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Gusarov A, Beaumont P, Siren P. Performance Enhancement of the Polarimetric Fibre Optical Current Sensor at JET Using Polarisation Optimisation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:555. [PMID: 38257648 PMCID: PMC10820835 DOI: 10.3390/s24020555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
To achieve optimal operation of the polarimetry-based FOCS, the light polarisation state at the input of the sensing fibre part must be close to a linear one. In the case of a FOCS deployed on a tokamak, the Joint European Torus (JET) in the present work, the long fibre optics link between the laser source and the sensing fibre modifies the polarisation in an unpredictable way, making it unclear which source polarisation state is to be set. A method for performing the necessary polarisation adjustment in a systematic way is proposed based on the FOCS analysis. The method requires performing data acquisition at two different input polarisations. Based on these measurements, the optimal laser source polarisation can be found. The method was experimentally verified using laboratory set-up and then successfully demonstrated with the FOCS installed at JET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Gusarov
- SCK CEN Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Perry Beaumont
- The Joint European Torus (JET), Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3EB, UK; (P.B.); (P.S.)
| | - Paula Siren
- The Joint European Torus (JET), Culham Centre for Fusion Energy (CCFE), Culham Science Centre, Abingdon OX14 3EB, UK; (P.B.); (P.S.)
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Klochkov AN, Yskakov A, Vinichenko AN, Safonov DA, Kargin NI, Bulavin MV, Galushko AV, Yamurzin VR, Vasil’evskii IS. Effect of Neutron Irradiation on the Electronic and Optical Properties of AlGaAs/InGaAs-Based Quantum Well Structures. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:6750. [PMID: 37895731 PMCID: PMC10608097 DOI: 10.3390/ma16206750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
The effect of neutron irradiation on the structural, optical, and electronic properties of doped strained heterostructures with AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs and AlGaAs/InGaAs/AlGaAs quantum wells was experimentally studied. Heterostructures with a two-dimensional electron gas of different layer constructions were subjected to neutron irradiation in the reactor channel with the fluence range of 2 × 1014 cm-2 ÷ 1.2 × 1016 cm-2. The low-temperature photoluminescence spectra, electron concentration and mobility, and high-resolution X-ray diffraction curves were measured after the deactivation. The paper discusses the effect of neutron dose on the conductivity and optical spectra of structures based on InGaAs quantum wells depending on the doping level. The limiting dose of neutron irradiation was also estimated for the successful utilization of AlGaAs/InGaAs/GaAs and AlGaAs/InGaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures in electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksey N. Klochkov
- MEPhI Institute of Nanoengineering in Electronics, Spintronics and Photonics, Moscow 115409, Russia (D.A.S.); (I.S.V.)
| | - Almas Yskakov
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia; (A.Y.); (V.R.Y.)
- Faculty of Physics and Technics, L.N. Gumilev Eurasian National University, Astana 010008, Kazakhstan
- Institute of Nuclear Physics, Almaty 050032, Kazakhstan
| | - Aleksander N. Vinichenko
- MEPhI Institute of Nanoengineering in Electronics, Spintronics and Photonics, Moscow 115409, Russia (D.A.S.); (I.S.V.)
| | - Danil A. Safonov
- MEPhI Institute of Nanoengineering in Electronics, Spintronics and Photonics, Moscow 115409, Russia (D.A.S.); (I.S.V.)
| | - Nikolay I. Kargin
- MEPhI Institute of Nanoengineering in Electronics, Spintronics and Photonics, Moscow 115409, Russia (D.A.S.); (I.S.V.)
| | - Maksim V. Bulavin
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia; (A.Y.); (V.R.Y.)
| | - Aleksey V. Galushko
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia; (A.Y.); (V.R.Y.)
| | - Vladik R. Yamurzin
- Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna 141980, Russia; (A.Y.); (V.R.Y.)
| | - Ivan S. Vasil’evskii
- MEPhI Institute of Nanoengineering in Electronics, Spintronics and Photonics, Moscow 115409, Russia (D.A.S.); (I.S.V.)
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Development of the diagnostic tools for the COMPASS-U tokamak and plans for the first plasma. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
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Antimony Hall sensor testing at ITER and DEMO relevant temperatures. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2023.113476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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El-Ahmar S, Przychodnia M, Jankowski J, Prokopowicz R, Ziemba M, Szary MJ, Reddig W, Jagiełło J, Dobrowolski A, Ciuk T. The Comparison of InSb-Based Thin Films and Graphene on SiC for Magnetic Diagnostics under Extreme Conditions. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:5258. [PMID: 35890941 PMCID: PMC9321318 DOI: 10.3390/s22145258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The ability to precisely measure magnetic fields under extreme operating conditions is becoming increasingly important as a result of the advent of modern diagnostics for future magnetic-confinement fusion devices. These conditions are recognized as strong neutron radiation and high temperatures (up to 350 °C). We report on the first experimental comparison of the impact of neutron radiation on graphene and indium antimonide thin films. For this purpose, a 2D-material-based structure was fabricated in the form of hydrogen-intercalated quasi-free-standing graphene on semi-insulating high-purity on-axis 4H-SiC(0001), passivated with an Al2O3 layer. InSb-based thin films, donor doped to varying degrees, were deposited on a monocrystalline gallium arsenide or a polycrystalline ceramic substrate. The thin films were covered with a SiO2 insulating layer. All samples were exposed to a fast-neutron fluence of ≈7×1017 cm-2. The results have shown that the graphene sheet is only moderately affected by neutron radiation compared to the InSb-based structures. The low structural damage allowed the graphene/SiC system to retain its electrical properties and excellent sensitivity to magnetic fields. However, InSb-based structures proved to have significantly more post-irradiation self-healing capabilities when subject to proper temperature treatment. This property has been tested depending on the doping level and type of the substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semir El-Ahmar
- Institute of Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (M.P.); (J.J.); (M.J.S.); (W.R.)
| | - Marta Przychodnia
- Institute of Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (M.P.); (J.J.); (M.J.S.); (W.R.)
| | - Jakub Jankowski
- Institute of Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (M.P.); (J.J.); (M.J.S.); (W.R.)
| | - Rafał Prokopowicz
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Andrzeja Soltana 7, 05-400 Otwock, Poland; (R.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - Maciej Ziemba
- National Centre for Nuclear Research, Andrzeja Soltana 7, 05-400 Otwock, Poland; (R.P.); (M.Z.)
| | - Maciej J. Szary
- Institute of Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (M.P.); (J.J.); (M.J.S.); (W.R.)
| | - Wiktoria Reddig
- Institute of Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 61-138 Poznan, Poland; (M.P.); (J.J.); (M.J.S.); (W.R.)
| | - Jakub Jagiełło
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Aleja Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (J.J.); (A.D.); (T.C.)
| | - Artur Dobrowolski
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Aleja Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (J.J.); (A.D.); (T.C.)
| | - Tymoteusz Ciuk
- Łukasiewicz Research Network—Institute of Microelectronics and Photonics, Aleja Lotnikow 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland; (J.J.); (A.D.); (T.C.)
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Development of a concept and basis for the DEMO diagnostic and control system. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2022.113122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Entler S, Duran I, Kocan M, Vayakis G, Sladek P, Grover O, Sebek J, Vyborny K. Calibration of the ITER outer vessel steady-state magnetic sensors. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2021.112398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Entler S, Soban Z, Duran I, Kovarik K, Vyborny K, Sebek J, Tazlaru S, Strelecek J, Sladek P. Ceramic-Chromium Hall Sensors for Environments with High Temperatures and Neutron Radiation. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21030721. [PMID: 33494501 PMCID: PMC7865485 DOI: 10.3390/s21030721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ceramic-chromium Hall sensors represent a temperature and radiation resistant alternative to Hall sensors based on semiconductors. Demand for these sensors is presently motivated by the ITER and DEMO nuclear fusion projects. The developed ceramic-chromium Hall sensors were tested up to a temperature of 550 °C and a magnetic field of 14 T. The magnitude of the sensitivity of the tested sensor was 6.2 mV/A/T at 20 °C and 4.6 mV/A/T at 500 °C. The sensitivity was observed to be weakly dependent on a temperature above 240 °C with an average temperature coefficient of 0.014%/°C and independent of the magnetic field with a relative average deviation below the measurement accuracy of 0.086%. A simulation of a neutron-induced transmutation was performed to assess changes in the composition of the chromium. After 5.2 operational years of the DEMO fusion reactor, the transmuted fraction of the chromium sensitive layer was found to be 0.27% at the most exposed sensor location behind the divertor cassette with a neutron fluence of 6.08 × 1025 n/m2. The ceramic-chromium Hall sensors show the potential to be suitable magnetic sensors for environments with high temperatures and strong neutron radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavomir Entler
- Institute of Plasma Physics of CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.D.); (K.K.); (P.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-2-6605-3393
| | - Zbynek Soban
- Institute of Physics of CAS, Cukrovarnicka 10/112, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (Z.S.); (K.V.)
| | - Ivan Duran
- Institute of Plasma Physics of CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.D.); (K.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Karel Kovarik
- Institute of Plasma Physics of CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.D.); (K.K.); (P.S.)
| | - Karel Vyborny
- Institute of Physics of CAS, Cukrovarnicka 10/112, 162 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic; (Z.S.); (K.V.)
| | - Josef Sebek
- Institute of Physics of CAS, Na Slovance 1999/2, 182 21 Prague 8, Czech Republic;
| | - Stana Tazlaru
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (S.T.); (J.S.)
| | - Jan Strelecek
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, Charles University, Ke Karlovu 5, 121 16 Prague 2, Czech Republic; (S.T.); (J.S.)
| | - Petr Sladek
- Institute of Plasma Physics of CAS, Za Slovankou 3, 182 00 Prague, Czech Republic; (I.D.); (K.K.); (P.S.)
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Temperature dependence of the Hall coefficient of sensitive layer materials considered for DEMO Hall sensors. FUSION ENGINEERING AND DESIGN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fusengdes.2020.111454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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