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Experimental Outcrossing in Agaricus bisporus Revealed a Major and Unexpected Involvement of Airborne Mycelium Fragments. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8121278. [PMID: 36547611 PMCID: PMC9783782 DOI: 10.3390/jof8121278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Agaricus bisporus var. bisporus, the button mushroom, has a predominantly pseudohomothallic life cycle. Most of its spores are heterokaryotic and give rise to fertile heterokaryons. However, previous studies have suggested that outcrossing should not be rare in wild populations. In order to discover how outcrossing occurs, we experimentally favored it between aerial propagules of a fruiting donor mycelium and a delayed receiver mycelium that only invaded culture trays. Two donor/receiver pairs were studied, and potentially hybrid basidiomata collected on the receiver trays were analyzed with a mitochondrial marker, two unlinked nuclear CAPS markers, then haplotype markers based on DNA sequences obtained after PCR cloning of the rDNA ITS region and the fruk gene. For one of the two pairs, most basidiomata were hybrids between the donor and the receiver. Genotyping of the hybrids revealed only two genotypes consistent with outcrossing involving airborne mycelium fragments rather than basidiospores. The resident receiver heterokaryon that provided its mitochondria to the hybrid basidiomata is suspected to have had a trophic contribution to their growth and successful fruiting. The high level of heterozygosity and the cultivar introgression previously revealed in wild populations of this pseudohomothallic species may result from outcrossing involving airborne pieces of mycelium.
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2
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Agaricus macrochlamys, a New Species from the (Sub)tropical Cloud Forests of North America and the Caribbean, and Agaricus fiardii, a New Synonym of Agaricus subrufescens. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8070664. [PMID: 35887421 PMCID: PMC9319268 DOI: 10.3390/jof8070664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Agaricus is a genus of fungi in the family Agaricaceae, with several highly priced edible and medicinal species. Here we describe Agaricus macrochlamys, a new species, in A. sect. Arvenses, sympatric and morphologically cryptic with the edible and medicinally cultivated mushroom, A. subrufescens. Phylogenetic analyses showed that A. macrochlamys is closely related to A. subrufescens, and that A. fiardii is a new synonym of A. subrufescens. Despite being morphologically cryptic, A. macrochlamys can be distinguished from A. subrufescens by several ITS and tef1α species-specific markers and a 4-bp insertion in the tef1α sequence. Furthermore, A. subrufescens is a cosmopolitan species, while A. macrochlamys distribution is so far restricted to Mexico, the Dominican Republic, and the United States.
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3
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Li S, Wang Q, Dong C. Bipolar system of sexual incompatibility and heterothallic life cycle in the basidiomycetes Pachyma hoelen Fr. (Fuling). Mycologia 2022; 114:63-75. [PMID: 35044893 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2021.2006995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The sclerotia of Pachyma hoelen are one of the traditional Chinese medicines and foods that are widely used in East Asian countries. The strains used for cultivation showed bad performance in recent years, and breeding of superior strains has become increasingly important for this fungus. Nevertheless, the mating system and life cycle of P. hoelen were still ambiguous. In this study, the methods for distinguishing between homokaryotic offspring with different mating types were established, as well as confirmation of strain hybridization based on allelic polymorphism at a locus of the rpb2 gene. The bipolar mating system was confirmed according to the mating results of homokaryotic SSIs. The fact that heterokaryotic parents produce homokaryotic meiospores proves that the life cycle is heterothallic. Combining scanning electron microscope observation and DAPI (4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) fluorescent staining of hymenium and basidiospores in situ and ex situ, nuclear migration pattern from basidia to spores was revealed. The heterothallic life cycle was verified, revised, and supplemented step by step. This is the first report of systematic research on the mating system, life cycle, and outcrossing of homokaryotic offspring in P. hoelen. It will be helpful for the biological research, strain improvement, and development of the P. hoelen industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100049, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hubei 430061, Wuhan, China
| | - Caihong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100101, Beijing, China
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4
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Rebecca R, Gao Q, Cui Y, Rong C, Liu Y, Zhao W, Kumara W, Wang S. Nuclear conditions of basidiospores and hyphal cells in the edible mushroom Oudemansiella aparlosarca. Microbiologyopen 2021; 10:e1233. [PMID: 34713602 PMCID: PMC8473813 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.1233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oudemansiella aparlosarca is an edible mushroom possessing medicinal and health benefits. Although there are studies on the cultivation of O. aparlosarca, only a few studies have focused on its genetics and life cycle. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to identify the nuclear conditions of basidiospores and homokaryotic and heterokaryotic hyphal cells and to determine the influence of different nuclear conditions on basidiospore diameter in O. aparlosarca. Two parental strains: strain-55 and strain-81 were used. Staining of basidiospores and hyphal cells in the apical region was performed. We observed the following nuclear conditions: non-nucleate, mononucleate, binucleate, and multinucleate. In both parental strains, binucleate spores were predominant, while the number of non-nucleate spores was the lowest. The diameter of non-nucleate spores was the smallest, being 11.52 µm and 12.15 µm in parental strain-81 and strain-55, respectively, while multinucleate spores had the largest diameter, being 14.78 µm in both parental strains. Both homokaryotic and heterokaryotic strains were identified in isolated single spores from parental strains. Binucleate cells were majorly present in heterokaryotic hyphal cells, and multinucleate cells were predominant in homokaryotic hyphal cells. We conclude that O. aparlosarca contains homokaryotic and heterokaryotic basidiospores, which indicates an amphithallic life cycle. The observed binucleate spores might be the result of post-meiotic mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy Rebecca
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North)Institute of Plant ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing Engineering Research Center for Edible MushroomMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
- Department of Agricultural BiologyFaculty of AgricultureUniversity of RuhunaKamburupitiyaSri Lanka
| | - Qi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North)Institute of Plant ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing Engineering Research Center for Edible MushroomMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Yujin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North)Institute of Plant ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing Engineering Research Center for Edible MushroomMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Chengbo Rong
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North)Institute of Plant ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing Engineering Research Center for Edible MushroomMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | - Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North)Institute of Plant ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing Engineering Research Center for Edible MushroomMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
| | | | - Wasantha Kumara
- Department of Agricultural BiologyFaculty of AgricultureUniversity of RuhunaKamburupitiyaSri Lanka
| | - Shouxian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Urban Agriculture (North)Institute of Plant ProtectionBeijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry SciencesBeijing Engineering Research Center for Edible MushroomMinistry of AgricultureBeijingChina
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5
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Overview of four Agaricus subrufescens strains used in the last 15 years in Brazil and other countries and current potential materials for the future. Mycol Prog 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11557-021-01711-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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6
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Hartmann FE, Duhamel M, Carpentier F, Hood ME, Foulongne‐Oriol M, Silar P, Malagnac F, Grognet P, Giraud T. Recombination suppression and evolutionary strata around mating-type loci in fungi: documenting patterns and understanding evolutionary and mechanistic causes. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2021; 229:2470-2491. [PMID: 33113229 PMCID: PMC7898863 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Genomic regions determining sexual compatibility often display recombination suppression, as occurs in sex chromosomes, plant self-incompatibility loci and fungal mating-type loci. Regions lacking recombination can extend beyond the genes determining sexes or mating types, by several successive steps of recombination suppression. Here we review the evidence for recombination suppression around mating-type loci in fungi, sometimes encompassing vast regions of the mating-type chromosomes. The suppression of recombination at mating-type loci in fungi has long been recognized and maintains the multiallelic combinations required for correct compatibility determination. We review more recent evidence for expansions of recombination suppression beyond mating-type genes in fungi ('evolutionary strata'), which have been little studied and may be more pervasive than commonly thought. We discuss testable hypotheses for the ultimate (evolutionary) and proximate (mechanistic) causes for such expansions of recombination suppression, including (1) antagonistic selection, (2) association of additional functions to mating-type, such as uniparental mitochondria inheritance, (3) accumulation in the margin of nonrecombining regions of various factors, including deleterious mutations or transposable elements resulting from relaxed selection, or neutral rearrangements resulting from genetic drift. The study of recombination suppression in fungi could thus contribute to our understanding of recombination suppression expansion across a broader range of organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny E. Hartmann
- Ecologie Systematique EvolutionBatiment 360Université Paris‐SaclayCNRSAgroParisTechOrsay91400France
| | - Marine Duhamel
- Ecologie Systematique EvolutionBatiment 360Université Paris‐SaclayCNRSAgroParisTechOrsay91400France
- Ruhr‐Universität Bochum, Evolution of Plants and Fungi ‐ Gebäude ND 03/174Universitätsstraße150, 44801 BochumGermany
| | - Fantin Carpentier
- Ecologie Systematique EvolutionBatiment 360Université Paris‐SaclayCNRSAgroParisTechOrsay91400France
| | - Michael E. Hood
- Biology Department, Science CentreAmherst CollegeAmherstMA01002USA
| | | | - Philippe Silar
- Lab Interdisciplinaire Energies DemainUniv Paris DiderotSorbonne Paris CiteParis 13F‐75205France
| | - Fabienne Malagnac
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)Université Paris‐SaclayCEACNRSGif‐sur‐Yvette91198France
| | - Pierre Grognet
- Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC)Université Paris‐SaclayCEACNRSGif‐sur‐Yvette91198France
| | - Tatiana Giraud
- Ecologie Systematique EvolutionBatiment 360Université Paris‐SaclayCNRSAgroParisTechOrsay91400France
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7
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Li S, Wang Q, Dong C. Distinguishing Homokaryons and Heterokaryons in Medicinal Polypore Mushroom Wolfiporia cocos (Agaricomycetes) Based on Cultural and Genetic Characteristics. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:596715. [PMID: 33569044 PMCID: PMC7868546 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.596715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The sclerotia of Wolfiporia cocos are a kind of traditional medicine and food with excellent benefits and are widely used in China, Japan, and other Asian countries. The mating system of fungi is not only of practical importance for breeding but also has profound effects on genetic variability and molecular evolution. However, the lack of clamp connections in W. cocos increases the difficulty of research on mating systems. In this study, homokaryons and heterokaryons were distinguished by comparing the characteristics of culture, fruiting tests, and molecular markers, which was further demonstrated by k-mer analysis based on Illumina sequencing. Uninucleate, binucleate, and nuclei-free condition basidiospores of W. cocos were observed, and binucleate basidiospores were the most predominant. Brown-type colonies, slow growth rates in both PDA medium and sawdust substrate, and neutral pH after the growth of mycelia and unfruiting were found to be the morphological and growth characteristics of homokaryotic strains. Primers SSR37 and 38 were screened to identify homokaryons. K-mer analysis based on Illumina sequencing exhibited different heterozygous ratios for homokaryons and heterokaryons. The results revealed that pseudo-homothallism was the predominant mode of reproduction in the Chinese population of W. cocos, and heterothallism also existed in all probability. This study will be helpful for the cross-breeding of this precious medicinal mushroom and for understanding its evolution and population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoujian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Hubei Provincial Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Caihong Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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8
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Cao B, He MQ, Ling ZL, Zhang MZ, Wei SL, Zhao RL. A revision of Agaricus section Arvenses with nine new species from China. Mycologia 2020; 113:191-211. [PMID: 33326360 DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2020.1830247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Agaricus sect. Arvenses includes numerous species that are potential candidates for cultivation, and some have high nutritional and medicinal interests. Between 2012 and 2017, 147 specimens of A. sect. Arvenses were collected in China. For this study, nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS), nuc 28S rDNA (28S), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) sequences were used to assess species boundaries of these samples from China. Combined with morphological examination, we recognize 22 species of A. sect. Arvenses from China, of which 12 are known species, one is new record for China, and nine are proposed as new.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Mao-Qiang He
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhi-Lin Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ming-Zhe Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sheng-Long Wei
- Gansu Engineering Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Hexi University , Zhangye 734000, Gansu, China
| | - Rui-Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, China.,College of Life Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
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9
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Hu Z, Yao Y, Lv M, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Yuan Y, Yue T. Isolation and identification of three water-soluble selenoproteins in Se-enriched Agaricus blazei Murrill. Food Chem 2020; 344:128691. [PMID: 33248838 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Selenoproteins in selenium (Se)-enriched vegetables play an important role in human health. In this study, three water-soluble selenoproteins PR-Se-1, PR-Se-2 and PR-Se-3 in Agaricus blazei Murrill (ABM) were isolated by anion exchange chromatography, gel filtration chromatography and SDS-PAGE. Sequence analyses performed by HPLC-MS/MS showed that PR-Se-1, a 114024 Da selenoprotein with 1019 amino acids (AAs), is an isoenzyme of isocitrate dehydrogenase. PR-Se-2, a 53983 Da selenoprotein with 508 AAs, is a kind of dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase. PR-Se-3, a 47179 Da selenoprotein with 415 AAs, is a kind d-proline reductase. Se content is high at 26.1 μg/g, and selenocystine is the predominant Se unit in the three selenoproteins. Se content of ABM is 9.15 μg/g, and the organic form of Se accounts for ~81% of total Se content. ABM could be a promising source of Se in Se-poor regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongqiu Hu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
| | - Yuanxi Yao
- Logistic Affairs Department, Chang'an University, Xi'an 710054, China
| | - Meng Lv
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yiqian Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yahong Yuan
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Tianli Yue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China; Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Yangling), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China.
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10
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11
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Ling ZL, Wang HJ, Callac P, Zhao RL. Offspring analysis using two cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence (CAPS) markers reveals amphithallism in the edible mushroom Agaricus sinodeliciosus. Mycologia 2019; 111:384-394. [DOI: 10.1080/00275514.2019.1599248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Lin Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huairou District, Beijing 100408, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui-Jun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
| | - Philippe Callac
- Institute National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), Mycologie et sécurité des aliments, CS 20032, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon Cedex, France
| | - Rui-Lin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100101, People’s Republic of China
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Huairou District, Beijing 100408, People’s Republic of China
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12
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Thongklang N, Chen J, Bandara AR, Hyde KD, Raspé O, Parra LA, Callac P. Studies on Agaricus subtilipes , a new cultivatable species from Thailand, incidentally reveal the presence of Agaricus subrufescens in Africa. MYCOSCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.myc.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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13
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Chen J, Moinard M, Xu J, Wang S, Foulongne-Oriol M, Zhao R, Hyde KD, Callac P. Genetic Analyses of the Internal Transcribed Spacer Sequences Suggest Introgression and Duplication in the Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus subrufescens. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156250. [PMID: 27228131 PMCID: PMC4882077 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene cluster is widely used in fungal taxonomy and phylogeographic studies. The medicinal and edible mushroom Agaricus subrufescens has a worldwide distribution with a high level of polymorphism in the ITS region. A previous analysis suggested notable ITS sequence heterogeneity within the wild French isolate CA487. The objective of this study was to investigate the pattern and potential mechanism of ITS sequence heterogeneity within this strain. Using PCR, cloning, and sequencing, we identified three types of ITS sequences, A, B, and C with a balanced distribution, which differed from each other at 13 polymorphic positions. The phylogenetic comparisons with samples from different continents revealed that the type C sequence was similar to those found in Oceanian and Asian specimens of A. subrufescens while types A and B sequences were close to those found in the Americas or in Europe. We further investigated the inheritance of these three ITS sequence types by analyzing their distribution among single-spore isolates from CA487. In this analysis, three co-dominant markers were used firstly to distinguish the homokaryotic offspring from the heterokaryotic offspring. The homokaryotic offspring were then analyzed for their ITS types. Our genetic analyses revealed that types A and B were two alleles segregating at one locus ITSI, while type C was not allelic with types A and B but was located at another unlinked locus ITSII. Furthermore, type C was present in only one of the two constitutive haploid nuclei (n) of the heterokaryotic (n+n) parent CA487. These data suggest that there was a relatively recent introduction of the type C sequence and a duplication of the ITS locus in this strain. Whether other genes were also transferred and duplicated and their impacts on genome structure and stability remain to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Chen
- INRA, MycSA, Villenave d’Ornon, France
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
| | | | - Jianping Xu
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shouxian Wang
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
- Beijing Engineering Research Center for Edible Mushroom, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ruilin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mycology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kevin D. Hyde
- Center of Excellence in Fungal Research, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
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14
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Foulongne-Oriol M, Rocha de Brito M, Cabannes D, Clément A, Spataro C, Moinard M, Dias ES, Callac P, Savoie JM. The Genetic Linkage Map of the Medicinal Mushroom Agaricus subrufescens Reveals Highly Conserved Macrosynteny with the Congeneric Species Agaricus bisporus. G3 (BETHESDA, MD.) 2016; 6:1217-26. [PMID: 26921302 PMCID: PMC4856074 DOI: 10.1534/g3.115.025718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Comparative linkage mapping can rapidly facilitate the transfer of genetic information from model species to orphan species. This macrosynteny analysis approach has been extensively used in plant species, but few example are available in fungi, and even fewer in mushroom crop species. Among the latter, the Agaricus genus comprises the most cultivable or potentially cultivable species. Agaricus bisporus, the button mushroom, is the model for edible and cultivable mushrooms. We have developed the first genetic linkage map for the basidiomycete A. subrufescens, an emerging mushroom crop known for its therapeutic properties and potential medicinal applications. The map includes 202 markers distributed over 16 linkage groups (LG), and covers a total length of 1701 cM, with an average marker spacing of 8.2 cM. Using 96 homologous loci, we also demonstrated the high level of macrosynteny with the genome of A. bisporus The 13 main LG of A. subrufescens were syntenic to the 13 A. bisporus chromosomes. A disrupted synteny was observed for the three remaining A. subrufescens LG. Electronic mapping of a collection of A. subrufescens expressed sequence tags on A. bisporus genome showed that the homologous loci were evenly spread, with the exception of a few local hot or cold spots of homology. Our results were discussed in the light of Agaricus species evolution process. The map provides a framework for future genetic or genomic studies of the medicinal mushroom A. subrufescens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Manuela Rocha de Brito
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, Villenave d'Ornon, France Departamento de Biologia, UFLA, Universidade Federal de Lavras, C.P. 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Delphine Cabannes
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Aurélien Clément
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Cathy Spataro
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Magalie Moinard
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Eustáquio Souza Dias
- Departamento de Biologia, UFLA, Universidade Federal de Lavras, C.P. 3037, 37200-000, Lavras, MG, Brazil
| | - Philippe Callac
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, Villenave d'Ornon, France
| | - Jean-Michel Savoie
- INRA, UR1264 MycSA, Mycologie et Sécurité des Aliments, Villenave d'Ornon, France
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15
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Rocha de Brito M, Foulongne-Oriol M, Moinard M, Souza Dias E, Savoie JM, Callac P. Spore behaviors reveal a category of mating-competent infertile heterokaryons in the offspring of the medicinal fungus Agaricus subrufescens. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 100:781-96. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-015-7070-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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