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Barsotti E, Goodman B, Samuelson R, Carvour ML. A Scoping Review of Wearable Technologies for Use in Individuals With Intellectual Disabilities and Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy. J Diabetes Sci Technol 2024:19322968241231279. [PMID: 38439547 DOI: 10.1177/19322968241231279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Individuals with intellectual disabilities (IDs) are at risk of diabetes mellitus (DM) and diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), which can lead to foot ulcers and lower-extremity amputations. However, cognitive differences and communication barriers may impede some methods for screening and prevention of DPN. Wearable and mobile technologies-such as smartphone apps and pressure-sensitive insoles-could help to offset these barriers, yet little is known about the effectiveness of these technologies among individuals with ID. METHODS We conducted a scoping review of the databases Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science using search terms for DM, DPN, ID, and technology to diagnose or monitor DPN. Finding a lack of research in this area, we broadened our search terms to include any literature on technology to diagnose or monitor DPN and then applied these findings within the context of ID. RESULTS We identified 88 articles; 43 of 88 (48.9%) articles were concerned with gait mechanics or foot pressures. No articles explicitly included individuals with ID as the target population, although three articles involved individuals with other cognitive impairments (two among patients with a history of stroke, one among patients with hemodialysis-related cognitive changes). CONCLUSIONS Individuals with ID are not represented in studies using technology to diagnose or monitor DPN. This is a concern given the risk of DM complications among patients with ID and the potential for added benefit of such technologies to reduce barriers to screening and prevention. More studies should investigate how wearable devices can be used among patients with ID.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ercole Barsotti
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Bailey Goodman
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Riley Samuelson
- Hardin Library for the Health Sciences, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Martha L Carvour
- College of Public Health, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
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Efthymiou D, Katsiki N, Zekakos DX, Vassiliadis P, Petrelis A, Vassilopoulou E. Gait Analysis, Metabolic Parameters and Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Compared with Healthy Controls: A Pilot Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:3421. [PMID: 37571358 PMCID: PMC10420976 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are prone to developing diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) with an increased risk of injuries while walking, potentially leading to plantar ulcers. We aimed to assess the early gait changes in T2DM patients without clinical signs of DPN in comparison to age-matched healthy controls (HC). SUBJECTS AND METHODS One hundred T2DM patients (78 women, mean age: 66.4 ± 11.5 years) and 50 age-matched HC (34 women, mean age 62.1 ± 7.9 years) were evaluated with the PODOSmart® gait analysis device. Anthropometric and biochemical data, as well as dietary habits were collected for all participants. T2DM patients also completed the Diabetes Distress (DS) self-report validated questionnaire. RESULTS One patient was excluded from the study due to lack of recent biochemical data. Among the T2DM patients, 88.9% reported little or no DS and 11.1% moderate DS. The T2DM group had higher body mass index, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, glycated hemoglobin A1c, sodium, white blood cell count, triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, but lower high-density lipoprotein cholesterol than HC (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). The MedDiet score was satisfactory in both groups (p > 0.05). Significant differences were found between the two study groups in gaitline heel off, propulsion speed, foot progression angle, time taligrade phase, stride length, walking speed, angle attack, oscillation speed, pronation-supination toe off and clearance. CONCLUSIONS The T2DM patients without self-reported DS or clinical signs of DPN may exhibit significant differences in several gait parameters analyzed with PODOSmart®. Whether gait analysis can be used as an early diagnostic tool of T2DM complications should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Niki Katsiki
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- School of Medicine, European University Cyprus, 2404 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | | | | | - Emilia Vassilopoulou
- Nous Therapy Center, 1 Aggelaki Street, 54621 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, 57400 Thessaloniki, Greece;
- Pediatric Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy
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Khalaf K, Mohan DM, Hindi MA, Khandoker AH, Jelinek HF. Plantar pressure alterations associated with increased BMI in young adults. Gait Posture 2022; 98:255-260. [PMID: 36201927 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2022.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite evidence suggesting that excess weight is linked to gait alterations and foot disorders, its effect on peak plantar pressure (PPP) variability and complexity during walking remains poorly understood. RESEARCH QUESTION This study aimed to examine the influence of overweight (BMI ≥ 25) on the dynamic PPP distribution during gait using traditional and nonlinear dynamic measures in young college students. METHODS Fifty-two overweight (BMI >25, average 29.3 ± 4.02) and sixty-four control college students (BMI<25, 21.7 ± 1.76) aged 18-25 years, walked across a Tekscan gait assessment system at their preferred speed. A t-test or a Mann Whitney U test was used for analysis, subject to data normality. Kinematic, kinetic, spatiotemporal, and GaitEn (sample entropy of 2D spatial PPP maps) for window lengths (m=2) at various filtering levels (r) were used to explore the impact of BMI on PPP alterations. RESULTS AND SIGNIFICANCE The overweight group exhibited significantly higher mean PPP. The PPP under the forefoot region was also significantly higher for the overweight group as compared to the heel. The mean GaitEn values of overweight and control groups were found significantly different at r = (0.7-0.8) x STD, where GaitEn of the control group was relatively higher, which indicates better gait performance as compared to the overweight group in alignment with previous studies. A significant correlation of GaitEn with STD of PPP was revealed for the overweight group only, suggesting that overweight could significantly change the regularity or the complexity of the PPP series. Although no spatiotemporal parameters (stride length, step length, step width) were significantly affected by the increased BMI, GaitEn dynamic measure, along with spatiotemporal (decrease in gait velocity and cadence with increased BMI), and kinetic measures (increased maximum forces and plantar pressure with increased BMI), were significantly affected by overweight, indicating the feasibility of assessing the impact of increased BMI using pressure platforms in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinda Khalaf
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Health Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Dhanya Menoth Mohan
- Health Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Maha Al Hindi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ahsan Habib Khandoker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Health Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Herbert F Jelinek
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Health Engineering Innovation Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; Biotechnology Center, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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Zanin M, Olivares F, Pulido-Valdeolivas I, Rausell E, Gomez-Andres D. Gait analysis under the lens of statistical physics. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2022; 20:3257-3267. [PMID: 35782747 PMCID: PMC9237948 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2022.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Human gait is a fundamental activity, essential for the survival of the individual, and an emergent property of the interactions between complex physical and cognitive processes. Gait is altered in many situations, due both to external constraints, as e.g. paced walk, and to physical and neurological pathologies. Its study is therefore important as a way of improving the quality of life of patients, but also as a door to understanding the inner working of the human nervous system. In this review we explore how four statistical physics concepts have been used to characterise normal and pathological gait: entropy, maximum Lyapunov exponent, multi-fractal analysis and irreversibility. Beyond some basic definitions, we present the main results that have been obtained in this field, as well as a discussion of the main limitations researchers have dealt and will have to deal with. We finally conclude with some biomedical considerations and avenues for further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Zanin
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Campus UIB, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
| | - Felipe Olivares
- Instituto de Física Interdisciplinar y Sistemas Complejos IFISC (CSIC-UIB), Campus UIB, Palma de Mallorca 07122, Spain
| | - Irene Pulido-Valdeolivas
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle del Arzobispo Morcillo 2, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - Estrella Rausell
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle del Arzobispo Morcillo 2, Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - David Gomez-Andres
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Calle del Arzobispo Morcillo 2, Madrid 28029, Spain
- Pediatric Neurology, Vall d'Hebron Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Vall d'Hebron Barcelona Hospital Campus, ERN-RND & EURO-NMD, Pg. de la Vall d'Hebron 119-129, Barcelona 08035, Spain
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Wang Z, Peng S, Zhang H, Sun H, Hu J. Gait Parameters and Peripheral Neuropathy in Patients With Diabetes: A Meta-Analysis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:891356. [PMID: 35721708 PMCID: PMC9199374 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.891356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) and gait abnormality in diabetic patients. METHODS Related research concerning the gait of diabetic patients with and without DPN was collected and analyzed by searching PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. Statistical analysis was performed by using RevMan 5.3 software. RESULTS Twenty-one studies were included in this meta-analysis, consisting of 499 diabetic neuropathy patients and 467 diabetes controls without neuropathy. Meta-analysis results showed lower gait velocity, shorter stride length, longer stride time, longer stance time, and higher maximum knee extension moment in the DPN group, compared with their counterparts. CONCLUSION Among diabetic patients, those complicated with DPN possess lower gait velocity, shorter stride length, longer stride time, longer stance time, and higher maximum knee extension moment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenchao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Si Peng
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Pudong New Area People's Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Honghong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hong Sun
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Sun, ; Ji Hu,
| | - Ji Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Hong Sun, ; Ji Hu,
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Navarro-Flores E, Pérez-Ros P, Martínez-Arnau FM, Julían-Rochina I, Cauli O. Neuro-Psychiatric Alterations in Patients with Diabetic Foot Syndrome. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2019; 18:598-608. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527318666191002094406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic Foot Syndrome (DFS) is a common long-term complication of diabetes mellitus.
DFS has recently been associated with adverse effects on brain function which could further impair the
quality of life of these patients, as well as increase the social and economic burden, morbidity, and
premature mortality of the disease. The current knowledge of neuropsychiatric alterations e.g. cognitive
impairment, gait disorder, depression, and quality of life in patients with diabetic foot syndrome is
summarized. The cognitive domains altered in DFS are executive function, memory, and psychomotor
speed. Compared to diabetic patients without DFS, individuals with DFS present gait alterations
caused by changes in several spatio-temporal parameters and lower-limb kinematics. The increased
rates of anxiety and depression among patients with DFS were related to several factors, including female
sex, a smoking habit, age under 50 years, and foot ulceration exceeding 7 months' duration. The
role of infections and the use of preventive antimicrobial treatment need further studies regarding their
effect on comorbid neuropsychiatric disorders. The care of these patients should include the prevention,
detection and treatment of these neuropsychiatric disorders in order to improve their quality of
life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Navarro-Flores
- Frailty and cognitive impairment organized group (FROG), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Pilar Pérez-Ros
- Frailty and cognitive impairment organized group (FROG), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Iván Julían-Rochina
- Frailty and cognitive impairment organized group (FROG), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Omar Cauli
- Frailty and cognitive impairment organized group (FROG), University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Esser P, Collett J, Maynard K, Steins D, Hillier A, Buckingham J, Tan GD, King L, Dawes H. Single Sensor Gait Analysis to Detect Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Proof of Principle Study. Diabetes Metab J 2018; 42:82-86. [PMID: 29504308 PMCID: PMC5842304 DOI: 10.4093/dmj.2018.42.1.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study explored the potential utility of gait analysis using a single sensor unit (inertial measurement unit [IMU]) as a simple tool to detect peripheral neuropathy in people with diabetes. Seventeen people (14 men) aged 63±9 years (mean±SD) with diabetic peripheral neuropathy performed a 10-m walk test instrumented with an IMU on the lower back. Compared to a reference healthy control data set (matched by gender, age, and body mass index) both spatiotemporal and gait control variables were different between groups, with walking speed, step time, and SDa (gait control parameter) demonstrating good discriminatory power (receiver operating characteristic area under the curve >0.8). These results provide a proof of principle of this relatively simple approach which, when applied in clinical practice, can detect a signal from those with known diabetes peripheral neuropathy. The technology has the potential to be used both routinely in the clinic and for tele-health applications. Further research should focus on investigating its efficacy as an early indicator of or effectiveness of the management of peripheral neuropathy. This could support the development of interventions to prevent complications such as foot ulceration or Charcot's foot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Esser
- Movement Science Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Institute of Nursing & Allied Health Research, Oxford, UK
| | - Johnny Collett
- Movement Science Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Institute of Nursing & Allied Health Research, Oxford, UK.
| | - Kevin Maynard
- Movement Science Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Dax Steins
- Movement Science Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Angela Hillier
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Jodie Buckingham
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Garry D Tan
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, UK
| | - Laurie King
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology & Metabolism, Churchill Hospital, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Helen Dawes
- Movement Science Group, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
- Oxford Institute of Nursing & Allied Health Research, Oxford, UK
- Department of Clinical Neurology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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