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Armstrong DP, Fischer SL. Sensitivity of principal component analysis outcomes to data pre-processing conditions when quantifying trial-to-trial variability in whole-body kinematics. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2024:1-13. [PMID: 38884341 DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2024.2367745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated whether modes of variance in trial-to-trial whole-body kinematic variability identified by principal component analysis (PCA) were consistent across data pre-processing conditions generated from a common dataset. Comparisons made included 1) when trajectory data was expressed in a global vs. local reference frame; 2) when the number of landmarks used to represent whole-body motion differed, and; 3) whether input trajectory data were normalized to participant stature. Varying data pre-processing conditions prior to PCA does not bias the total variance identified. However, it can influence how modes of variance are dispersed across PCs, which in turn, can influence interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Armstrong
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
| | - Steven L Fischer
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Canada
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Promsri A. Assessing Walking Stability Based on Whole-Body Movement Derived from a Depth-Sensing Camera. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22197542. [PMID: 36236642 PMCID: PMC9571104 DOI: 10.3390/s22197542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stability during walking is considered a crucial aspect of assessing gait ability. The current study aimed to assess walking stability by applying principal component analysis (PCA) to decompose three-dimensional (3D) whole-body kinematic data of 104 healthy young adults (21.9 ± 3.5 years, 54 females) derived from a depth-sensing camera into a set of movement components/synergies called "principal movements" (PMs), forming together to achieve the task goal. The effect of sex as the focus area was tested on three PCA-based variables computed for each PM: the relative explained variance (rVAR) as a measure of the composition of movement structures; the largest Lyapunov exponent (LyE) as a measure of variability; and the number of zero-crossings (N) as a measure of the tightness of neuromuscular control. The results show that the sex effects appear in the specific PMs. Specifically, in PM1, resembling the swing-phase movement, females have greater LyE (p = 0.013) and N (p = 0.017) values than males. Moreover, in PM3, representing the mid-stance-phase movement, females have smaller rVAR (p = 0.020) but greater N (p = 0.008) values than males. These empirical findings suggest that the inherent sex differences in walking stability should be considered in assessing and training locomotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunee Promsri
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, 19 Moo 2, Maeka, Muang, Phayao 56000, Thailand;
- Unit of Excellence in Neuromechanics, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, 19 Moo 2, Maeka, Muang, Phayao 56000, Thailand
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Federolf P, Angulo-Barroso RM, Busquets A, Ferrer-Uris B, Gløersen Ø, Mohr M, Ó' Reilly D, Promsri A, van Andel S, Wachholz F, Werner I, Zago M. Letter to the editor regarding "The assessment of center of mass and center of pressure during quiet stance: Current applications and future directions". J Biomech 2021; 128:110729. [PMID: 34536902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Federolf
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Rosa M Angulo-Barroso
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge, CA, United States
| | - Albert Busquets
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Blai Ferrer-Uris
- Institut Nacional d'Educació Física de Catalunya (INEFC), Universitat de Barcelona (UB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Øyvind Gløersen
- Department of Physical Performance, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maurice Mohr
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - David Ó' Reilly
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Arunee Promsri
- Department of Physical Therapy, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, Thailand; Unit of Excellence in Well-Being and Health Innovation, School of Allied Health Sciences, University of Phayao, Muang, Phayao, Thailand
| | - Steven van Andel
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Felix Wachholz
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Inge Werner
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Matteo Zago
- Dipartimento di Meccanica, Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy; E4Sport Laboratory, Politecnico di Milano, Lecco, Italy
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