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Rivera D, Robinson T, King AC. The Effects of Differential Learning on the Standing Broad Jump. Percept Mot Skills 2024; 131:311-325. [PMID: 38048598 DOI: 10.1177/00315125231218465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
In this investigation, we examined the influence of two approaches of motor skill learning (differential learning and repetition-based) for an explosive motor skill. Twenty-seven individuals completed four training sessions of a standing broad jump task, presented with either differential training or a repetition-based approach. We collected pre-and post-training assessments that included maximal jump distances used to index performance and the recording of ground reaction forces to determine potential biomechanical changes (normalized vertical ground reaction force - GRFvert, rate of force development - RFD, and horizontal take-off velocity - Vhor). Results showed that differential training exhibited greater jump distances than repetition-based training (p < .001) but no training effect was found for jump distances between pre- and post-assessments for either training approach (p = .15). However, a significant increase occurred for Vhor with greater velocities achieved following training (p = .03). Overall, differential training failed to show the expected performance enhancements for a discrete, explosive motor task; this may be related to limited exposure and task specific demands of the movement. Further research is needed to better understand the task factors influencing skill acquisition from differential training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Rivera
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Tanner Robinson
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
| | - Adam C King
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
- Burnett School of Medicine, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA
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2
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Shiozaki T, Okada Y, Nakamura J, Ueta K, Tanaka H, Moritani M, Kitahara T. Relationships between changes in lateral vestibulospinal tract excitability and postural control by dynamic balance intervention in healthy individuals: A preliminary study. Front Hum Neurosci 2023; 17:1109690. [PMID: 36816498 PMCID: PMC9929145 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1109690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction We conducted dynamic balance or static intervention on healthy young adults to examine the changes in lateral vestibulospinal tract (LVST) excitability and postural control that ensued following dynamic balance intervention and to investigate the correlation between these changes. Methods Twenty-eight healthy young adults were randomly assigned to either the dynamic balance group or the control group. They performed either a dynamic balance or static intervention for 10 trials of 30 s each and were assessed for head jerks during the intervention to confirm adaptation to the intervention. The dynamic balance intervention consisted of maintaining balance on a horizontally unstable surface, whereas the control intervention involved standing in the same foot position as the dynamic balance intervention on a stable surface while completing a maze task. LVST excitability and postural stability were assessed before and after the interventions. LVST excitability was assessed as the change rate in the soleus H-reflex amplitude with galvanic vestibular stimulation (GVSH). The velocity and area of the center of pressure (COP) were examined in the eyes closed/foam rubber condition. Results No significant main and interaction effects (task, time) were observed for GVSH and COP variables. In the dynamic balance intervention, head jerk significantly decreased, and GVSH-change and changes in head jerk and COP area were significantly negatively correlated. Discussion The LVST excitability change for the dynamic balance intervention varied among the participants, although increased LVST excitability may have been related to increased postural stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoyuki Shiozaki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan,*Correspondence: Tomoyuki Shiozaki,
| | - Yohei Okada
- Neurorehabilitation Research Center of Kio University, Nara, Japan,Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara, Japan
| | - Junji Nakamura
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara, Japan,Department of Rehabilitation, Nishiyamato Rehabilitation Hospital, Nara, Japan
| | - Kozo Ueta
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kio University, Nara, Japan,Department of Rehabilitation, Shiga Hospital, Shiga, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Tanaka
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Kansai Medical University, Osaka, Japan,KMU Day-Care Center Hirakata, Kansai Medical University Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mako Moritani
- Department of Faculty of Medicine, Nara Medical University, Nara, Japan
| | - Tadashi Kitahara
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Nara Medical University, Kashihara, Japan
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3
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Ivusza P, Hortobágyi T, Sebesi B, Gáspár B, Fésüs Á, Varga M, Malmos V, Váczi M. No Difference in the Acute Effects of Randomization vs. Blocking of Units of Lower-Extremity Proprioceptive Training on Balance and Postural Control in Young Healthy Male Adults. Front Physiol 2022; 13:824651. [PMID: 35557968 PMCID: PMC9086394 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.824651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Random practice is a form of differential learning and its favorable acute effects on motor performance are well described when visual tasks are practiced. However, no study to date has investigated the acute effects of differential learning using variable proprioceptive stimuli instead of the visual cues. The aim of the present study was to compare the acute effects of randomized versus blocked lower-extremity proprioceptive training stimuli on balance and postural adjustments. In two conditions, healthy young males (n = 15, age = 23 years) performed 16 one-legged landings on a board tilted in four directions: 1) tilt direction unknown and randomized and 2) tilt direction known with order of presentation blocked. Multi-segmental angular sway while balancing on an unstable surface and postural responses to perturbation stimulus by surface tilts were measured before and 4 min after training. Overall frontal-plane postural sway on the unstable surface decreased (p < 0.05, η2 = 0.022) in both conditions, while sagittal-plane postural sway remained unchanged. When the surface was toes-up tilted in the perturbation test, the sagittal-plane shank-thigh-pelvis alignment improved in both conditions (p < 0.05, η2 = 0.017), but the direction of the segmental positioning was non-uniform across participants. We conclude that randomization vs. blocking of units of lower-extremity proprioceptive training did not affect balance and postural control in our cohort of healthy young adults but the improvements were test-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrik Ivusza
- Institution of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Tibor Hortobágyi
- Institution of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary.,Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Balázs Sebesi
- Institution of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Balázs Gáspár
- Institution of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Ádám Fésüs
- Institution of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Mátyás Varga
- Institution of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Vanessza Malmos
- Faculty of Humanities, Institute of English Studies, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | - Márk Váczi
- Institution of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, Faculty of Sciences, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
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4
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Tassignon B, Verschueren J, Baeyens JP, Benjaminse A, Gokeler A, Serrien B, Clijsen R. An Exploratory Meta-Analytic Review on the Empirical Evidence of Differential Learning as an Enhanced Motor Learning Method. Front Psychol 2021; 12:533033. [PMID: 34025487 PMCID: PMC8138164 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.533033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Differential learning (DL) is a motor learning method characterized by high amounts of variability during practice and is claimed to provide the learner with a higher learning rate than other methods. However, some controversy surrounds DL theory, and to date, no overview exists that compares the effects of DL to other motor learning methods. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of DL in comparison to other motor learning methods in the acquisition and retention phase. Design: Systematic review and exploratory meta-analysis. Methods: PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched until February 3, 2020. To be included, (1) studies had to be experiments where the DL group was compared to a control group engaged in a different motor learning method (lack of practice was not eligible), (2) studies had to describe the effects on one or more measures of performance in a skill or movement task, and (3) the study report had to be published as a full paper in a journal or as a book chapter. Results: Twenty-seven studies encompassing 31 experiments were included. Overall heterogeneity for the acquisition phase (post-pre; I2 = 77%) as well as for the retention phase (retention-pre; I2 = 79%) was large, and risk of bias was high. The meta-analysis showed an overall small effect size of 0.26 [0.10, 0.42] in the acquisition phase for participants in the DL group compared to other motor learning methods. In the retention phase, an overall medium effect size of 0.61 [0.30, 0.91] was observed for participants in the DL group compared to other motor learning methods. Discussion/Conclusion: Given the large amount of heterogeneity, limited number of studies, low sample sizes, low statistical power, possible publication bias, and high risk of bias in general, inferences about the effectiveness of DL would be premature. Even though DL shows potential to result in greater average improvements between pre- and post/retention test compared to non-variability-based motor learning methods, more high-quality research is needed before issuing such a statement. For robust comparisons on the relative effectiveness of DL to different variability-based motor learning methods, scarce and inconclusive evidence was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Tassignon
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo Verschueren
- Human Physiology and Sports Physiotherapy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Baeyens
- Experimental Anatomy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Physiotherapy, International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland.,Faculty of Applied Engineering, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Anne Benjaminse
- Center for Human Movement Sciences, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,School of Sport Studies, Hanze University Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Alli Gokeler
- Exercise Science and Neuroscience Unit, Department Exercise and Health, Faculty of Science, University of Paderborn, Paderborn, Germany.,Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Amsterdam Universitair Medische Centra, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ben Serrien
- Experimental Anatomy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Epidemiology and Public Health, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ron Clijsen
- Experimental Anatomy Research Group, Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Physiotherapy, International University of Applied Sciences THIM, Landquart, Switzerland.,Rehabilitation Research Laboratory 2rLab, Department of Business Economics, Health and Social Care, University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland, Landquart/Manno, Switzerland
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5
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Nooristani M, Moïn-Darbari K, Pagé S, Bacon BA, Champoux F. Audiomotor interaction induced by mental imagery. Exp Brain Res 2020; 238:2469-2473. [PMID: 32839854 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05903-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Mental imagery can induce audiovisual integration, but whether it can induce interactions in other modalities remains uncertain. It has been demonstrated that audiomotor interaction can be generated following training, but whether such audiomotor interaction can be induced by auditory imagery training remains unknown. The present study aims at determining whether auditory mental imagery could induce a multimodal association with postural control. We examined static postural control in the presence of a frequency-modulated sound in three groups of participants, prior to and following a short period of training designed to create an association between auditory mental imagery of sounds and postural swaying. Results suggest that mental imagery impacted performance, as a significant decrease in postural control was observed in the experimental group following mental imagery training. Results of the control groups confirmed that the effect of mental imagery was not due to response bias, but to a significant multimodal interaction following training. These findings are in accordance with previous studies suggesting that mental imagery stimuli can interact with perceptual stimuli of a different sensory modality and lead to multisensory integration. The results also confirm that audiomotor interaction can be generated a mental imagery training. However, the full extent of mental imagery influence on multimodal interaction remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nooristani
- Faculté de Médicine, École d'Orthophonie et d'Audiologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada.
| | - K Moïn-Darbari
- Faculté de Médicine, École d'Orthophonie et d'Audiologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - S Pagé
- Faculté de Médicine, École d'Orthophonie et d'Audiologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - B A Bacon
- Department of Psychology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - F Champoux
- Faculté de Médicine, École d'Orthophonie et d'Audiologie, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
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6
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Cruz-Montecinos C, Cuesta-Vargas A, Muñoz C, Flores D, Ellsworth J, De la Fuente C, Calatayud J, Rivera-Lillo G, Soto-Arellano V, Tapia C, García-Massó X. Impact of Visual Biofeedback of Trunk Sway Smoothness on Motor Learning during Unipedal Stance. SENSORS 2020; 20:s20092585. [PMID: 32370050 PMCID: PMC7248825 DOI: 10.3390/s20092585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The assessment of trunk sway smoothness using an accelerometer sensor embedded in a smartphone could be a biomarker for tracking motor learning. This study aimed to determine the reliability of trunk sway smoothness and the effect of visual biofeedback of sway smoothness on motor learning in healthy people during unipedal stance training using an iPhone 5 measurement system. In the first experiment, trunk sway smoothness in the reliability group (n = 11) was assessed on two days, separated by one week. In the second, the biofeedback group (n = 12) and no-biofeedback group (n = 12) were compared during 7 days of unipedal stance test training and one more day of retention (without biofeedback). The intraclass correlation coefficient score 0.98 (0.93–0.99) showed that this method has excellent test–retest reliability. Based on the power law of practice, the biofeedback group showed greater improvement during training days (p = 0.003). Two-way mixed analysis of variance indicates a significant difference between groups (p < 0.001) and between days (p < 0.001), as well as significant interaction (p < 0.001). Post hoc analysis shows better performance in the biofeedback group from training days 2 and 7, as well as on the retention day (p < 0.001). Motor learning objectification through visual biofeedback of trunk sway smoothness enhances postural control learning and is useful and reliable for assessing motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Cruz-Montecinos
- Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; (C.C.-M.); (C.M.); (D.F.); (J.E.); (G.R.-L.)
- Biomechanics and Kinesiology Laboratory, Hospital San José, 8380419 Santiago, Chile
| | - Antonio Cuesta-Vargas
- Department of Physiotherapy, Faculty of Heath Sciences, University of Malaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), 29010 Málaga, Spain
- School of Clinical Science, Faculty of Health Science, Queensland University Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
| | - Cristian Muñoz
- Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; (C.C.-M.); (C.M.); (D.F.); (J.E.); (G.R.-L.)
| | - Dante Flores
- Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; (C.C.-M.); (C.M.); (D.F.); (J.E.); (G.R.-L.)
| | - Joseph Ellsworth
- Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; (C.C.-M.); (C.M.); (D.F.); (J.E.); (G.R.-L.)
| | - Carlos De la Fuente
- Carrera de Kinesiología, Departamento de Cs. de la Salud, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica, 7820436 Santiago, Chile;
- Laboratorio LIBFE, Escuela de Kinesiología, Universidad de los Andes, 7620086 Santiago, Chile
- Centro de Salud Deportiva, Clínica Santa María, 7520378 Santiago, Chile
| | - Joaquín Calatayud
- Exercise Intervention for Health Research Group (EXINH-RG), Department of Physiotherapy, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Gonzalo Rivera-Lillo
- Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; (C.C.-M.); (C.M.); (D.F.); (J.E.); (G.R.-L.)
- Neuroscience Department, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile
- Research and Development Unit, Clínica Los Coihues, 9190025 Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Claudio Tapia
- Clinical Biomechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Chile, 8380453 Santiago, Chile; (C.C.-M.); (C.M.); (D.F.); (J.E.); (G.R.-L.)
- Universidad Tecnológica de Chile INACAP, Escuela Salud, 8340536 Santiago, Chile
- Correspondence:
| | - Xavier García-Massó
- Human Movement Analysis Group (HuMAG), University of Valencia, 46022 Valencia, Spain;
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7
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Serrien B, Tassignon B, Verschueren J, Meeusen R, Baeyens JP. Short-term effects of differential learning and contextual interference in a goalkeeper-like task: Visuomotor response time and motor control. Eur J Sport Sci 2019; 20:1061-1071. [PMID: 31755374 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2019.1696894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In this experiment, we compared changes in visuomotor performance and motor control after a single session of differential learning (DL) and contextual interference (CI) in a reaching task to mimic goalkeeping. Subjects (nDL = nCI = 16) stood in front of a wall with six LED-light targets that flashed on in a random order and subjects had to move their hand in front of it as fast as possible in order to extinguish the target. After the pre-test subjects followed a DL or CI training session, followed immediately by a post-test, followed by one hour of rest and a retention test. Performance and motor control were measured respectively by visuomotor response time (VMRT) and an Index of Motor Abundance (IMA; reflecting the strength of movement synergies) calculated with Uncontrolled Manifold analysis. A mixed-effects Bayesian ANOVA model was used to evaluate differences in changes in both parameters between both training groups. Averaged over the six targets, the decrease in VMRT was stronger for DL than CI at the post-test (interference effect) but not at retention. The IMA was on average increased at post- and retention test in both groups, indicating stronger synergies between the degrees-of-freedom. While the ANOVA for IMA was not conclusive, the changes were likely not different between both learning methods. Thus, while an interference effect was found for CI but not DL in terms of performance on the task, no such effect was observed on the behavioural level in terms of the strength of movement synergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben Serrien
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Tassignon
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jo Verschueren
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Romain Meeusen
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Jean-Pierre Baeyens
- Faculty of Physical Education and Physiotherapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Faculty of Applied Engineering, Universiteit Antwerpen, Antwerp, Belgium.,Thim Van Der Laan University College Physiotherapy, Landquart, Switzerland
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8
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Prossegger J, Huber D, Grafetstätter C, Pichler C, Weisböck-Erdheim R, Iglseder B, Wewerka G, Hartl A. Effects of moderate mountain hiking and balneotherapy on community-dwelling older people: A randomized controlled trial. Exp Gerontol 2019; 122:74-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Abstract
Compared to healthy individuals, patients with low back pain demonstrate differences in all aspects of trunk motor control that are most often studied as differences in muscle activity and kinematics. However, differences in these aspects of motor control are largely inconsistent. We propose that this may reflect the existence of 2 phenotypes or possibly the ends of a spectrum, with "tight control" over trunk movement at one end and "loose control" at the other. Both may have beneficial effects, with tight control protecting against large tissue strains from uncontrolled movement and loose control protecting against high muscle forces and resulting spinal compression. Both may also have long-term negative consequences. For example, whereas tight control may cause high compressive loading on the spine and sustained muscle activity, loose control may cause excessive tensile strains of tissues. Moreover, both phenotypes could be the result of either an adaptation process aimed at protecting the low back or direct interference of low back pain and related changes with trunk motor control. The existence of such phenotypes would suggest different motor control exercise interventions. Although some promising data supporting these phenotypes have been reported, it remains to be shown whether these phenotypes are valid, how treatment can be targeted to these phenotypes, and whether this targeting yields superior clinical outcomes. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2019;49(6):370-379. Epub 12 Jun 2018. doi:10.2519/jospt.2019.7917.
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10
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Henz D, John A, Merz C, Schöllhorn WI. Post-task Effects on EEG Brain Activity Differ for Various Differential Learning and Contextual Interference Protocols. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:19. [PMID: 29445334 PMCID: PMC5797795 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A large body of research has shown superior learning rates in variable practice compared to repetitive practice. More specifically, this has been demonstrated in the contextual interference (CI) and in the differential learning (DL) approach that are both representatives of variable practice. Behavioral studies have indicate different learning processes in CI and DL. Aim of the present study was to examine immediate post-task effects on electroencephalographic (EEG) brain activation patterns after CI and DL protocols that reveal underlying neural processes at the early stage of motor consolidation. Additionally, we tested two DL protocols (gradual DL, chaotic DL) to examine the effect of different degrees of stochastic fluctuations within the DL approach with a low degree of fluctuations in gradual DL and a high degree of fluctuations in chaotic DL. Twenty-two subjects performed badminton serves according to three variable practice protocols (CI, gradual DL, chaotic DL), and a repetitive learning protocol in a within-subjects design. Spontaneous EEG activity was measured before, and immediately after each 20-min practice session from 19 electrodes. Results showed distinguishable neural processes after CI, DL, and repetitive learning. Increases in EEG theta and alpha power were obtained in somatosensory regions (electrodes P3, P7, Pz, P4, P8) in both DL conditions compared to CI, and repetitive learning. Increases in theta and alpha activity in motor areas (electrodes C3, Cz, C4) were found after chaotic DL compared to gradual DL, and CI. Anterior areas (electrodes F3, F7, Fz, F4, F8) showed increased activity in the beta and gamma bands after CI. Alpha activity was increased in occipital areas (electrodes O1, O2) after repetitive learning. Post-task EEG brain activation patterns suggest that DL stimulates the somatosensory and motor system, and engages more regions of the cortex than repetitive learning due to a tighter stimulation of the motor and somatosensory system during DL practice. CI seems to activate specifically executively controlled processing in anterior brain areas. We discuss the obtained patterns of post-training EEG traces as evidence for different underlying neural processes in CI, DL, and repetitive learning at the early stage of motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Henz
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Alexander John
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Christian Merz
- Institute of Sport Science, University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
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11
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Abstract
Postural control can be improved with balance training. However, the nature and duration of the training required to enhance posture remains unclear. We studied the effects of 5 min of a self-initiated balance exercise along a single axis on postural control in healthy individuals. Postural control was measured before and after a 5-min period where members of the experimental group were asked to lean their entire body forward and backward and members of the control group were asked to remain seated. A significant improvement for sway velocity, a postural control variable significantly associated with an increased risk of falls, was found in the experimental group following the body sway exercise. These data suggest that a basic exercise can rapidly improve postural control and reduce the risk of falls.
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12
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Moorman VJ, Kawcak CE, King MR. Evaluation of a portable media device for use in determining postural stability in standing horses. Am J Vet Res 2017; 78:1036-1042. [DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.78.9.1036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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13
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Kaminski E, Hoff M, Rjosk V, Steele CJ, Gundlach C, Sehm B, Villringer A, Ragert P. Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Does Not Facilitate Dynamic Balance Task Learning in Healthy Old Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:16. [PMID: 28197085 PMCID: PMC5281631 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Older adults frequently experience a decrease in balance control that leads to increased numbers of falls, injuries and hospitalization. Therefore, evaluating older adults’ ability to maintain balance and examining new approaches to counteract age-related decline in balance control is of great importance for fall prevention and healthy aging. Non-invasive brain stimulation techniques such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have been shown to beneficially influence motor behavior and motor learning. In the present study, we investigated the influence of tDCS applied over the leg area of the primary motor cortex (M1) on balance task learning of healthy elderly in a dynamic balance task (DBT). In total, 30 older adults were enrolled in a cross-sectional, randomized design including two consecutive DBT training sessions. Only during the first DBT session, either 20 min of anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) or sham tDCS (s-tDCS) were applied and learning improvement was compared between the two groups. Our data showed that both groups successfully learned to perform the DBT on both training sessions. Interestingly, between-group analyses revealed no difference between the a-tDCS and the s-tDCS group regarding their level of task learning. These results indicate that the concurrent application of tDCS over M1 leg area did not elicit DBT learning enhancement in our study cohort. However, a regression analysis revealed that DBT performance can be predicted by the kinematic profile of the movement, a finding that may provide new insights for individualized approaches of treating balance and gait disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Kaminski
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maike Hoff
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Viola Rjosk
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christopher J Steele
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, Cerebral Imaging Centre, Douglas Mental Health Institute, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Christopher Gundlach
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Faculty of Psychology, Department of Experimental Psychology and Methods, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
| | - Bernhard Sehm
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arno Villringer
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Mind and Brain Institute, Charité and Humboldt UniversityBerlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzig, Germany; Faculty of Sport Science, Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, University of LeipzigLeipzig, Germany
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Henz D, Schöllhorn WI. Differential Training Facilitates Early Consolidation in Motor Learning. Front Behav Neurosci 2016; 10:199. [PMID: 27818627 PMCID: PMC5073148 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2016.00199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Current research demonstrates increased learning rates in differential learning (DL) compared to repetitive training. To date, little is known on the underlying neurophysiological processes in DL that contribute to superior performance over repetitive practice. In the present study, we measured electroencephalographic (EEG) brain activation patterns after DL and repetitive badminton serve training. Twenty-four semi-professional badminton players performed badminton serves in a DL and repetitive training schedule in a within-subjects design. EEG activity was recorded from 19 electrodes according to the 10–20 system before and immediately after each 20-min exercise. Increased theta activity was obtained in contralateral parieto-occipital regions after DL. Further, increased posterior alpha activity was obtained in DL compared to repetitive training. Results indicate different underlying neuronal processes in DL and repetitive training with a higher involvement of parieto-occipital areas in DL. We argue that DL facilitates early consolidation in motor learning indicated by post-training increases in theta and alpha activity. Further, brain activation patterns indicate somatosensory working memory processes where attentional resources are allocated in processing of somatosensory information in DL. Reinforcing a somatosensory memory trace might explain increased motor learning rates in DL. Finally, this memory trace is more stable against interference from internal and external disturbances that afford executively controlled processing such as attentional processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Henz
- Institute of Sport Science, Training and Movement Science, University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
| | - Wolfgang I Schöllhorn
- Institute of Sport Science, Training and Movement Science, University of Mainz Mainz, Germany
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15
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Invited commentary: Differential learning is different from contextual interference learning. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 47:240-245. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2015.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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16
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Rezzoug N, Gorce P. Relationship between jerk at the L3/L4 intervertebral level and COP mean velocity in bipedal and unipedal standing conditions. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2015; 18:2040-2041. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2015.1069612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Rezzoug
- HandiBio EA4322, Université de Toulon, La Garde Cedex, France
| | - P. Gorce
- HandiBio EA4322, Université de Toulon, La Garde Cedex, France
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17
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Abstract
High variability practice has been found to lead to a higher rate of motor learning than low variability practice in sports tasks. The authors compared the effects of low and high levels of practice variability on a simple unimanual arm rotation task. Participants performed rhythmic unimanual internal-external arm rotation as smoothly as possible before and after 2 weeks of low (LV) or high (HV) variability practice and after a 2-week retention interval. Compared to the pretest, the HV group significantly decreased hand, radioulnar, and shoulder rotation jerk on the retention test and shoulder jerk on the posttest. After training the LV group had lower radioulnar and shoulder jerk on the posttest but not the retention test. The results supported the hypothesis that high variability practice would lead to greater learning and reminiscence than low variability practice and the theoretical prediction of a bifurcation in the motor learning dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric G James
- a Department of Health and Human Performance , University of Texas at Brownsville
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