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Harryman DM, Colgan C, Lovell J, Moscheni M, Naylor G, Rengle A, Sertoli M, Sladkomedova A, Thwaites R. Design and commissioning of resistive foil bolometer diagnostics on the ST40 tokamak. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2024; 95:083534. [PMID: 39158393 DOI: 10.1063/5.0214400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
Following successful campaigns on the compact high field spherical tokamak ST40, resistive gold foil bolometers have now been installed to measure the radiated power profile. Positioned on the midplane, two bolometer cameras offer perspectives of the horizontal and vertical planes, while the third camera, situated above the midplane, provides a vertical view of the top divertor plates, including the X-point and the strike points. These cameras use a commercial off-the-shelf data acquisition platform with modules specifically designed for bolometers in a Wheatstone bridge configuration, providing both phase sensitive detection and in situ calibration. This paper presents an overview of the design and functionality of all three cameras and the commissioning of the horizontal plane camera. The commissioning of the horizontal camera shows data from a range of plasma pulses, presenting a positive correlation between the relative profiles measured from the bolometer camera and an absolute extreme ultraviolet diode camera viewing along similar lines of sight.
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Affiliation(s)
- D M Harryman
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Abingdon OX14 4SD, United Kingdom
| | - C Colgan
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Abingdon OX14 4SD, United Kingdom
| | - J Lovell
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - M Moscheni
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Abingdon OX14 4SD, United Kingdom
| | - G Naylor
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Abingdon OX14 4SD, United Kingdom
| | - A Rengle
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Abingdon OX14 4SD, United Kingdom
| | - M Sertoli
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Abingdon OX14 4SD, United Kingdom
| | | | - R Thwaites
- Tokamak Energy Ltd, Abingdon OX14 4SD, United Kingdom
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2
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Jahanbakhsh S, Hare JD, Meister H, Ingesson C, Majewski M, Penzel F, Schmitt S, Walach U, Dubois M. Calibration and thermal test results of prototype bolometer sensors for ITER fusion reactor. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:033503. [PMID: 37012795 DOI: 10.1063/5.0134449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
For over 10 years, several bolometer sensors with different properties have been tested in the IBOVAC facility. The aim has been to develop a bolometer sensor that can be operated in ITER and can withstand harsh operating conditions. For this purpose, important physical properties of the sensors, i.e., cooling time constant τ, normalized heat capacity κ, and normalized sensitivity sn, have been characterized in a vacuum condition and at various temperatures up to 300 °C. The calibration is achieved by ohmic heating of the sensor absorbers by applying a DC voltage and recording exponential current fall during heating. Recently, a Python program was developed to analyze the data and extract the above mentioned parameters including the uncertainties from recorded currents. In the present series of experiments, the latest prototype sensors developed for ITER are tested and evaluated. These include three different sensor types: two with Au absorbers on ZrO2 membranes (self-supporting substrate sensors) and one with Au absorbers on Si3N4 membranes supported by a Si frame (supported membrane sensors). Tests revealed that the sensor with ZrO2 substrate can only be operated up to 150 °C, while the supported membrane sensors passed the tests up to 300 °C successfully. These results will be used, together with other upcoming tests, such as irradiation testing, to select the most suitable sensors to be employed in ITER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Jahanbakhsh
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP), Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jack Davies Hare
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP), Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Hans Meister
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP), Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Ingesson
- Fusion for Energy (F4E), C/ Josep Pla 2, Torres Diagonal Litoral B3, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcin Majewski
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP), Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Penzel
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics (IPP), Boltzmannstr. 2, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Stefan Schmitt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Microengineering and Microsystems (IMM), Carl-Zeiss-Str. 18-20, 55129 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ulrich Walach
- Fusion for Energy (F4E), C/ Josep Pla 2, Torres Diagonal Litoral B3, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marc Dubois
- Swiss Center for Electronics and Microtechnology (CSEM), Rue Jaquet-Droz 1, 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Federici F, Reinke ML, Lipschultz B, Thornton AJ, Harrison JR, Lovell JJ, Bernert M. Design and implementation of a prototype infrared video bolometer (IRVB) in MAST Upgrade. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:033502. [PMID: 37012791 DOI: 10.1063/5.0128768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A prototype infrared video bolometer (IRVB) was successfully deployed in the Mega Ampere Spherical Tokamak Upgrade (MAST Upgrade or MAST-U), the first deployment of such a diagnostic in a spherical tokamak. The IRVB was designed to study the radiation around the lower x-point, another first in tokamaks, and has the potential to estimate emissivity profiles with spatial resolution beyond what is achievable with resistive bolometry. The system was fully characterized prior to installation on MAST-U, and the results are summarized here. After installation, it was verified that the actual measurement geometry in the tokamak qualitatively matches the design; this is a particularly difficult process for bolometers and was done using specific features of the plasma itself. The installed IRVB measurements are consistent both with observations from other diagnostics, including magnetic reconstruction, visible light cameras, and resistive bolometry, as well as with the IRVB-designed view. Early results show that with conventional divertor geometry and only intrinsic impurities (for example, C and He), the progression of radiative detachment follows a similar path to that observed for large aspect ratio tokamaks: The peak of the radiation moves along the separatrix from the targets to the x-point and high-field side midplane with a toroidally symmetric structure that can eventually lead to strong effects on the core plasma inside the separatrix.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Federici
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bruce Lipschultz
- York Plasma Institute, Department of Physics, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Thornton
- United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - James R Harrison
- United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, Culham Centre for Fusion Energy, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - Jack J Lovell
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Matthias Bernert
- Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics, EURATOM Association, D-85748 Garching, Germany
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Huber A, Wischmeier M, Wiesen S, Bernert M, Chankin A, Aleiferis S, Brezinsek S, Huber V, Sergienko G, Giroud C, Groth M, Jachmich S, Linsmeier C, Lomanowski B, Lowry C, Matthews G, Meigs A, Mertens P, Silburn S, Telesca G. The radiated power limit in impurity seeded JET-ILW plasmas. NUCLEAR MATERIALS AND ENERGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nme.2022.101299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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5
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Acceleration of an Algorithm Based on the Maximum Likelihood Bolometric Tomography for the Determination of Uncertainties in the Radiation Emission on JET Using Heterogeneous Platforms. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12136798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, a new tomographic inversion method based on the Maximum Likelihood (ML) approach has been adapted to JET bolometry. Apart from its accuracy and reliability, the key advantage is its ability to provide reliable estimates of the uncertainties in the reconstructions. The original algorithm was implemented and validated using the MATLAB software tool. This work presents the accelerated version of the algorithm implemented using a compatible ITER fast controller platform with the Ubuntu 18.04 or the ITER Codac Core System distributions (6.1.2). The algorithm has been implemented in C++ using the open-source libraries: ArrayFire, ALGLIB, and MATIO. These libraries simplify the management of specific hardware accelerators such as GPUs and increase performance. The speed-up factor obtained is approximately 10 times. The work presents the methodology followed, the results obtained, and the advantages and drawbacks of implementation.
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Ferreira DR, Carvalho PJ, Carvalho IS, Stuart C, Lomas PJ. Monitoring the plasma radiation profile with real-time bolometer tomography at JET. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2020.112179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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7
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Lovell J, Reinke ML, Sheikh UA, Sweeney R, Puglia P, Carvalho P, Baylor L. Methods to determine the radiated power in SPI-mitigated disruptions in JET. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:023502. [PMID: 33648156 DOI: 10.1063/5.0014654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents techniques for evaluating the radiated power in JET disruptions. Disrupting plasmas are shown to have non-axisymmetric radiation profiles, motivating the re-evaluation of the standard techniques for calculating the total radiated power at JET using bolometry. Four single-channel bolometers at different toroidal locations are exploited to quantify the radiation asymmetry. Toroidal radiation peaking factors integrated over the entire disruption of up to 1.5 have been observed when varying the quantity of neon in pellets used in disruptions mitigated by shattered pellet injection. Using synthetic bolometer diagnostics developed with the Cherab spectroscopy modeling framework, we can estimate the systematic error on total power calculations for relevant radiation profiles and improve estimates of the total radiated power. We show that the component of the systematic error on the total power due to the poloidal radiation profile can be reduced from 70% to 10% with suitable assumptions about the structure of the poloidal profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Lovell
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - M L Reinke
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - U A Sheikh
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - R Sweeney
- MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center, Cambridge, Massachusetts 01239, USA
| | - P Puglia
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Swiss Plasma Center (SPC), Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - P Carvalho
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal
| | - L Baylor
- Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
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8
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Ferreira DR, Carvalho PJ, Sozzi C, Lomas PJ, JET Contributors. Deep Learning for the Analysis of Disruption Precursors Based on Plasma Tomography. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2020.1820749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo R. Ferreira
- EUROfusion Consortium, JET Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
- Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear (IPFN) Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
| | - Pedro J. Carvalho
- Universidade de Lisboa, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear (IPFN) Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Lisboa 1049-001, Portugal
- United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), Abingdon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - Carlo Sozzi
- Istituto per la Scienza e Tecnologia Dei Plasmi (ISTP), Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Peter J. Lomas
- United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority (UKAEA), Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), Abingdon OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
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9
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Peluso E, Craciunescu T, Murari A, Carvalho P, Gelfusa M. A comprehensive study of the uncertainties in bolometric tomography on JET using the maximum likelihood method. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:123502. [PMID: 31893818 DOI: 10.1063/1.5119441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Essential physical quantities of magnetically confined plasmas are derived on a routine basis from bolometric reconstructions. In the last few years at the Joint European Torus (JET), the Maximum Likelihood method has demonstrated the capability of providing reliable reconstructions for this class of ill-posed problems. The article is focused on quantifying the effects of important sources of errors, usually underestimated, that can influence both the reconstructions and the derived quantities. A complete set of phantoms has been used to test the robustness of the technique. The main sources of uncertainties investigated in this contribution are random noise, presence of outliers in the measurements, uncertainty of the position of the magnetic topology, and missing measurements from damaged or unreliable bolometers. The study provides a comprehensive quantification of the uncertainties to associate with most typical emissivities encountered in practice and constitutes a good basis for a more accurate evaluation of the power balances on the JET.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Peluso
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, Roma 00133, Italy
| | - T Craciunescu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele-Bucharest RO-077125, Romania
| | - A Murari
- Consorzio RFX (CNR, ENEA, INFN, Universita' di Padova, Acciaierie Venete SpA), Corso Stati, Padova 35127, Italy
| | - P Carvalho
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Lisbon 1049-001, Portugal
| | - M Gelfusa
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via del Politecnico 1, Roma 00133, Italy
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10
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On the effects of missing chords and systematic errors on a new tomographic method for JET bolometry. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2019.03.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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11
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Peterson BJ, Oh S, Seo D, Jang J, Park JS, Mukai K, Choe W. Signal to noise ratio of upgraded imaging bolometer for KSTAR. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10E115. [PMID: 30399667 DOI: 10.1063/1.5038935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An InfraRed imaging Video Bolometer (IRVB) was installed on KSTAR in 2012 having a ∼2 μm × 7 cm × 9 cm Pt foil blackened with graphite and a 5 mm × 5 mm aperture located 7.65 cm from the foil with 16 × 12 channels and a time resolution of 10 ms. The IR camera was an Indigo Phoenix (InSb, 320 × 256 pixels, 435 fps, <25 mK). In 2017, the IRVB was upgraded by replacing the IR camera with a FLIR SC7600 (InSb, 640 × 512 pixels, 105 fps, <25 mK). The aperture area was reduced by approximately half to 3.5 mm × 3.5 mm, and the number of channels was quadrupled to 32 × 24. A synthetic image derived using the projection matrix for the upgraded IRVB from a Scrape Off Layer Plasma Simulator (SOLPS) model with 146 kW of total radiated power had a maximum signal of 7.6 W/m2 and a signal to noise ratio (SNR) of 11. Experimental data for a plasma with parameters similar to the SOLPS model (total radiated power of 158 kW) had a maximum signal of 12.6 W/m2 and noise equivalent power density (SNR) of 0.9 W/m2 (14).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Seungtae Oh
- National Fusion Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Dongcheol Seo
- National Fusion Research Institute, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Juhyeok Jang
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jae Sun Park
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Wonho Choe
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
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12
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Sano R, Fukumoto M, Nakano T, Oyama N. Conceptual design for resistive bolometer system with multiple apertures for measurement of total radiated power in JT-60SA. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10E104. [PMID: 30399971 DOI: 10.1063/1.5035363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A field of view (FoV) of the resistive bolometer systems specialized for the total radiated power analysis has been designed with bolometer systems having multiple-apertures in JT-60SA. The multi-aperture bolometer system can reduce the required number of bolometer channels for the determination of the total radiated power. The FoV design has been carried out to minimize unobserved and overlapping regions with the following requirements: (i) independent determination of the divertor and the main plasma radiation, (ii) limitation of the use of only three diagnostic ports, and (iii) a redundant FoV design. With the designed FoV, the whole plasma of JT-60SA is viewed by only five bolometers and five replicated bolometers having the same FoV for redundancy. A signal evaluation with the designed FoV with a predetermined radiation profile indicates that even the lowest performing bolometer exhibits a signal to noise (S/N) ratio of 300 or more. The evaluated S/N ratio is high enough for the total radiated power analysis. Using the designed FoV, the total radiated power over the plasma profile can be determined within 5.3% using only five bolometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Sano
- Naka Fusion Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka 311-0193, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Fukumoto
- Naka Fusion Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka 311-0193, Japan
| | - Tomohide Nakano
- Naka Fusion Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka 311-0193, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Oyama
- Naka Fusion Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka 311-0193, Japan
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13
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Sano R, Fukumoto M, Nakano T, Oyama N. New design techniques of resistive bolometer system for analysis of total radiated power. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:083501. [PMID: 30184678 DOI: 10.1063/1.5026927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two design techniques for the field of view (FoV) of a resistive bolometer system for the analysis of the total radiated power have been developed. The first technique is a new concept of the resistive bolometer system having multiple apertures to achieve a large viewing angle with one bolometer channel. The second technique is an optimization technique of the bolometer location in the major radial direction to minimize error of the analysis. Both techniques have been examined with a virtual tokamak device. By a FoV designed with both techniques, the total radiation power of several radiation profiles can be determined within 3% error of the analysis with one bolometer channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryuichi Sano
- Naka Fusion Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka 311-0193, Japan
| | - Masakatsu Fukumoto
- Naka Fusion Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka 311-0193, Japan
| | - Tomohide Nakano
- Naka Fusion Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka 311-0193, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Oyama
- Naka Fusion Institute, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, Naka 311-0193, Japan
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14
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Craciunescu T, Peluso E, Murari A, Gelfusa M. Maximum likelihood bolometric tomography for the determination of the uncertainties in the radiation emission on JET TOKAMAK. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:053504. [PMID: 29864891 DOI: 10.1063/1.5027880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The total emission of radiation is a crucial quantity to calculate the power balances and to understand the physics of any Tokamak. Bolometric systems are the main tool to measure this important physical quantity through quite sophisticated tomographic inversion methods. On the Joint European Torus, the coverage of the bolometric diagnostic, due to the availability of basically only two projection angles, is quite limited, rendering the inversion a very ill-posed mathematical problem. A new approach, based on the maximum likelihood, has therefore been developed and implemented to alleviate one of the major weaknesses of traditional tomographic techniques: the difficulty to determine routinely the confidence intervals in the results. The method has been validated by numerical simulations with phantoms to assess the quality of the results and to optimise the configuration of the parameters for the main types of emissivity encountered experimentally. The typical levels of statistical errors, which may significantly influence the quality of the reconstructions, have been identified. The systematic tests with phantoms indicate that the errors in the reconstructions are quite limited and their effect on the total radiated power remains well below 10%. A comparison with other approaches to the inversion and to the regularization has also been performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teddy Craciunescu
- National Institute for Laser, Plasma and Radiation Physics, Magurele, Bucharest, Romania
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15
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Ferreira DR, Carvalho PJ, Fernandes H, JET Contributors. Full-Pulse Tomographic Reconstruction with Deep Neural Networks. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/15361055.2017.1390386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diogo R. Ferreira
- EUROfusion Consortium, JET, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro J. Carvalho
- EUROfusion Consortium, JET, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Horácio Fernandes
- EUROfusion Consortium, JET, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - JET Contributors
- EUROfusion Consortium, JET, Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
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16
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Ingesson LC, Alper B, Peterson BJ, Vallet JC. Chapter 7: Tomography Diagnostics: Bolometry and Soft-X-Ray Detection. FUSION SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.13182/fst53-528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. C. Ingesson
- EFDA Close Support Unit–Garching Boltzmannstr. 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany and FOM-Instituut voor Plasmafysica, Associatie Euratom-FOM P.O. Box 1207, 3430 BE Nieuwegein, The Netherlands
| | - B. Alper
- EURATOM-UKAEA Fusion Association Culham Science Centre, Abingdon, Oxon. OX14 3DB, United Kingdom
| | - B. J. Peterson
- National Institute for Fusion Science, Toki-shi, Gifu-ken 509-5292, Japan
| | - J.-C. Vallet
- Association Euratom-CEA sur la Fusion Contrôlée Centre d’Etudes de Cadarache, F-13108 Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex, France
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17
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Matos FA, Ferreira DR, Carvalho PJ. Deep learning for plasma tomography using the bolometer system at JET. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Sheikh UA, Duval BP, Labit B, Nespoli F. A novel carbon coating technique for foil bolometers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2016; 87:11D431. [PMID: 27910401 DOI: 10.1063/1.4961271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Naked foil bolometers can reflect a significant fraction of incident energy and therefore cannot be used for absolute measurements. This paper outlines a novel coating approach to address this problem by blackening the surface of gold foil bolometers using physical vapour deposition. An experimental bolometer was built containing four standard gold foil bolometers, of which two were coated with 100+ nm of carbon. All bolometers were collimated and observed the same relatively high temperature, ohmically heated plasma. Preliminary results showed 13%-15% more incident power was measured by the coated bolometers and this is expected to be much higher in future TCV detached divertor experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- U A Sheikh
- Swiss Plasma Center, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1016, Switzerland
| | - B P Duval
- Swiss Plasma Center, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1016, Switzerland
| | - B Labit
- Swiss Plasma Center, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1016, Switzerland
| | - F Nespoli
- Swiss Plasma Center, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne 1016, Switzerland
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19
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Meister H, Kalvin S. Optimisation of design parameters for collimators and pin-holes of bolometer cameras. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2014.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Automated in situ line of sight calibration of ASDEX Upgrade bolometers. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2014.03.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tal B, Labit B, Nagy D, Chavan R, Duval B, Veres G. Plasma radiation dynamics with the upgraded Absolute Extreme Ultraviolet tomographical system in the Tokamak à Configuration Variable. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2013; 84:123508. [PMID: 24387434 DOI: 10.1063/1.4848155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We introduce an upgraded version of a tomographical system which is built up from Absolute Extreme Ultraviolet-type (AXUV) detectors and has been installed on the Tokamak à Configuration Variable (TCV). The system is suitable for the investigation of fast radiative processes usually observed in magnetically confined high-temperature plasmas. The upgrade consists in the detector protection by movable shutters, some modifications to correct original design errors and the improvement in the data evaluation techniques. The short-term sensitivity degradation of the detectors, which is caused by the plasma radiation itself, has been monitored and found to be severe. The results provided by the system are consistent with the measurements obtained with the usual plasma radiation diagnostics installed on TCV. Additionally, the coupling between core plasma radiation and plasma-wall interaction is revealed. This was impossible with other available diagnostics on TCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tal
- Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Association EURATOM, P. O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Labit
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Centre de Recherches en Physique des Plasmas, Association EURATOM-Confédération Suisse, EPFL SB CRPP, Station 13, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - D Nagy
- Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Association EURATOM, P. O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
| | - R Chavan
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Centre de Recherches en Physique des Plasmas, Association EURATOM-Confédération Suisse, EPFL SB CRPP, Station 13, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - B Duval
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Centre de Recherches en Physique des Plasmas, Association EURATOM-Confédération Suisse, EPFL SB CRPP, Station 13, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - G Veres
- Institute for Particle and Nuclear Physics, Wigner Research Centre for Physics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Association EURATOM, P. O. Box 49, H-1525 Budapest, Hungary
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Duan YM, Hu LQ, Mao ST, Chen KY, Lin SY. The resistive bolometer for radiated power measurement on EAST. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2012; 83:093501. [PMID: 23025621 DOI: 10.1063/1.4748859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The resistive bolometer system has been successfully employed on experimental advanced superconducting tokamak for the first time to measure the radiated power of plasma. The bolometer detectors are based on 4 μm thick Pt absorbers deposited on 1.5 μm thick SiN membranes. The system consists of 3 cameras with a total of 48 channels. The detector and the system setup are described in detail. The detector calibration and typical measurement results are presented as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Duan
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei 230031, China
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