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Yoon YS, An DH, Lee YJ, Lee DY, Kyung MG. Comparison of in-shoe plantar pressure between Korean combat boots and running shoes. BMJ Mil Health 2024:e002592. [PMID: 38772623 DOI: 10.1136/military-2023-002592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Combat boots are special shoes designed for soldiers to wear during activities in rough terrain, such as long marches or military training. Combat boots have been known to cause high plantar pressure and increase the injury rate of the lower extremities. Therefore, this study aimed to compare the difference in in-shoe plantar pressure between Korean combat boots and running shoes. We hypothesised that the newest Korean combat boots would have comparable plantar pressure distribution with running shoes. METHODS We prospectively recruited 30 asymptomatic male participants, who are candidates for military services, from the local area. Two types of shoes (the newly developed Korean combat boots and running shoes) were examined. Pedobarographic measurements were collected using the pedar-X in-shoe pressure measurement system. Peak pressure (PP), pressure time integral (PTI), contact area and contact time were analysed. RESULTS Both PP and PTI at the region of central and lateral forefeet (FF) were significantly higher in combat boots. The contact area of combat boots was significantly lower at the region of the hallux, second-fifth toes, medial FF, central FF and midfoot. Contact time at the region of central FF and medial heel was significantly higher in combat boots. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the plantar pressure distribution of combat boots can be helpful for developing combat boots and preventing injury. Based on the results of our study, the next-generation Korean combat boots should be developed to increase contact area and distribute impulse under the head of the metatarsal bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Sik Yoon
- Orthopedic Surgery, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - D H An
- Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Y J Lee
- Orthopedic Surgery, Kangwon National University Hospital, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - D Y Lee
- Orthopedic Surgery, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - M G Kyung
- Orthopedic Surgery, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
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Yeo EXS, Chhabra K, Kong PW. Influence of combat boot types on in-shoe forces and perceived comfort during unloaded and loaded walking. BMJ Mil Health 2024; 170:37-42. [PMID: 35296550 DOI: 10.1136/bmjmilitary-2021-002061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Combat boots are essential protective gear for military personnel. The purposes of the present study were to examine (1) the influence of combat boot type on ground reaction force (GRF) variables and perceived comfort during unloaded and loaded walking and (2) the relationship between comfort and biomechanical measurements. METHODS Four types of combat boots with different physical features (eg, mass, thickness) and mechanical properties (eg, cushioning, rigidity) were compared across 61 male participants with experience in military marching while carrying heavy loads. In each boot type, participants completed a 10-m walk under an unloaded and a 20-kg loaded conditions at their preferred speeds. Peak force and loading rate during walking were measured using the loadsol wireless in-shoe sensor system. Comfort level was assessed using a 7-point Likert scale. Difference between loaded and unloaded walking, and across boot types were statistically compared. Correlation analyses were performed between comfort and GRF variables. RESULTS On average across all boot types, participants walked 2.1% slower when carrying 20-kg loads while experiencing 24.3% higher peak force and 20.8% higher loading rate. Boot D was perceived as most comfortable, followed by boots C, B and A (χ2(2)=115.4, p<0.001). Participants walked slightly faster (p=0.022, ηp 2 = 0.052) and displayed higher loading rates (p<0.001, ηp 2=0.194) in the two more comfortable boots (C and D) than the less comfortable boots (A and B). No significant correlations were found between perceived comfort and any GRF variables. CONCLUSIONS Combat boot features can influence perceived comfort ratings substantially during walking, whereas biomechanical differences among boot types are more subtle regardless of load conditions. The lack of relationship between comfort and force variables suggests that both subjective and objective measurements should be considered for comprehensive evaluation of combat boots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunice X S Yeo
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - K Chhabra
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - P W Kong
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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Kong PW, Iskandar MNS, Koh AH, Ho MYM, Lim CXE. Validation of In-Shoe Force Sensors during Loaded Walking in Military Personnel. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:6465. [PMID: 37514763 PMCID: PMC10384313 DOI: 10.3390/s23146465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
The loadsol® wireless in-shoe force sensors can be useful for in-field measurements. However, its accuracy is unknown in the military context, whereby soldiers have to carry heavy loads and walk in military boots. The purpose of this study was to establish the validity of the loadsol® sensors in military personnel during loaded walking on flat, inclined and declined surfaces. Full-time Singapore Armed Forces (SAF) personnel (n = 8) walked on an instrumented treadmill on flat, 10° inclined, and 10° declined gradients while carrying heavy loads (25 kg and 35 kg). Normal ground reaction forces (GRF), perpendicular to the contact surface, were simultaneously measured using both the loadsol® sensors inserted in the military boots and the Bertec instrumented treadmill as the gold standard. A total of eight variables of interest were compared between loadsol® and treadmill, including four kinetic (impact peak force, active peak force, impulse, loading rate) and four spatiotemporal (stance time, stride time, cadence, step length) variables. Validity was assessed using Bland-Altman plots and 95% Limits of Agreement (LoA). Bias was calculated as the mean difference between the values obtained from loadsol® and the instrumented treadmill. Results showed similar force-time profiles between loadsol® sensors and the instrumented treadmill. The bias of most variables was generally low, with a narrow range of LoA. The high accuracy and good agreement with standard laboratory equipment suggest that the loadsol® system is a valid tool for measuring normal GRF during walking in military boots under heavy load carriage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Wah Kong
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Muhammad Nur Shahril Iskandar
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Ang Hong Koh
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Mei Yee Mavis Ho
- Physical Education and Sports Science Academic Group, National Institute of Education, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637616, Singapore
| | - Cheryl Xue Er Lim
- Centre of Excellence for Soldier Performance, Singapore Armed Forces, Singapore 637901, Singapore
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Cohen JC, de Souza Muniz AM, Carvalho Junior RB, de Oliveira HLC, Miranda ST, Gomes MK, da Cunha AJLA, Menegaldo LL. Gait analysis of leprosy patients with foot drop using principal component analysis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2023; 105:105983. [PMID: 37167843 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2023.105983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peripheral nerve injury caused by leprosy can lead to foot drop, resulting in an altered gait pattern that has not been previously described using 3D gait analysis. METHODS Gait kinematics and dynamics were analyzed in 12 patients with unilateral foot drop caused by leprosy and in 15 healthy controls. Biomechanical data from patients' affected and unaffected limbs were compared with controls using inferential statistics and a standard distance, based on principal components analysis (PCA). FINDINGS Patients walked slower than controls (0.8 ± 0.2 vs. 1.1 ± 0.2 m/s, p = 0.003), with a reduced stance and increased swing percentage. The affected limb increased (p < 0.05) plantar flexion at the initial contact (-16.8o ± 8.3), terminal stance (-29.1o ± 11.5), and swing (-12.4o ± 6.2) in the affected limb compared to unaffected (-6.6o ± 10.3; -14.6o ± 11.6; 2.4o ± 7.6) and controls (-5.4o ± 2.5; -18.8o ± 5.8; -1.4o ± 3.9). Increased pelvic tilt and knee adduction/abduction range, with lower hip adduction, were observed. The second peak of ground reaction force (98.6 ± 5.2 %BW), ankle torque (0.99 ± 0.33 Nm/kg), and net ankle work in stance (-0.03 ± 5.4 J/Kg) decreased in the affected limb compared to controls (104.1 ± 5.5 %BW; 1.24 ± 0.4 Nm/kg; -4.58 ± 5.19 J/kg; p < 0.05). There were decreasing multivariate standard distances in the affected limb compared with the unaffected and controls. PCA loading factors highlighted the major differences between groups. INTERPRETATION Leprosy patients with foot drop presented altered gait patterns in affected and unaffected limbs. There were remarkable differences in ankle kinematics and dynamics. Rehabilitation devices, such as ankle foot orthosis or tendon transfer surgeries to increase ankle dorsiflexion, could benefit these patients and reduce deviations from normal gait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Carlos Cohen
- Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Adriane Mara de Souza Muniz
- Programa de Engenharia Biomédica (PEB/COPPE), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil; Escola de Educação Física do Exército (EsEFEx) - (Brazilian Army), Brazil
| | | | | | - Silvana T Miranda
- Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | - Maria Kátia Gomes
- Hospital Universitário, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil
| | | | - Luciano L Menegaldo
- Programa de Engenharia Biomédica (PEB/COPPE), Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), Brazil.
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Orr R, Maupin D, Palmer R, Canetti EFD, Simas V, Schram B. The Impact of Footwear on Occupational Task Performance and Musculoskeletal Injury Risk: A Scoping Review to Inform Tactical Footwear. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191710703. [PMID: 36078419 PMCID: PMC9518076 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this scoping review was to investigate the impact of footwear on worker physical task performance and injury risk. The review was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews protocol and registered in the Open Science Framework. Key search terms were entered into five academic databases. Following a dedicated screening process and critical appraisal, data from the final articles informing this review were extracted, tabulated, and synthesised. Of 19,614 identified articles, 50 articles informed this review. Representing 16 countries, the most common populations investigated were military and firefighter populations, but a wide range of general occupations (e.g., shipping, mining, hairdressing, and healthcare workers) were represented. Footwear types included work safety boots/shoes (e.g., industrial, gumboots, steel capped, etc.), military and firefighter boots, sports shoes (trainers, tennis, basketball, etc.) and various other types (e.g., sandals, etc.). Occupational footwear was found to impact gait and angular velocities, joint ranges of motion, posture and balance, physiological measures (like aerobic capacity, heart rates, temperatures, etc.), muscle activity, and selected occupational tasks. Occupational footwear associated with injuries included boots, conventional running shoes, shoes with inserts, harder/stiffer outsoles or thin soles, and shoes with low comfort scores-although the findings were mixed. Occupational footwear was also linked to potentially causing injuries directly (e.g., musculoskeletal injuries) as well as leading to mechanisms associated with causing injuries (like tripping and slipping).
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Ates M, Karadag S, Eker AA, Eker B. Polyurethane foam materials and their industrial applications. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Ates
- Atespolymer Research group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Degirmenalti Campus, 59030, Tekirdag Turkey
- Nanochem Polymer Energy Company, Silahtaraga Mh., University 1st street, Number: 13/1 Z102, Tekirdag Turkey
| | - Selin Karadag
- Atespolymer Research group, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Arts and Sciences Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, Degirmenalti Campus, 59030, Tekirdag Turkey
| | - Aysegul Akdogan Eker
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering Yildiz Technical University, 34349, Besiktas Istanbul Turkey
| | - Bulent Eker
- Department of Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agriculture Tekirdag Namik Kemal University, 59030, Tekirdag Turkey
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Menz HB, Bonanno DR. Footwear comfort: a systematic search and narrative synthesis of the literature. J Foot Ankle Res 2021; 14:63. [PMID: 34876192 PMCID: PMC8650278 DOI: 10.1186/s13047-021-00500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To provide a narrative synthesis of the research literature pertaining to footwear comfort, including definitions, measurement scales, footwear design features, and physiological and psychological factors. METHODS A systematic search was conducted which yielded 101 manuscripts. The most relevant manuscripts were selected based on the predetermined subheadings of the review (definitions, measurement scales, footwear design features, and physiological and psychological factors). A narrative synthesis of the findings of the included studies was undertaken. RESULTS The available evidence is highly fragmented and incorporates a wide range of study designs, participants, and assessment approaches, making it challenging to draw strong conclusions or implications for clinical practice. However, it can be broadly concluded that (i) simple visual analog scales may provide a reliable overall assessment of comfort, (ii) well-fitted, lightweight shoes with soft midsoles and curved rocker-soles are generally perceived to be most comfortable, and (iii) the influence of sole flexibility, shoe microclimate and insoles is less clear and likely to be more specific to the population, setting and task being performed. CONCLUSION Footwear comfort is a complex and multifaceted concept that is influenced not only by structural and functional aspects of shoe design, but also task requirements and anatomical and physiological differences between individuals. Further research is required to delineate the contribution of specific shoe features more clearly, and to better understand the interaction between footwear features and individual physiological attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hylton B Menz
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
| | - Daniel R Bonanno
- Discipline of Podiatry, School of Allied Health, Human Services and Sport, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
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Nesterovica D, Vaivads N, Stepens A. Relationship of footwear comfort, selected size, and lower leg overuse injuries among infantry soldiers. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2021; 22:952. [PMID: 34781944 PMCID: PMC8594192 DOI: 10.1186/s12891-021-04839-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High rates of musculoskeletal injuries such as plantar fasciitis and stress fractures have been observed among physically active military personnel. During service time, infantry soldiers use issued boots daily that should fit well and provide comfort to prevent injuries and decrease lower extremity pain effectively. The association of military boot comfort with overuse injuries remains unclear. This study investigates the relationship between the chosen military boot size, perceived boot comfort and lower leg overuse injury. METHODS During the cross-sectional study, 227 (males, n = 213; females, n = 14) active-duty infantry soldiers at a mean age of 29.5 years old, and with an average service time of 7.2 years were assessed for a history of overuse injury, footprint length, appropriate shoe size, and footwear comfort. Males with a history of overuse injury (n = 32) and non-injured age-matched controls (n = 34) were selected for detailed testing and establishing the possible relationship between footwear comfort and lower leg overuse injury. RESULTS No relationship was found between footwear comfort and a history of lower leg overuse injury. N = 38 (57.6%) of study subjects were wearing an inappropriate shoe size daily. Inappropriate shoe size usage affected footwear comfort ratings significantly. CONCLUSIONS Study results showed that improper boot size was significantly related to comfort ratings but was not associated with a history of lower leg overuse injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darja Nesterovica
- Military Medicine Research and Study Centre, Rīga Stradiņš University, 14 Baložu Street, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia.
| | - Normunds Vaivads
- Latvian National Armed Forces Joint Headquarters Medical Service, Kadaga, 2103, Latvia
| | - Ainars Stepens
- Military Medicine Research and Study Centre, Rīga Stradiņš University, 14 Baložu Street, Riga, LV-1048, Latvia
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Matthias EC, Banwell HA, Arnold JB. Methods for assessing footwear comfort: a systematic review. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2021.1961879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elsa C. Matthias
- Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Helen A. Banwell
- Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - John B. Arnold
- Allied Health & Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Muniz AMDS, Sizenando D, Neves EB, Marson RA, Palhano R, Menegaldo L, Bini RR. Effect of loading carriage during walking with military boots with polyurethane and styrene-butadiene rubber midsoles. FOOTWEAR SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/19424280.2021.1917698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Eduardo Borba Neves
- Instituto de Pesquisa da Capacitação Física do Exército, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Rudnei Palhano
- Instituto Brasileiro de Tecnologia do Couro, Calçado e Artefatos, Laboratório de Biomecânica, Novo Hamburgo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Menegaldo
- UFRJ, Programa de Engenharia Biomédica, Centro de Tecnologia - Av, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Mara de Souza Muniz A, Sizenando D, Lobo G, Neves EB, Gonçalves M, Marson R, Palhano R, Menegaldo L, Bini RR. Effects from loaded walking with polyurethane and styrene-butadiene rubber midsole military boots on kinematics and external forces: A statistical parametric mapping analysis. APPLIED ERGONOMICS 2021; 94:103429. [PMID: 33862308 DOI: 10.1016/j.apergo.2021.103429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study compared ground reaction forces (GRF) and lower limb two-dimensional (2D) kinematic waveforms, with and without load carriage, in military personnel walking in two different types of boots. Data were measured in 24-soldiers walking on a 10-m walkway under four randomized crossover trials: wearing two military boots (styrene-butadiene rubber midsole - SBR - 63 Shore A; and polyurethane midsole - PU - 48 Shore A); with and without a 15-kg backpack. GRF traditional parameters were evaluated by two-way ANOVAs. GRF and kinematic waveforms were assessed using a statistical parametric mapping (SPM) method (two-way ANOVA). No interaction effects were observed between footwear and load. GRF at the beginning of stance was lower while wearing the SBR boot condition compared to the PU boot condition. Load carriage increased trunk, hip, and knee flexion. The analyzed military boots did not affect movement patterns during loaded walking and the military boot with SBR midsole material reduced impact to a greater extent. The study demonstrated that the design and materials (e.g., midsole material and thickness) used in boot manufacturing can influence military boot performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas Sizenando
- Escola de Educação Física do Exército (EsEFEx), Brazilian Army, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Lobo
- Escola de Educação Física do Exército (EsEFEx), Brazilian Army, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Borba Neves
- Instituto de Pesquisa da Capacitação Física do Exército (IPCFEx), Brazilian Army, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Michel Gonçalves
- Escola de Educação Física do Exército (EsEFEx), Brazilian Army, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Runer Marson
- Instituto de Pesquisa da Capacitação Física do Exército (IPCFEx), Brazilian Army, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rudnei Palhano
- Instituto Brasileiro de Tecnologia do Couro, Calçado e Artefatos (IBTEc), Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil
| | - Luciano Menegaldo
- Programa de Engenharia Biomédica, PEB/COPPE, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Rico Bini
- La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Flora Hill Campus, Bendigo, Victoria, 3550, Australia
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STANHOPE J, WEINSTEIN P. Why do we need to investigate non-classical musicians to reduce the burden of musicians' musculoskeletal symptoms? INDUSTRIAL HEALTH 2020; 58:212-223. [PMID: 31588069 PMCID: PMC7286715 DOI: 10.2486/indhealth.2019-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Musculoskeletal symptoms (MSSs) are common among professional musicians; however, most of the research has focused on orchestral/classical musicians. In some countries orchestral and classical musicians are in the minority; hence targeting research towards these specific sub-groups of musicians is unlikely to address the overall burden of musicians' MSSs, unless the research is generalizable to other types of musicians. This multidisciplinary narrative review seeks to answer the question: "why do we need to examine the MSSs of non-classical groups of performing musicians in order to reduce the burden of musicians' MSSs?". There are differences in the education, posture, tasks (e.g. military training for military band musicians, dancing for those in musical theatre), venues and management of MSSs for different types of musicians. Future research should compare classical and non-classical musicians in order to determine which specific sub-groups (e.g. military band musicians) have the greatest MSS burden, such that further research into the risk factors of and interventions for MSSs can be targeted towards the sub-groups of musicians with the greatest MSS burden. In doing so, we maximise the likelihood of being able to introduce interventions, policies and practice that reduce the burden of musicians' MSSs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip WEINSTEIN
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide,
Australia
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Bini RR, Wundersitz D, Kingsley M. Physiological and biomechanical comparison between electrically assisted bicycles and motorbikes during simulated mail delivery. ERGONOMICS 2020; 63:123-132. [PMID: 31868127 DOI: 10.1080/00140139.2019.1708477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrically assisted bicycles (EABs) and motorbikes were compared in terms of energy expenditure, internal and external forces, and technique when delivering mail with different loads at different distances from the mailbox. Twenty-two postal workers performed two simulated postal tasks (foot placement [close vs. far] and delivery, and simulated mail delivery circuit) while carrying 0 and 32 kg. Independent of mail load, delivering mail with EABs was classified as moderate intensity and resulted in 33% higher energy expenditure when compared to motorbikes. Ground reaction forces were larger (7-25%) for EAB when compared to motorbike. Larger ground reaction forces were observed when both EABs and motorbikes were positioned further from the mailbox (5-23%). Using EABs during mail delivery has potential to result in numerous health benefits that are associated with moderate intensity physical activity, but can lead to larger external forces when compared to motorbikes. Practitioner summary: In order to compare electrically assisted bicycles (EAB) and motorbikes, postal workers performed simulated deliveries in the laboratory whilst measurements of energy expenditure, body loads and movement patters were undertaken. Body loads and energy expenditure were larger using EAB, which result in health benefits associated with moderate intensity exercise. Abbreviations: EAB: electrically assisted bicycles; CI: confidence interval; UHEC: University Human Ethics Committee; MB: motorbike;SH: seat height; SF: seat to floor distance; VO2: oxygen uptake; VCO2: exhaled carbon dioxide; RER: respiratory exchangeratio; TTL signal: Transistor-Transistor Logic; MET: metabolic equivalent; 3D: three-dimensional; IIR: infinite impulse response; Hz:Hertz; N: Newtons; ROM: range of motion; SD: standard deviation; p: significance level; d: Cohen effect sizes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Rico Bini
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Daniel Wundersitz
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Michael Kingsley
- Holsworth Research Initiative, La Trobe Rural Health School, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
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