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Shen YQ, Yang ZC, Zhong WL, Jiang M, Shi ZB, Santos J, Shi PW, Tong RH, Xue GQ, Zhou Y, Wen J, Yu X, Deng WC, Wang S, Yang ZJ, Chen ZY, Li D, Zha XQ, Jin ZY, Xu X, Xu M. Plasma position measurements by O-mode and X-mode reflectometry systems in tokamak plasmas. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2023; 94:063505. [PMID: 37862534 DOI: 10.1063/5.0140390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/22/2023]
Abstract
Plasma Position Reflectometry (PPR) is planned to provide plasma position and shape information for plasma operation in future fusion reactors. Its primary function is to calibrate the drift of the magnetic signals due to the integral nature of magnetic measurement. Here, we attempt to measure plasma position using ordinary mode (O-mode) and extraordinary mode (X-mode) reflectometry systems on two tokamaks. A new physical model based on the phase shift is proposed to deduce the relative movement of the cut-off layer without density inversion. We demonstrate the plasma position measurements by absolute measurement from density profile inversion and relative measurement from phase shift. The combination of X-mode and O-mode reflectometers can minimize the limitations of single polarization reflectometry and further increase the accuracy of plasma position measurement. These results could provide an important technical basis for the further development of a real-time control system based on PPR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Q Shen
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Z C Yang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - W L Zhong
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - M Jiang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Z B Shi
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - J Santos
- Associação EURATOM/IST, Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear-Laboratório Associado, Instituto Superior Técnico, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - P W Shi
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - R H Tong
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - G Q Xue
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
- Key Laboratory of Materials Modification by Beams of the Ministry of Education, School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Y Zhou
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
- Department of Engineering Physics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - J Wen
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - X Yu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - W C Deng
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - S Wang
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Z J Yang
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Magnetic Confinement Fusion and Plasma Physics, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Z Y Chen
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Magnetic Confinement Fusion and Plasma Physics, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - D Li
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Magnetic Confinement Fusion and Plasma Physics, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - X Q Zha
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Magnetic Confinement Fusion and Plasma Physics, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Z Y Jin
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Magnetic Confinement Fusion and Plasma Physics, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - X Xu
- International Joint Research Laboratory of Magnetic Confinement Fusion and Plasma Physics, State Key Laboratory of Advanced Electromagnetic Engineering and Technology, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - M Xu
- Southwestern Institute of Physics, P.O. Box 432, Chengdu 610041, China
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An optical-input Maximum Likelihood Estimation feedback system demonstrated on tokamak horizontal equilibrium control. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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Gonçalves B, Varela P, Silva A, Silva F, Santos J, Ricardo E, Vale A, Luís R, Nietiadi Y, Malaquias A, Belo J, Dias J, Ferreira J, Franke T, Biel W, Heuraux S, Ribeiro T, De Masi G, Tudisco O, Cavazzana R, Marchiori G, D’Arcangelo O. Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives of Microwave Reflectometry for Plasma Position and Shape Control on Future Nuclear Fusion Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:s23083926. [PMID: 37112274 PMCID: PMC10142666 DOI: 10.3390/s23083926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Providing energy from fusion and finding ways to scale up the fusion process to commercial proportions in an efficient, economical, and environmentally benign way is one of the grand challenges for engineering. Controlling the burning plasma in real-time is one of the critical issues that need to be addressed. Plasma Position Reflectometry (PPR) is expected to have an important role in next-generation fusion machines, such as DEMO, as a diagnostic to monitor the position and shape of the plasma continuously, complementing magnetic diagnostics. The reflectometry diagnostic uses radar science methods in the microwave and millimetre wave frequency ranges and is envisaged to measure the radial edge density profile at several poloidal angles providing data for the feedback control of the plasma position and shape. While significant steps have already been given to accomplish that goal, with proof of concept tested first in ASDEX-Upgrade and afterward in COMPASS, important, ground-breaking work is still ongoing. The Divertor Test Tokamak (DTT) facility presents itself as the appropriate future fusion device to implement, develop, and test a PPR system, thus contributing to building a knowledge database in plasma position reflectometry required for its application in DEMO. At DEMO, the PPR diagnostic's in-vessel antennas and waveguides, as well as the magnetic diagnostics, may be exposed to neutron irradiation fluences 5 to 50 times greater than those experienced by ITER. In the event of failure of either the magnetic or microwave diagnostics, the equilibrium control of the DEMO plasma may be jeopardized. It is, therefore, imperative to ensure that these systems are designed in such a way that they can be replaced if necessary. To perform reflectometry measurements at the 16 envisaged poloidal locations in DEMO, plasma-facing antennas and waveguides are needed to route the microwaves between the plasma through the DEMO upper ports (UPs) to the diagnostic hall. The main integration approach for this diagnostic is to incorporate these groups of antennas and waveguides into a diagnostics slim cassette (DSC), which is a dedicated complete poloidal segment specifically designed to be integrated with the water-cooled lithium lead (WCLL) breeding blanket system. This contribution presents the multiple engineering and physics challenges addressed while designing reflectometry diagnostics using radio science techniques. Namely, short-range dedicated radars for plasma position and shape control in future fusion experiments, the advances enabled by the designs for ITER and DEMO, and the future perspectives. One key development is in electronics, aiming at an advanced compact coherent fast frequency sweeping RF back-end [23-100 GHz in few μs] that is being developed at IPFN-IST using commercial Monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits (MMIC). The compactness of this back-end design is crucial for the successful integration of many measurement channels in the reduced space available in future fusion machines. Prototype tests of these devices are foreseen to be performed in current nuclear fusion machines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Gonçalves
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Paulo Varela
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - António Silva
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Filipe Silva
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge Santos
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Emanuel Ricardo
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alberto Vale
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Raúl Luís
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Yohanes Nietiadi
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Artur Malaquias
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge Belo
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - José Dias
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Jorge Ferreira
- Instituto de Plasmas e Fusão Nuclear, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Thomas Franke
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstr. 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Biel
- Institut für Energie- und Klimaforschung, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Stéphane Heuraux
- Institut Jean Lamour, UMR 7198 CNRS-Université de Lorraine, BP 50840, F-54011 Nancy, France
| | - Tiago Ribeiro
- Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik, Boltzmannstr. 2, D-85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | - Onofrio Tudisco
- ENEA, Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety Department, C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
| | | | | | - Ocleto D’Arcangelo
- ENEA, Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety Department, C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Italy
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Assessment of measurement performance for a low field side IDTT plasma position reflectometry system. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Xiang HM, Zhang T, Wen F, Qu H, Wu MF, Geng KN, Li GS, Wang YM, Han X, Liu ZX, Zhong FB, Ye KX, Zhang SB, Gao X. Development of an ordinary mode multi-channel correlation reflectometer on EAST tokamak. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2018; 89:10H103. [PMID: 30399842 DOI: 10.1063/1.5035445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An ordinary-mode polarized multi-channel correlation reflectometer has been developed on the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak (EAST). The system with four different probing frequencies (i.e., 20.4 GHz, 24.8 GHz, 33 GHz, and 40 GHz) and two poloidally spaced receiving antennas can realize both the radial correlation measurement and the poloidal correlation measurement. These diagnostics focus on the measurement of density fluctuation in the pedestal region to investigate the turbulence transport and H-mode physics on EAST. In this article, the system hardware design, the key component tests, and the system performance are shown in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M Xiang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - T Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - F Wen
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - H Qu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - M F Wu
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - K N Geng
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - G S Li
- Advanced Energy Research Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, People's Republic of China
| | - Y M Wang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - X Han
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi X Liu
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People's Republic of China
| | - F B Zhong
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - K X Ye
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - S B Zhang
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
| | - X Gao
- Institute of Plasma Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, P.O. Box 1126, Hefei, Anhui 230031, People's Republic of China
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