [PMID: 33071997 PMCID: PMC7533531 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.02115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MCC/eisosomes are protein-organized domains in the plasma membrane of fungi and algae. However, the composition and function(s) of MCC/eisosomes in the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa were previously unknown. To identify proteins that localize to MCC/eisosomes in N. crassa, we isolated proteins that co-purified with the core MCC/eisosome protein LSP-1, which was tagged with GFP. Proteins that co-fractionated with LSP-1:GFP were then identified by mass spectrometry. Eighteen proteins were GFP-tagged and used to identify six proteins that highly colocalized with the MCC/eisosome marker LSP-1:RFP, while five other proteins showed partial overlap with MCC/eisosomes. Seven of these proteins showed amino acid sequence homology with proteins known to localize to MCC/eisosomes in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. However, homologs of three proteins known to localize to MCC/eisosomes in S. cerevisiae (Can1, Pkh1/2, and Fhn1) were not found to colocalize with MCC/eisosome proteins in N. crassa by fluorescence microscopy. Interestingly, one new eisosome protein (glutamine-fructose-6-phosphate aminotransferase, gene ID: NCU07366) was detected in our studies. These findings demonstrate that there are interspecies differences of the protein composition of MCC/eisosomes. To gain further insight, molecular modeling and bioinformatics analysis of the identified proteins were used to propose the organization of MCC/eisosomes in N. crassa. A model will be discussed for how the broad range of functions predicted for the proteins localized to MCC/eisosomes, including cell wall synthesis, response and signaling, transmembrane transport, and actin organization, suggests that MCC/eisosomes act as organizing centers in the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yang
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Botanical Institute and Botanic Garden, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Frank Kempken
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Botanical Institute and Botanic Garden, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
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13
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Schmidt S, Märker R, Ramšak B, Beier-Rosberger AM, Teichert I, Kück U. Crosstalk Between Pheromone Signaling and NADPH Oxidase Complexes Coordinates Fungal Developmental Processes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1722. [PMID: 32849367 PMCID: PMC7401384 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sexual and asexual development in filamentous ascomycetes is controlled by components of conserved signaling pathways. Here, we investigated the development of mutant strains lacking genes for kinases MAK2, MEK2, and MIK2, as well as the scaffold protein HAM5 of the pheromone response (PR) pathway. All had a defect in fruiting body development and hyphal fusion. Another phenotype was a defect in melanin-dependent ascospore germination. However, this deficiency was observed only in kinase deletion mutants, but not in strains lacking HAM5. Notably, the same developmental phenotypes were previously described for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase 1 (NOX1) mutants, but the germination defect was only seen in NOX2 mutants. These data suggest a molecular link between the pheromone signaling pathway and both NOX complexes. Using data from yeast two-hybrid (Y2H) analysis, we found that the scaffolding protein HAM5 interacts with NOR1, the regulator of NOX1 and NOX2 complexes. This interaction was further confirmed using differently fluorescent-labeled proteins to demonstrate that NOR1 and HAM5 co-localize at cytoplasmic spots and tips of mature hyphae. This observation was supported by phenotypic characterization of single and double mutants. The oxidative stress response and the initiation of fruiting bodies were similar in Δham5Δnor1 and Δham5, but distinctly reduced in Δnor1, indicating that the double deletion leads to a partial suppression of the Δnor1 phenotype. We conclude that the PR and NOX1 complexes are connected by direct interaction between HAM5 and NOR1. In contrast, PR kinases are linked to the NOX2 complex without participation of HAM5.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Ulrich Kück
- Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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14
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Perez R, Luccioni M, Kamakaka R, Clamons S, Gaut N, Stirling F, Adamala KP, Silver PA, Endy D. Enabling community-based metrology for wood-degrading fungi. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2020; 7:2. [PMID: 32206323 PMCID: PMC7081594 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-020-00092-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lignocellulosic biomass could support a greatly-expanded bioeconomy. Current strategies for using biomass typically rely on single-cell organisms and extensive ancillary equipment to produce precursors for downstream manufacturing processes. Alternative forms of bioproduction based on solid-state fermentation and wood-degrading fungi could enable more direct means of manufacture. However, basic methods for cultivating wood-degrading fungi are often ad hoc and not readily reproducible. Here, we developed standard reference strains, substrates, measurements, and methods sufficient to begin to enable reliable reuse of mycological materials and products in simple laboratory settings. RESULTS We show that a widely-available and globally-regularized consumer product (Pringles™) can support the growth of wood-degrading fungi, and that growth on Pringles™-broth can be correlated with growth on media made from a fully-traceable and compositionally characterized substrate (National Institute of Standards and Technology Reference Material 8492 Eastern Cottonwood Whole Biomass Feedstock). We also establish a Relative Extension Unit (REU) framework that is designed to reduce variation in quantification of radial growth measurements. So enabled, we demonstrate that five laboratories were able to compare measurements of wood-fungus performance via a simple radial extension growth rate assay, and that our REU-based approach reduced variation in reported measurements by up to ~ 75%. CONCLUSIONS Reliable reuse of materials, measures, and methods is necessary to enable distributed bioproduction processes that can be adopted at all scales, from local to industrial. Our community-based measurement methods incentivize practitioners to coordinate the reuse of standard materials, methods, strains, and to share information supporting work with wood-degrading fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolando Perez
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Room 252, Shriram Center, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Marina Luccioni
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Room 252, Shriram Center, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
| | - Rohinton Kamakaka
- Department of MCD Biology, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, CA 95064 USA
| | - Samuel Clamons
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biophysics, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, MC 138-78, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
- Department of Control and Dynamical Systems, California Institute of Technology, 1200 E. California Blvd, MC 138-78, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA
| | - Nathaniel Gaut
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, 420 Washington Ave. SE, 5-178 MCB, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Finn Stirling
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Warren Alpert Building, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 200 Longwood Avenue, Warren Alpert Building, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Katarzyna P. Adamala
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, College of Biological Sciences, University of Minnesota, 420 Washington Ave. SE, 5-178 MCB, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Pamela A. Silver
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Warren Alpert Building, Boston, MA 02115 USA
- Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, 200 Longwood Avenue, Warren Alpert Building, Boston, MA 02115 USA
| | - Drew Endy
- Department of Bioengineering, Schools of Engineering and Medicine, Stanford University, Room 252, Shriram Center, 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, CA 94305 USA
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15
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Siméon A, Kridi S, Kloareg B, Hervé C. Presence of Exogenous Sulfate Is Mandatory for Tip Growth in the Brown Alga Ectocarpus subulatus. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1277. [PMID: 33013948 PMCID: PMC7461865 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) are multicellular photoautrophic organisms and the largest biomass producers in coastal regions. A variety of observations indicate that their extracellular matrix (ECM) is involved with screening of salts, development, cell fate selection, and defense responses. It is likely that these functionalities are related to its constitutive structures. The major components of the ECM of brown algae are β-glucans, alginates, and fucose-containing sulfated polysaccharides. The genus Ectocarpus comprises a wide range of species that have adapted to different environments, including isolates of Ectocarpus subulatus, a species highly resistant to low salinity. Previous studies on a freshwater strain of E. subulatus indicated that the sulfate remodeling of fucans is related to the external salt concentration. Here we show that the sulfate content of the surrounding medium is a key parameter influencing both the patterning of the alga and the occurrence of the BAM4 sulfated fucan epitope in walls of apical cells. These results indicate that sulfate uptake and incorporation in the sulfated fucans from apical cells is an essential parameter to sustain tip growth, and we discuss its influence on the architectural plasticity of Ectocarpus.
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Schumann MR, Brandt U, Adis C, Hartung L, Fleißner A. Plasma Membrane Integrity During Cell-Cell Fusion and in Response to Pore-Forming Drugs Is Promoted by the Penta-EF-Hand Protein PEF1 in Neurospora crassa. Genetics 2019; 213:195-211. [PMID: 31270133 PMCID: PMC6727798 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.119.302363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane damage commonly occurs during cellular growth and development. To counteract these potentially lethal injuries, membrane repair mechanisms have evolved, which promote the integrity of the lipid bilayer. Although the membrane of fungi is the target of important clinical drugs and agricultural fungicides, the molecular mechanisms which mediate membrane repair in these organisms remain elusive. Here we identify the penta-EF-hand protein PEF1 of the genetic model fungus Neurospora crassa as part of a cellular response mechanism against different types of membrane injury. Deletion of the pef1 gene in the wild type and different lysis-prone gene knockout mutants revealed a function of the protein in maintaining cell integrity during cell-cell fusion and in the presence of pore-forming drugs, such as the plant defense compound tomatine. By fluorescence and live-cell imaging we show that green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged PEF1 accumulates at the sites of membrane injury in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Site-directed mutagenesis identified Ca2+-binding domains essential for the spatial dynamics and function of the protein. In addition, the subcellular localization of PEF1 revealed that the syncytial fungal colony undergoes compartmentation in response to antifungal treatment. We propose that plasma membrane repair in fungi constitutes an additional line of defense against membrane-disturbing drugs, thereby expanding the current model of fungal drug resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrike Brandt
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Christian Adis
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - Lisa Hartung
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
| | - André Fleißner
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Germany
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17
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Cell surface display of proteins on filamentous fungi. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:6949-6972. [PMID: 31359105 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10026-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Protein display approaches have been useful to endow the cell surface of yeasts with new catalytic activities so that they can act as enhanced whole-cell biocatalysts. Despite their biotechnological potential, protein display technologies remain poorly developed for filamentous fungi. The lignocellulolytic character of some of them coupled to the cell surface biosynthesis of valuable molecules by a single or a cascade of several displayed enzymes is an appealing prospect. Cell surface protein display consists in the co-translational fusion of a functional protein (passenger) to an anchor one, usually a cell-wall-resident protein. The abundance, spacing, and local environment of the displayed enzymes-determined by the relationship of the anchor protein with the structure and dynamics of the engineered cell wall-are factors that influence the performance of display-based biocatalysts. The development of protein display strategies in filamentous fungi could be based on the field advances in yeasts; however, the unique composition, structure, and biology of filamentous fungi cell walls require the customization of the approach to those microorganisms. In this prospective review, the cellular bases, the design principles, and the available tools to foster the development of cell surface protein display technologies in filamentous fungi are discussed.
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18
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Abstract
Many filamentous fungi colonizing animal or plant tissue, waste matter, or soil must find optimal paths through the constraining geometries of their microenvironment. Imaging of live fungal growth in custom-built microfluidics structures revealed the intracellular mechanisms responsible for this remarkable efficiency. In meandering channels, the Spitzenkörper (an assembly of vesicles at the filament tip) acted like a natural gyroscope, conserving the directional memory of growth, while the fungal cytoskeleton organized along the shortest growth path. However, if an obstacle could not be negotiated, the directional memory was lost due to the disappearance of the Spitzenkörper gyroscope. This study can impact diverse environmental, industrial, and medical applications, from fungal pathogenicity in plants and animals to biology-inspired computation. Filamentous fungi that colonize microenvironments, such as animal or plant tissue or soil, must find optimal paths through their habitat, but the biological basis for negotiating growth in constrained environments is unknown. We used time-lapse live-cell imaging of Neurospora crassa in microfluidic environments to show how constraining geometries determine the intracellular processes responsible for fungal growth. We found that, if a hypha made contact with obstacles at acute angles, the Spitzenkörper (an assembly of vesicles) moved from the center of the apical dome closer to the obstacle, thus functioning as an internal gyroscope, which preserved the information regarding the initial growth direction. Additionally, the off-axis trajectory of the Spitzenkörper was tracked by microtubules exhibiting “cutting corner” patterns. By contrast, if a hypha made contact with an obstacle at near-orthogonal incidence, the directional memory was lost, due to the temporary collapse of the Spitzenkörper–microtubule system, followed by the formation of two “daughter” hyphae growing in opposite directions along the contour of the obstacle. Finally, a hypha passing a lateral opening in constraining channels continued to grow unperturbed, but a daughter hypha gradually branched into the opening and formed its own Spitzenkörper–microtubule system. These observations suggest that the Spitzenkörper–microtubule system is responsible for efficient space partitioning in microenvironments, but, in its absence during constraint-induced apical splitting and lateral branching, the directional memory is lost, and growth is driven solely by the isotropic turgor pressure. These results further our understanding of fungal growth in microenvironments relevant to environmental, industrial, and medical applications.
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19
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Verdín J, Sánchez-León E, Rico-Ramírez AM, Martínez-Núñez L, Fajardo-Somera RA, Riquelme M. Off the wall: The rhyme and reason of Neurospora crassa hyphal morphogenesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5:100020. [PMID: 32743136 PMCID: PMC7389182 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcsw.2019.100020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chitin and β-1,3-glucan synthases are transported separately in chitosomes and macrovesicles. Chitin synthases occupy the core of the SPK; β-1,3-glucan synthases the outer layer. CHS-4 arrival to the SPK and septa is CSE-7 dependent. Rabs YPT-1 and YPT-31 localization at the SPK mimics that of chitosomes and macrovesicles. The exocyst acts as a tether between the SPK outer layer vesicles and the apical PM.
The fungal cell wall building processes are the ultimate determinants of hyphal shape. In Neurospora crassa the main cell wall components, β-1,3-glucan and chitin, are synthesized by enzymes conveyed by specialized vesicles to the hyphal tip. These vesicles follow different secretory routes, which are delicately coordinated by cargo-specific Rab GTPases until their accumulation at the Spitzenkörper. From there, the exocyst mediates the docking of secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane, where they ultimately get fused. Although significant progress has been done on the cellular mechanisms that carry cell wall synthesizing enzymes from the endoplasmic reticulum to hyphal tips, a lot of information is still missing. Here, the current knowledge on N. crassa cell wall composition and biosynthesis is presented with an emphasis on the underlying molecular and cellular secretory processes.
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Key Words
- BGT, β-1,3-glucan transferases
- CHS, chitin synthase
- CLSM, confocal laser scanning microscopy
- CWI, cell wall integrity
- CWP, cell wall proteins
- Cell wall
- ER, endoplasmic reticulum
- FRAP, fluorescence recovery after photobleaching
- GEF, guanine nucleotide exchange factor
- GFP, green fluorescent protein
- GH, glycosyl hydrolases
- GPI, glycosylphosphatidylinositol
- GSC, β-1,3-glucan synthase complex
- MMD, myosin-like motor domain
- MS, mass spectrometry
- MT, microtubule
- NEC, network of elongated cisternae
- PM, plasma membrane
- SPK, Spitzenkörper
- Spitzenkörper
- TIRFM, total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy
- TM, transmembrane
- Tip growth
- Vesicles
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Verdín
- Industrial Biotechnology, CIATEJ-Jalisco State Scientific Research and Technology Assistance Center, Mexico National Council for Science and Technology, Zapopan, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Eddy Sánchez-León
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Adriana M Rico-Ramírez
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, CICESE Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Leonora Martínez-Núñez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Rosa A Fajardo-Somera
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Department of Microbiology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Meritxell Riquelme
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, CICESE Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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20
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Herold I, Kowbel D, Delgado-Álvarez DL, Garduño-Rosales M, Mouriño-Pérez RR, Yarden O. Transcriptional profiling and localization of GUL-1, a COT-1 pathway component, in Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 126:1-11. [PMID: 30731203 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Impairment of theNeurospora crassaCOT-1 kinase results in defects in hyphal polarity. Some of these effects are partially suppressed by inactivation of gul-1 (encoding an mRNA-binding protein involved in translational regulation). Here, we report on the transcriptional profiling of cot-1 inactivation and demonstrate that gul-1 affects transcript abundance of multiple genes in the COT-1 pathway, including processes such as cell wall remodeling, nitrogen and amino acid metabolism. The GUL-1 protein itself was found to be distributed within the entire hyphal cell, along with a clear presence of aggregates that traffic within the cytoplasm. Live imaging of GUL-1-GFP demonstrated that GUL-1 transport is microtubule-dependent. Cellular stress, as imposed by the presence of the cell wall biosynthesis inhibitor Nikkomycin Z or by nitrogen limitation, resulted in a 2-3-fold increase of GUL-1 aggregate association with nuclei. Taken together, this study demonstrates that GUL-1 affects multiple processes, its function is stress-related and linked with cellular traffic and nuclear association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Herold
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 761001, Israel
| | - David Kowbel
- Plant & Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, USA
| | - Diego L Delgado-Álvarez
- Departamento de Microbiología, CICESE (Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada), Mexico
| | - Marisela Garduño-Rosales
- Departamento de Microbiología, CICESE (Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada), Mexico
| | - Rosa R Mouriño-Pérez
- Departamento de Microbiología, CICESE (Centro de Investigación Científica y Educación Superior de Ensenada), Mexico
| | - Oded Yarden
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 761001, Israel
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21
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Charrier B, Rabillé H, Billoud B. Gazing at Cell Wall Expansion under a Golden Light. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 24:130-141. [PMID: 30472067 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In plants, cell growth is constrained by a stiff cell wall, at least this is the way textbooks usually present it. Accordingly, many studies have focused on the elasticity and plasticity of the cell wall as prerequisites for expansion during growth. With their specific evolutionary history, cell wall composition, and environment, brown algae present a unique configuration offering a new perspective on the involvement of the cell wall, viewed as an inert material yet with intrinsic mechanical properties, in growth. In light of recent findings, we explore here how much of the functional relationship between cell wall chemistry and intrinsic mechanics on the one hand, and growth on the other hand, has been uncovered in brown algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Charrier
- UMR8227, CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France.
| | - Hervé Rabillé
- UMR8227, CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Bernard Billoud
- UMR8227, CNRS-Sorbonne Université, Station Biologique, Place Georges Teissier, 29680 Roscoff, France
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22
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Takeshita N. Control of Actin and Calcium for Chitin Synthase Delivery to the Hyphal Tip of Aspergillus. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 425:113-129. [PMID: 31974757 DOI: 10.1007/82_2019_193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are covered by a cell wall consisting mainly of chitin and glucan. The synthesis of chitin, a β-1,4-linked homopolymer of N-acetylglucosamine, is essential for hyphal morphogenesis. Fungal chitin synthases are integral membrane proteins that have been classified into seven classes. ChsB, a class III chitin synthase, is known to play a key role in hyphal tip growth and has been used here as a model to understand the cell biology of cell wall biosynthesis in Aspergillus nidulans. Chitin synthases are transported on secretory vesicles to the plasma membrane for new cell wall synthesis. Super-resolution localization imaging as a powerful biophysical approach indicated dynamics of the Spitzenkörper where spatiotemporally regulated exocytosis and cell extension, whereas high-speed pulse-chase imaging has revealed ChsB transport mechanism mediated by kinesin-1 and myosin-5. In addition, live imaging analysis showed correlations among intracellular Ca2+ levels, actin assembly, and exocytosis in growing hyphal tips. This suggests that pulsed Ca2+ influxes coordinate the temporal control of actin assembly and exocytosis, which results in stepwise cell extension. It is getting clear that turgor pressure and cell wall pressure are involved in the activation of Ca2+ channels for Ca2+ oscillation and cell extension. Here the cell wall synthesis and tip growth meet again.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Takeshita
- Microbiology Research Center for Sustainability (MiCS), Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan.
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23
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Riquelme M, Aguirre J, Bartnicki-García S, Braus GH, Feldbrügge M, Fleig U, Hansberg W, Herrera-Estrella A, Kämper J, Kück U, Mouriño-Pérez RR, Takeshita N, Fischer R. Fungal Morphogenesis, from the Polarized Growth of Hyphae to Complex Reproduction and Infection Structures. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2018; 82:e00068-17. [PMID: 29643171 PMCID: PMC5968459 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.00068-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Filamentous fungi constitute a large group of eukaryotic microorganisms that grow by forming simple tube-like hyphae that are capable of differentiating into more-complex morphological structures and distinct cell types. Hyphae form filamentous networks by extending at their tips while branching in subapical regions. Rapid tip elongation requires massive membrane insertion and extension of the rigid chitin-containing cell wall. This process is sustained by a continuous flow of secretory vesicles that depends on the coordinated action of the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons and the corresponding motors and associated proteins. Vesicles transport cell wall-synthesizing enzymes and accumulate in a special structure, the Spitzenkörper, before traveling further and fusing with the tip membrane. The place of vesicle fusion and growth direction are enabled and defined by the position of the Spitzenkörper, the so-called cell end markers, and other proteins involved in the exocytic process. Also important for tip extension is membrane recycling by endocytosis via early endosomes, which function as multipurpose transport vehicles for mRNA, septins, ribosomes, and peroxisomes. Cell integrity, hyphal branching, and morphogenesis are all processes that are largely dependent on vesicle and cytoskeleton dynamics. When hyphae differentiate structures for asexual or sexual reproduction or to mediate interspecies interactions, the hyphal basic cellular machinery may be reprogrammed through the synthesis of new proteins and/or the modification of protein activity. Although some transcriptional networks involved in such reprogramming of hyphae are well studied in several model filamentous fungi, clear connections between these networks and known determinants of hyphal morphogenesis are yet to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Riquelme
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Jesús Aguirre
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Salomon Bartnicki-García
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Gerhard H Braus
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Genetics and Goettingen Center for Molecular Biosciences (GZMB), University of Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Feldbrügge
- Institute for Microbiology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ursula Fleig
- Institute for Functional Genomics of Microorganisms, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Hansberg
- Instituto de Fisiología Celular, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Alfredo Herrera-Estrella
- Laboratorio Nacional de Genómica para la Biodiversidad, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Irapuato, Mexico
| | - Jörg Kämper
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology-South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kück
- Ruhr University Bochum, Lehrstuhl für Allgemeine und Molekulare Botanik, Bochum, Germany
| | - Rosa R Mouriño-Pérez
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
| | - Norio Takeshita
- University of Tsukuba, Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Reinhard Fischer
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology-South Campus, Institute for Applied Biosciences, Karlsruhe, Germany
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24
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Aharoni-Kats L, Zelinger E, Chen S, Yarden O. Altering Neurospora crassa MOB2A exposes its functions in development and affects its interaction with the NDR kinase COT1. Mol Microbiol 2018; 108:641-660. [PMID: 29600559 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Neurospora crassa Mps One Binder (MOB) proteins MOB2A and MOB2B physically interact with the Nuclear Dbf2 Related (NDR) kinase COT1 and have been shown to have overlapping functions in various aspects of asexual development. Here, we identified two N. crassa MOB2A residues, Tyr117 and Tyr119, which are potentially phosphorylated. Using phosphomimetic mob-2a mutants we have been able to establish that apart from their previously described roles, MOB2A/B are involved in additional developmental processes. Enhanced conidial germination, accompanied by conidial agglutination, in the phosphomimetic mutants indicated that MOB2A is a negative regulator of germination. Thick-section imaging of perithecia revealed slow maturation and a lack of asci alignment in the mutant strains demonstrating a role for MOB2A in sexual development. We demonstrate that even though MOB2A and MOB2B have some overlapping functions, MOB2B cannot compensate for the roles MOB2A has in conidiation and germination. Altering Tyr residues 117 and 119 impaired the physical interactions between MOB2A and COT1, most likely contributing to some of the observed effects. As cot-1 and the phosphomimetic mutants share an extragenic suppressor (gul-1), we concluded that at least some of the effects imposed by altering Tyr117 and Tyr119 are mediated by the NDR kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liran Aharoni-Kats
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610000, Israel
| | - Einat Zelinger
- Centre for Scientific Imaging, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610000, Israel
| | - She Chen
- Proteomics Centre, The National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Oded Yarden
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 7610000, Israel
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Rico-Ramírez AM, Roberson RW, Riquelme M. Imaging the secretory compartments involved in the intracellular traffic of CHS-4, a class IV chitin synthase, in Neurospora crassa. Fungal Genet Biol 2018; 117:30-42. [PMID: 29601947 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2018] [Revised: 03/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In Neurospora crassa hyphae the localization of all seven chitin synthases (CHSs) at the Spitzenkörper (SPK) and at developing septa has been well analyzed. Hitherto, the mechanisms of CHSs traffic and sorting from synthesis to delivery sites remain largely unexplored. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae exit of Chs3p from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) requires chaperone Chs7p. Here, we analyzed the role of CSE-7, N. crassa Chs7p orthologue, in the biogenesis of CHS-4 (orthologue of Chs3p). In a N. crassa Δcse-7 mutant, CHS-4-GFP no longer accumulated at the SPK and septa. Instead, fluorescence was retained in hyphal subapical regions in an extensive network of elongated cisternae (NEC) referred to previously as tubular vacuoles. In a complemented strain expressing a copy of cse-7 the localization of CHS-4-GFP at the SPK and septa was restored, providing evidence that CSE-7 is necessary for the localization of CHS-4 at hyphal tips and septa. CSE-7 was revealed at delimited regions of the ER at the immediacies of nuclei, at the NEC, and remarkably also at septa and the SPK. The organization of the NEC was dependent on the cytoskeleton. SEC-63, an extensively used ER marker, and NCA-1, a SERCA-type ATPase previously localized at the nuclear envelope, were used as markers to discern the nature of the membranes containing CSE-7. Both SEC-63 and NCA-1 were found at the nuclear envelope, but also at regions of the NEC. However, at the NEC only NCA-1 co-localized extensively with CSE-7. Observations by transmission electron microscopy revealed abundant rough ER sheets and distinct electron translucent smooth flattened cisternae, which could correspond collectively to the NEC, thorough the subapical cytoplasm. This study identifies CSE-7 as the putative ER receptor for its cognate cargo, the polytopic membrane protein CHS-4, and elucidates the complexity of the ER system in filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M Rico-Ramírez
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, BC 22860, Mexico
| | | | - Meritxell Riquelme
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, BC 22860, Mexico.
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Oscillatory fungal cell growth. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 110:10-14. [PMID: 29229585 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cells are dynamic systems, the state of which undergoes constant alteration that results in morphological changes and movement. Many dynamic cellular processes that appear continuous are driven by underlying mechanisms that oscillate with distinct periods. For example eukaryotic cells do not grow continuously, but rather by pulsed extension of the periphery. Stepwise cell extension at the hyphal tips of several filamentous fungi was discovered 20 years ago, but only a few molecular details of the mechanism have been clarified since then. A recent study has provided evidence for correlations among intracellular Ca2+ levels, actin assembly, exocytosis and cell extension in growing hyphal tips. This suggests that pulsed Ca2+ influxes coordinate the temporal control of actin assembly and exocytosis, which results in stepwise cell extension. The coordinated oscillation of these machineries are likely to be ubiquitous among all eukaryotes. Indeed, intracellular Ca2+ levels and/or actin polymerization oscillate in mammalian and plant cells. This review summarizes the mechanisms of oscillation in several systems.
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Abstract
The application of environmental DNA techniques and increased genome sequencing of microbial diversity, combined with detailed study of cellular characters, has consistently led to the reexamination of our understanding of the tree of life. This has challenged many of the definitions of taxonomic groups, especially higher taxonomic ranks such as eukaryotic kingdoms. The Fungi is an example of a kingdom which, together with the features that define it and the taxa that are grouped within it, has been in a continual state of flux. In this article we aim to summarize multiple lines of data pertinent to understanding the early evolution and definition of the Fungi. These include ongoing cellular and genomic comparisons that, we will argue, have generally undermined all attempts to identify a synapomorphic trait that defines the Fungi. This article will also summarize ongoing work focusing on taxon discovery, combined with phylogenomic analysis, which has identified novel groups that lie proximate/adjacent to the fungal clade-wherever the boundary that defines the Fungi may be. Our hope is that, by summarizing these data in the form of a discussion, we can illustrate the ongoing efforts to understand what drove the evolutionary diversification of fungi.
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Shomin-Levi H, Yarden O. The Neurospora crassa PP2A Regulatory Subunits RGB1 and B56 Are Required for Proper Growth and Development and Interact with the NDR Kinase COT1. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1694. [PMID: 28928725 PMCID: PMC5591878 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
COT1 is the founding member of the highly conserved nuclear Dbf2-related (NDR) Ser/Thr kinase family and plays a role in the regulation of polar growth and development in Neurospora crassa and other fungi. Changes in COT1 phosphorylation state have been shown to affect hyphal elongation, branching, and conidiation. The function of NDR protein kinases has been shown to be regulated by type 2A protein phosphatases (PP2As). PP2As are heterotrimers comprised of a catalytic and scaffolding protein along with an interchangeable regulatory subunit involved in determining substrate specificity. Inactivation of the N. crassa PP2A regulatory subunits rgb-1 and b56 conferred severe hyphal growth defects. Partial suppression of defects observed in the rgb-1RIP strain (but not in the Δb56 mutant) was observed in cot-1 phosphomimetic mutants, demonstrating that altering COT1 phosphorylation state can bypass, at least in part, the requirement of a functional RGB1 subunit. The functional fusion proteins RGB1::GFP and B56::GFP predominantly localized to hyphal tips and septa, respectively, indicating that their primary activity is in different cellular locations. COT1 protein forms exhibited a hyperphosphorylated gel migration pattern in an rgb-1RIP mutant background, similar to that observed when the fungus was cultured in the presence of the PP2A inhibitor cantharidin. COT1 was hypophosphorylated in a Δb56 mutant background, suggesting that this regulatory subunit may be involved in determining COT1 phosphorylation state, yet in an indirect manner. Reciprocal co-immunoprecipitation analyses, using tagged COT1, PPH1, RGB1, and B56 subunits established that these proteins physically interact. Taken together, our data determine the presence of a functional and physical link between PP2A and COT1 and show that two of the PP2A regulatory subunits interact with the kinase and determine COT1 phosphorylation state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hila Shomin-Levi
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
| | - Oded Yarden
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of JerusalemRehovot, Israel
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High-density genetic mapping identifies the genetic basis of a natural colony morphology mutant in the root rot pathogen Armillaria ostoyae. Fungal Genet Biol 2017; 108:44-54. [PMID: 28860084 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi exhibit a broad spectrum of heritable growth patterns and morphological variations reflecting the adaptation of the different species to distinct ecological niches. But also within species, isolates show considerable variation in growth rates and other morphological characteristics. The genetic basis of this intraspecific variation in mycelial growth and morphology is currently poorly understood. By chance, a growth mutant in the root rot pathogen Armillaria ostoyae was discovered. The mutant phenotype was characterized by extremely compact and slow growth, as well as shorter aerial hyphae and hyphal compartments in comparison to the wildtype phenotype. Genetic analysis revealed that the abnormal phenotype is caused by a recessive mutation, which segregates asa single locus in sexual crosses. In order to identify the genetic basis of the mutant phenotype, we performed a quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. A mapping population of 198 haploid progeny was genotyped at 11,700 genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) making use of double digest restriction site associated DNA sequencing (ddRADseq). In accordance with the genetic analysis, a single significant QTL was identified for the abnormal growth phenotype. The QTL confidence interval spans a narrow, gene dense region of 87kb in the A. ostoyae genome which contains 37 genes. Overall, our study reports the first high-density genetic map for an Armillaria species and shows its successful application in forward genetics by resolving the genetic basis of a mutant phenotype with a severe defect in hyphal growth.
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García-Rico RO, Gil-Durán C, Rojas-Aedo JF, Vaca I, Figueroa L, Levicán G, Chávez R. Heterotrimeric G protein alpha subunit controls growth, stress response, extracellular protease activity, and cyclopiazonic acid production in Penicillium camemberti. Fungal Biol 2017; 121:754-762. [DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2017.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Evolutionary dynamics in the fungal polarization network, a mechanistic perspective. Biophys Rev 2017; 9:375-387. [PMID: 28812259 PMCID: PMC5578929 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-017-0286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarity establishment underlies proper cell cycle completion across virtually all organisms. Much progress has been made in generating an understanding of the structural and functional components of this process, especially in model species. Here we focus on the evolutionary dynamics of the fungal polarization protein network in order to determine general components and mechanistic principles, species- or lineage-specific adaptations and the evolvability of the network. The currently available genomic and proteomic screens in a variety of fungal species have shown three main characteristics: (1) certain proteins, processes and functions are conserved throughout the fungal clade; (2) orthologous functions can never be assumed, as various cases have been observed of homologous loci with dissimilar functions; (3) species have, typically, various species- or lineage-specific proteins incorporated in their polarization network. Further large-scale comparative and experimental studies, including those on non-model species representing the great fungal diversity, are needed to gain a better understanding of the evolutionary dynamics and generalities of the polarization network in fungi.
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Havlik D, Brandt U, Bohle K, Fleißner A. Establishment of Neurospora crassa as a host for heterologous protein production using a human antibody fragment as a model product. Microb Cell Fact 2017; 16:128. [PMID: 28743272 PMCID: PMC5526295 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-017-0734-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Filamentous fungi are commonly used as production hosts for bulk enzymes in biotechnological applications. Their robust and quick growth combined with their ability to secrete large amounts of protein directly into the culture medium makes fungi appealing organisms for the generation of novel production systems. The red bread mold Neurospora crassa has long been established as a model system in basic research. It can be very easily genetically manipulated and a wealth of molecular tools and mutants are available. In addition, N. crassa is very fast growing and non-toxic. All of these features point to a high but so far untapped potential of this fungus for biotechnological applications. In this study, we used genetic engineering and bioprocess development in a design-build-test-cycle process to establish N. crassa as a production host for heterologous proteins. Results The human antibody fragment HT186-D11 was fused to a truncated version of the endogenous enzyme glucoamylase (GLA-1), which served as a carrier protein to achieve secretion into the culture medium. A modular expression cassette was constructed and tested under the control of different promoters. Protease activity was identified as a major limitation of the production strain, and the effects of different mutations causing protease deficiencies were compared. Furthermore, a parallel bioreactor system (1 L) was employed to develop and optimize a production process, including the comparison of different culture media and cultivation parameters. After successful optimization of the production strain and the cultivation conditions an exemplary scale up to a 10 L stirred tank reactor was performed. Conclusions The data of this study indicate that N. crassa is suited for the production and secretion of heterologous proteins. Controlling expression by the optimized promoter Pccg1nr in a fourfold protease deletion strain resulted in the successful secretion of the heterologous product with estimated yields of 3 mg/L of the fusion protein. The fungus could easily be cultivated in bioreactors and a first scale-up was successful. The system holds therefore much potential, warranting further efforts in optimization. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12934-017-0734-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Havlik
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Inhoffenstr. 7, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany.,Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.,Navigo Proteins GmbH, Heinrich-Damerow-Str. 1, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ulrike Brandt
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Kathrin Bohle
- Division of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Inhoffenstr. 7, Braunschweig, 38124, Germany
| | - André Fleißner
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstr. 7, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany.
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Abstract
Filamentous fungi are a large and ancient clade of microorganisms that occupy a broad range of ecological niches. The success of filamentous fungi is largely due to their elongate hypha, a chain of cells, separated from each other by septa. Hyphae grow by polarized exocytosis at the apex, which allows the fungus to overcome long distances and invade many substrates, including soils and host tissues. Hyphal tip growth is initiated by establishment of a growth site and the subsequent maintenance of the growth axis, with transport of growth supplies, including membranes and proteins, delivered by motors along the cytoskeleton to the hyphal apex. Among the enzymes delivered are cell wall synthases that are exocytosed for local synthesis of the extracellular cell wall. Exocytosis is opposed by endocytic uptake of soluble and membrane-bound material into the cell. The first intracellular compartment in the endocytic pathway is the early endosomes, which emerge to perform essential additional functions as spatial organizers of the hyphal cell. Individual compartments within septated hyphae can communicate with each other via septal pores, which allow passage of cytoplasm or organelles to help differentiation within the mycelium. This article introduces the reader to more detailed aspects of hyphal growth in fungi.
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Pulses of Ca 2+ coordinate actin assembly and exocytosis for stepwise cell extension. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:5701-5706. [PMID: 28507141 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1700204114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Many eukaryotic cells grow by extending their cell periphery in pulses. The molecular mechanisms underlying this process are not yet fully understood. Here we present a comprehensive model of stepwise cell extension by using the unique tip growth system of filamentous fungi. Live-cell imaging analysis, including superresolution microscopy, revealed that the fungus Aspergillus nidulans extends the hyphal tip in an oscillatory manner. The amount of F-actin and secretory vesicles (SV) accumulating at the hyphal tip oscillated with a positive temporal correlation, whereas vesicle amounts were negatively correlated to the growth rate. The intracellular Ca2+ level also pulsed with a positive temporal correlation to the amount of F-actin and SV at the hyphal tip. Two Ca2+ channels, MidA and CchA, were needed for proper tip growth and the oscillations of actin polymerization, exocytosis, and the growth rate. The data indicate a model in which transient Ca2+ pluses cause depolymerization of F-actin at the cortex and promote SV fusion with the plasma membrane, thereby extending the cell tip. Over time, Ca2+ diffuses away and F-actin and SV accumulate again at the hyphal tip. Our data provide evidence that temporally controlled actin polymerization and exocytosis are coordinated by pulsed Ca2+ influx, resulting in stepwise cell extension.
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Kamei M, Tsukagoshi Y, Banno S, Ichiishi A, Fukumori F, Fujimura M. Phenotypic abnormalities of fr , sp , and och-1 single mutants are suppressed by loss of putative GPI-phospholipase A2 in Neurospora crassa. MYCOSCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2016.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
Filamentous fungi have proven to be a better-suited model system than unicellular yeasts in analyses of cellular processes such as polarized growth, exocytosis, endocytosis, and cytoskeleton-based organelle traffic. For example, the filamentous fungus
Neurospora crassa develops a variety of cellular forms. Studying the molecular basis of these forms has led to a better, yet incipient, understanding of polarized growth. Polarity factors as well as Rho GTPases, septins, and a localized delivery of vesicles are the central elements described so far that participate in the shift from isotropic to polarized growth. The growth of the cell wall by apical biosynthesis and remodeling of polysaccharide components is a key process in hyphal morphogenesis. The coordinated action of motor proteins and Rab GTPases mediates the vesicular journey along the hyphae toward the apex, where the exocyst mediates vesicle fusion with the plasma membrane. Cytoplasmic microtubules and actin microfilaments serve as tracks for the transport of vesicular carriers as well as organelles in the tubular cell, contributing to polarization. In addition to exocytosis, endocytosis is required to set and maintain the apical polarity of the cell. Here, we summarize some of the most recent breakthroughs in hyphal morphogenesis and apical growth in
N. crassa and the emerging questions that we believe should be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meritxell Riquelme
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, Mexico
| | - Leonora Martínez-Núñez
- Department of Microbiology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Ensenada, Baja California, 22860, Mexico
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37
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Huggins TM, Whiteley JM, Love CT, Lee K, Lee SH, Ren ZJ, Biffinger JC. Controlled Growth of Nanostructured Biotemplates with Cobalt and Nitrogen Codoping as a Binderless Lithium-Ion Battery Anode. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:26868-26877. [PMID: 27636014 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Biomass can serve as a sustainable template for the synthesis of carbon materials but is limited by the intrinsic properties of the precursor organism. In this study we demonstrate that the properties of a fungal biotemplate can be tuned during cultivation, establishing a new electrode manufacturing process and ultimately improving the electrochemical performance of the biomass-derived electrode. More specifically, the carbon/nitrogen ratio of Neurospora crassa mycelia mats was shifted by 5-fold while generating cobalt nanoparticles into the hyphal structure originating from macroconidia spores. This shift was achieved through nitrate limitation and equal molar concentrations of Mg2+ and Co2+ in the growth media. The resulting mycelia mat was converted via a high-temperature pyrolysis process (800 °C) to produce a freestanding cobalt and nitrogen codoped electrode material with no postmodification. Ultimately, nitrogen doping resulted in one of the highest recorded specific reversible capacity for a freestanding biomass-derived lithium-ion anode (400 mAh g-1 at C/10). We observed an additional improvement in capacity to 425 mAh g-1 with the incorporation of 3 wt % Co. Our results show how shaping the chemical characteristics of an electrode during the growth of the biotemplate allows for sustainable carbon-based material manufacturing from a living (self-assembled) material.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Corey T Love
- Chemistry Department, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
| | - Kwangwon Lee
- Department of Biology, Rutgers University , Camden, New Jersey 08102, United States
| | | | | | - Justin C Biffinger
- Chemistry Department, U.S. Naval Research Laboratory , Washington, District of Columbia 20375, United States
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González-Rodríguez VE, Garrido C, Cantoral JM, Schumacher J. The F-actin capping protein is required for hyphal growth and full virulence but is dispensable for septum formation in Botrytis cinerea. Fungal Biol 2016; 120:1225-35. [PMID: 27647239 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous (F-) actin is an integral part of the cytoskeleton allowing for cell growth, intracellular motility, and cytokinesis of eukaryotic cells. Its assembly from G-actin monomers and its disassembly are tightly regulated processes involving a number of actin-binding proteins (ABPs) such as F-actin nucleators and cross-linking proteins. F-actin capping protein (CP) is an alpha/beta heterodimer known from yeast and higher eukaryotes to bind to the fast growing ends of the actin filaments stabilizing them. In this study, we identified the orthologs of the two CP subunits, named BcCPA1 and BcCPB1, in the plant pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea and showed that the two proteins physically interact in a yeast two-hybrid approach. GFP-BcCPA1 fusion proteins were functional and localized to the assumed sites of F-actin accumulation, i.e. to the hyphal tips and the sites of actin ring formation. Deletion of bccpa1 had a profound effect on hyphal growth, morphogenesis, and virulence indicating the importance of F-actin capping for an intact actin cytoskeleton. As polarized growth - unlike septum formation - is impaired in the mutants, it can be concluded that the organization and/or localization of actin patches and cables are disturbed rather than the functionality of the actin rings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria E González-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Vitivinícola y Agroalimentaria (IVAGRO), Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Carlos Garrido
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Vitivinícola y Agroalimentaria (IVAGRO), Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Jesús M Cantoral
- Departamento de Biomedicina, Biotecnología y Salud Pública, Laboratorio de Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias de Mar y Ambientales, Instituto Universitario de Investigación Vitivinícola y Agroalimentaria (IVAGRO), Universidad de Cádiz, Polígono Río San Pedro, 11510 Puerto Real, Spain.
| | - Julia Schumacher
- Institut für Biologie und Biotechnologie der Pflanzen (IBBP), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Schlossplatz 8, 48143 Münster, Germany.
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Herold I, Yarden O. Regulation of Neurospora crassa cell wall remodeling via the cot-1 pathway is mediated by gul-1. Curr Genet 2016; 63:145-159. [PMID: 27363849 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0625-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of the Neurospora crassa Nuclear DBF2-related kinase-encoding gene cot-1 results in pleiotropic effects, including abnormally thick hyphal cell walls and septa. An increase in the transcript abundance of genes encoding chitin and glucan synthases and the chitinase gh18-5, but not the cell wall integrity pathway transcription factor rlm-1, accompany the phenotypic changes observed. Deletion of chs-5 or chs-7 in a cot-1 background results in a reduction of hyperbranching frequency characteristic of the cot-1 parent. gul-1 (a homologue of the yeast SSD1 gene) encodes a translational regulator and has been shown to partially suppress cot-1. We demonstrate that the high expression levels of the cell wall remodeling genes analyzed is curbed, and reaches near wild type levels, when gul-1 is inactivated. This is accompanied by morphological changes that include reduced cell wall thickness and restoration of normal chitin levels. We conclude that gul-1 is a mediator of cell wall remodeling within the cot-1 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inbal Herold
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610000, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Oded Yarden
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 7610000, Rehovot, Israel.
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40
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Aranda-Martinez A, Lopez-Moya F, Lopez-Llorca LV. Cell wall composition plays a key role on sensitivity of filamentous fungi to chitosan. J Basic Microbiol 2016; 56:1059-1070. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Aranda-Martinez
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences, Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramón Margalef; University of Alicante; Alicante Spain
| | - Federico Lopez-Moya
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences, Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramón Margalef; University of Alicante; Alicante Spain
| | - Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca
- Laboratory of Plant Pathology, Department of Marine Sciences, Applied Biology, Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies Ramón Margalef; University of Alicante; Alicante Spain
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Abstract
Filamentous fungi are extremely polarized organisms, exhibiting continuous growth at their hyphal tips. The hyphal form is related to their pathogenicity in animals and plants, and their high secretion ability for biotechnology. Polarized growth requires a sequential supply of proteins and lipids to the hyphal tip. This transport is managed by vesicle trafficking via the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Therefore, the arrangement of the cytoskeleton is a crucial step to establish and maintain the cell polarity. This review summarizes recent findings unraveling the mechanism of polarized growth with special emphasis on the role of actin and microtubule cytoskeleton and polarity marker proteins. Rapid insertions of membranes via highly active exocytosis at hyphal tips could quickly dilute the accumulated polarity marker proteins. Recent findings by a super-resolution microscopy indicate that filamentous fungal cells maintain their polarity at the tips by repeating transient assembly and disassembly of polarity sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norio Takeshita
- a Department of Microbiology , Institute for Applied Bioscience, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Karlsruhe , Germany.,b Faculty of Life and Environmental Sciences , University of Tsukuba , Tsukuba , Japan
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Su X, Schmitz G, Zhang M, Mackie RI, Cann IKO. Heterologous gene expression in filamentous fungi. ADVANCES IN APPLIED MICROBIOLOGY 2016; 81:1-61. [PMID: 22958526 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394382-8.00001-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are critical to production of many commercial enzymes and organic compounds. Fungal-based systems have several advantages over bacterial-based systems for protein production because high-level secretion of enzymes is a common trait of their decomposer lifestyle. Furthermore, in the large-scale production of recombinant proteins of eukaryotic origin, the filamentous fungi become the vehicle of choice due to critical processes shared in gene expression with other eukaryotic organisms. The complexity and relative dearth of understanding of the physiology of filamentous fungi, compared to bacteria, have hindered rapid development of these organisms as highly efficient factories for the production of heterologous proteins. In this review, we highlight several of the known benefits and challenges in using filamentous fungi (particularly Aspergillus spp., Trichoderma reesei, and Neurospora crassa) for the production of proteins, especially heterologous, nonfungal enzymes. We review various techniques commonly employed in recombinant protein production in the filamentous fungi, including transformation methods, selection of gene regulatory elements such as promoters, protein secretion factors such as the signal peptide, and optimization of coding sequence. We provide insights into current models of host genomic defenses such as repeat-induced point mutation and quelling. Furthermore, we examine the regulatory effects of transcript sequences, including introns and untranslated regions, pre-mRNA (messenger RNA) processing, transcript transport, and mRNA stability. We anticipate that this review will become a resource for researchers who aim at advancing the use of these fascinating organisms as protein production factories, for both academic and industrial purposes, and also for scientists with general interest in the biology of the filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Su
- Energy Biosciences Institute, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA; Equal contribution
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43
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Si H, Rittenour WR, Harris SD. Roles of Aspergillus nidulans Cdc42/Rho GTPase regulators in hyphal morphogenesis and development. Mycologia 2016; 108:543-55. [PMID: 26932184 DOI: 10.3852/15-232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Rho-related family of GTPases are pivotal regulators of morphogenetic processes in diverse eukaryotic organisms. In the filamentous fungi two related members of this family, Cdc42 and Rac1, perform particularly important roles in the establishment and maintenance of hyphal polarity. The activity of these GTPases is tightly controlled by two sets of regulators: guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs). Despite the importance of Cdc42 and Rac1 in polarized hyphal growth, the morphogenetic functions of their cognate GEFs and GAPs have not been widely characterized in filamentous fungi outside the Saccharomycotina. Here we present a functional analysis of the Aspergillus nidulans homologs of the yeast GEF Cdc24 and the yeast GAP Rga1. We show that Cdc24 is required for the establishment of hyphal polarity and localizes to hyphal tips. We also show that Rga1 is necessary for the suppression of branching in developing conidiophores. During asexual development Rga1 appears to act primarily via Cdc42 and in doing so serves as a critical determinant of conidiophore architecture. Our results provide new insight into the roles of Cdc42 during development in A nidulans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyu Si
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0660
| | - William R Rittenour
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0660
| | - Steven D Harris
- Center for Plant Science Innovation and Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588-0660
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Heine D, Petereit L, Schumann MR, Patzelt D, Rachid L, Brandt U, Werner A, Pöggeler S, Fleißner A. The tetraspanin TSP3 of Neurospora crassa is a vacuolar membrane protein and shares characteristics with IDI proteins. Mycologia 2016; 108:581-9. [PMID: 26908649 DOI: 10.3852/15-225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The fungal vacuole is an organelle, which adopts pleiotropic morphologies and functions. In aging and starving hyphae it is the compartment of degradation and recycling of cellular constituents. Here we identified TSP3, one of three tetraspanins present in the filamentous ascomycete fungus Neurospora crassa, as a vacuolar membrane protein. The protein is detected only in aging and starving cultures and under other conditions, which induce autophagy, such as vegetative incompatibility or the presence of the macrolide antibiotic rapamycin. Mutant analysis revealed that TSP3 is dispensable for growth and development of the fungus under laboratory conditions. Together these findings indicate that tsp3 shares characteristics with idi (induced during incompatibility) genes and might promote vacuolar functions related to autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Heine
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Linda Petereit
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Marcel R Schumann
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Diana Patzelt
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Leila Rachid
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ulrike Brandt
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Antonia Werner
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstraße 8, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefanie Pöggeler
- Institut für Mikrobiologie und Genetik, Georg-August-Universität Göttingen, Grisebachstraße 8, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - André Fleißner
- Institut für Genetik, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Spielmannstraße 7, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany
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45
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The Renaissance of Neurospora crassa: How a Classical Model System is Used for Applied Research. Fungal Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27951-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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46
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47
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Julien S, Tondl P, Durand F, Dagkessamanskaia A, van Tilbeurgh H, François JM, Mourey L, Zerbib D, Martin-Yken H, Maveyraud L. Crystallographic studies of the structured core domain of Knr4 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:1120-4. [PMID: 26323295 PMCID: PMC4555916 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15012522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The potentially structured core domain of the intrinsically disordered protein Knr4 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae, comprising residues 80-340, was expressed in Escherichia coli and crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. Selenomethionine-containing (SeMet) protein was also purified and crystallized. Crystals of both proteins belonged to space group P6522, with unit-cell parameters a = b = 112.44, c = 265.21 Å for the native protein and a = b = 112.49, c = 262.21 Å for the SeMet protein, and diffracted to 3.50 and 3.60 Å resolution, respectively. There are two molecules in the asymmetric unit related by a twofold axis. The anomalous signal of selenium was recorded and yielded an electron-density map of sufficient quality to allow the identification of secondary-structure elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylviane Julien
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, IPBS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Patrick Tondl
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, IPBS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Fabien Durand
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Adilia Dagkessamanskaia
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Herman van Tilbeurgh
- Institut de Biologie Intégrative de la Cellule, UMR9198, CNRS–Université Paris Sud, Bâtiment 430, 91400 Orsay, France
| | - Jean Marie François
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Lionel Mourey
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, IPBS, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Zerbib
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, IPBS, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Hélène Martin-Yken
- Université de Toulouse, INSA, UPS, INP, LISBP, 135 Avenue de Rangueil, 31077 Toulouse, France
- INRA, UMR792, Ingénierie des Systèmes Biologiques et des Procédés, 31400 Toulouse, France
- CNRS, UMR5504, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Laurent Maveyraud
- Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 205 Route de Narbonne, BP 64182, 31077 Toulouse, France
- Université de Toulouse, Université Paul Sabatier, IPBS, 31077 Toulouse, France
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Abstract
Neurospora crassa is an important model organism for filamentous fungi as well as for circadian biology and photobiology. Although the community-accumulated tool set for the molecular analysis of Neurospora is extensive, two components are missing: (1) dependable reference genes whose level of expression are relatively constant across light/dark cycles and as a function of time of day and (2) a catalog of primers specifically designed for real-time PCR (RT-PCR). To address the first of these we have identified genes that are optimal for use as reference genes in RT-PCR across a wide range of expression levels; the mRNA/transcripts from these genes have potential for use as reference noncycling transcripts outside of Neurospora. In addition, we have generated a genome-wide set of RT-PCR primers, thereby streamlining the analysis of gene expression. In validation studies these primers successfully identified target mRNAs arising from 70% (34 of 49) of all tested genes and from all (28) of the moderately to highly expressed tested genes.
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Functional Analysis of Sterol Transporter Orthologues in the Filamentous Fungus Aspergillus nidulans. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2015; 14:908-21. [PMID: 26116213 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00027-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Polarized growth in filamentous fungi needs a continuous supply of proteins and lipids to the growing hyphal tip. One of the important membrane compounds in fungi is ergosterol. At the apical plasma membrane ergosterol accumulations, which are called sterol-rich plasma membrane domains (SRDs). The exact roles and formation mechanism of the SRDs remained unclear, although the importance has been recognized for hyphal growth. Transport of ergosterol to hyphal tips is thought to be important for the organization of the SRDs. Oxysterol binding proteins, which are conserved from yeast to human, are involved in nonvesicular sterol transport. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae seven oxysterol-binding protein homologues (OSH1 to -7) play a role in ergosterol distribution between closely located membranes independent of vesicle transport. We found five homologous genes (oshA to oshE) in the filamentous fungi Aspergillus nidulans. The functions of OshA-E were characterized by gene deletion and subcellular localization. Each gene-deletion strain showed characteristic phenotypes and different sensitivities to ergosterol-associated drugs. Green fluorescent protein-tagged Osh proteins showed specific localization in the late Golgi compartments, puncta associated with the endoplasmic reticulum, or diffusely in the cytoplasm. The genes expression and regulation were investigated in a medically important species Aspergillus fumigatus, as well as A. nidulans. Our results suggest that each Osh protein plays a role in ergosterol distribution at distinct sites and contributes to proper fungal growth.
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Morel G, Sterck L, Swennen D, Marcet-Houben M, Onesime D, Levasseur A, Jacques N, Mallet S, Couloux A, Labadie K, Amselem J, Beckerich JM, Henrissat B, Van de Peer Y, Wincker P, Souciet JL, Gabaldón T, Tinsley CR, Casaregola S. Differential gene retention as an evolutionary mechanism to generate biodiversity and adaptation in yeasts. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11571. [PMID: 26108467 PMCID: PMC4479816 DOI: 10.1038/srep11571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary history of the characters underlying the adaptation of microorganisms to food and biotechnological uses is poorly understood. We undertook comparative genomics to investigate evolutionary relationships of the dairy yeast Geotrichum candidum within Saccharomycotina. Surprisingly, a remarkable proportion of genes showed discordant phylogenies, clustering with the filamentous fungus subphylum (Pezizomycotina), rather than the yeast subphylum (Saccharomycotina), of the Ascomycota. These genes appear not to be the result of Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT), but to have been specifically retained by G. candidum after the filamentous fungi-yeasts split concomitant with the yeasts' genome contraction. We refer to these genes as SRAGs (Specifically Retained Ancestral Genes), having been lost by all or nearly all other yeasts, and thus contributing to the phenotypic specificity of lineages. SRAG functions include lipases consistent with a role in cheese making and novel endoglucanases associated with degradation of plant material. Similar gene retention was observed in three other distantly related yeasts representative of this ecologically diverse subphylum. The phenomenon thus appears to be widespread in the Saccharomycotina and argues that, alongside neo-functionalization following gene duplication and HGT, specific gene retention must be recognized as an important mechanism for generation of biodiversity and adaptation in yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Morel
- INRA UMR1319, Micalis Institute, CIRM-Levures, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech UMR1319, Micalis Institute, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Lieven Sterck
- Department of Plant Systems Biology VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Dominique Swennen
- INRA UMR1319, Micalis Institute, CIRM-Levures, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech UMR1319, Micalis Institute, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Marina Marcet-Houben
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Djamila Onesime
- INRA UMR1319, Micalis Institute, CIRM-Levures, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech UMR1319, Micalis Institute, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Anthony Levasseur
- INRA UMR1163, Biotechnologie des Champignons Filamenteux, Aix-Marseille Université, Polytech Marseille, 163 avenue de Luminy, CP 925, 13288 Marseille Cedex 09, France
| | - Noémie Jacques
- INRA UMR1319, Micalis Institute, CIRM-Levures, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech UMR1319, Micalis Institute, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Sandrine Mallet
- INRA UMR1319, Micalis Institute, CIRM-Levures, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech UMR1319, Micalis Institute, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Arnaux Couloux
- CEA, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Évry F-91000, France
| | - Karine Labadie
- CEA, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Évry F-91000, France
| | - Joëlle Amselem
- INRA UR1164, Unité de Recherche Génomique – Info, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jean-Marie Beckerich
- INRA UMR1319, Micalis Institute, CIRM-Levures, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech UMR1319, Micalis Institute, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | | | - Yves Van de Peer
- Department of Plant Systems Biology VIB, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, Technologiepark 927, 9052 Gent, Belgium
- Genomics Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Hatfield Campus, Pretoria 0028, South Africa
| | - Patrick Wincker
- CEA, Institut de Génomique, Genoscope, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Évry F-91000, France
- CNRS UMR 8030, 2 Rue Gaston Crémieux, Évry, 91000, France
- Université d’Evry, Bd François Mitterand, Evry,91025, France
| | - Jean-Luc Souciet
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS UMR7156, Strasbourg, 67000, France
| | - Toni Gabaldón
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Programme, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Dr. Aiguader 88, Barcelona 08003, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona 08003, Spain
| | - Colin R. Tinsley
- INRA UMR1319, Micalis Institute, CIRM-Levures, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech UMR1319, Micalis Institute, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
| | - Serge Casaregola
- INRA UMR1319, Micalis Institute, CIRM-Levures, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
- AgroParisTech UMR1319, Micalis Institute, 78850 F-Thiverval-Grignon, France
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