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Sharifian M, Baharvand P, Moayyedkazemi A. Liver Cancer: New Insights into Surgical and Nonsurgical Treatments. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394717666210219104201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Introduction:
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer
that has increased in recent years worldwide. Primary liver cancer or HCC is considered the 5th and
7th most common cancer among men and women, respectively. It is also the second leading cause
of cancer death worldwide. Unfortunately, HCC is frequently diagnosed at an advanced stage when
the majority of the patients do not have access to remedial therapies. Furthermore, current systemic
chemotherapy shows low efficacy and minimum survival benefits. Liver cancer therapy is a multidisciplinary,
multiple-choice treatment based on the complex interaction of the tumour stage, the
degree of liver disease, and the patient's general state of health.
Methods:
In this paper, we reviewed new insights into nonsurgical and surgical treatment of liver
cancer in five English databases, including Scopus, PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, and Google
Scholar up to December 2019.
Results:
The results demonstrated, in addition to current therapies such as chemotherapy and surgical
resection, new approaches, including immunotherapy, viral therapy, gene therapy, new ablation
therapies, and adjuvant therapy, are widely used for the treatment of HCC. In recent years, biomaterials
such as nanoparticles, liposomes, microspheres, and nanofibers are also regarded as reliable
and innovative patents for the treatment and study of liver cancers.
Conclusion:
Multidisciplinary and multi-choice treatments and therapies are available for this liver
cancer, while there are differences in liver cancer management recommendations among specialties
and geographic areas. Current results have shown that treatment strategies have been combined
with the advancement of novel treatment modalities. In addition, the use of new approaches with
greater efficacy, such as combination therapy, biomaterials, ablation therapy, etc. can be considered
the preferred treatment for patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Sharifian
- Department of Surgery, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Parastoo Baharvand
- Department of Social Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
| | - Alireza Moayyedkazemi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Lorestan University of Medical Sciences, Khorramabad, Iran
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Khan N, Bammidi S, Chattopadhyay S, Jayandharan GR. Combination Suicide Gene Delivery with an Adeno-Associated Virus Vector Encoding Inducible Caspase-9 and a Chemical Inducer of Dimerization Is Effective in a Xenotransplantation Model of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1754-1762. [PMID: 31181889 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Current treatment approaches for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have a narrow therapeutic index and alternate modes of treatment are thus required. We have utilized a gene delivery vector containing inducible caspase 9 (iCasp9) gene, which is a synthetic analogue based on the mammalian caspase 9 and fused to a human FK506 binding protein that allows its conditional dimerization to a synthetic, small molecule [chemical inducer of dimerization, AP20187] and results in target cell apoptosis. In our studies, we have tested these synthetic vectors based on an adeno-associated virus platform for their potential anti-tumorigenic effect in human HCC cells in vitro and in a HCC tumor model developed in nude mice. Our data demonstrates that the iCasp9-AP20187 bioconjugate is able to trigger terminal effectors of cellular apoptosis and presents a viable approach for the potential treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nusrat Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology , Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh 20816 , India
| | - Sridhar Bammidi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology , Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh 20816 , India
| | - Sourav Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology , Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh 20816 , India
| | - Giridhara R Jayandharan
- Department of Biological Sciences and Bioengineering , Indian Institute of Technology , Kanpur , Uttar Pradesh 20816 , India
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Jiang LH, Hao YL, Zhu JW. Expression and prognostic value of HER-2/neu, STAT3 and SOCS3 in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2019; 43:282-291. [PMID: 30385249 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2018.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a complex and heterogeneous tumor with several genomic alterations, while the viral-chemical etiology along with molecular mechanisms of HCC pathogenesis remains largely unknown. This study aimed to determine expression profile and prognostic value of HER-2/neu, STAT3 and SOCS3 in HCC. METHODS Immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) were performed to evaluate the expression of HER-2/neu, STAT3 and SOCS3 in HCC tissues and adjacent normal tissues collected from 176 HCC patients. RESULTS HER-2/neu and STAT3 levels were higher and SOCS3 expression was lower in HCC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues. HER-2/neu, STAT3 and SOCS3 levels were associated with histological grade, tumor diameter, TNM stage, vascular invasion, lymph node metastasis and distant metastasis in HCC. SOCS3 expression was negatively associated with HER-2/neu and STAT3 expression. HCC patients with higher HER-2/neu and STAT3 levels had shorter overall, disease-free and disease-specific survival, whereas the opposite was found in patients with higher SOCS3 expression. In Cox regression analysis, tumor size, TNM stage, and STAT3 expression were identified as independent prognostic factors of HCC. CONCLUSION Taken together, these observations suggest that HER-2/neu, STAT3 and, SOCS3 are related to the aggressive tumor behavior and STAT3 has potential value as a prognostic factor for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hua Jiang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20, Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Ying-Li Hao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Yantaishan Hospital, Yantai 264001, Shandong Province, PR China
| | - Jing-Wei Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 20, Yuhuangding East Road, Yantai 264000, Shandong Province, PR China.
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Cracking pattern of tissue slices induced by external extension provides useful diagnostic information. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12167. [PMID: 30111854 PMCID: PMC6093865 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30662-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although biopsy is one of the most important methods for diagnosis in diseases, there is ambiguity based on the information obtained from the visual inspection of tissue slices. Here, we studied the effect of external extension on tissue slices from mouse liver with different stages of disease: Healthy normal state, Simple steatosis, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and Hepatocellular carcinoma. We found that the cracking pattern of a tissue slice caused by extension can provide useful information for distinguishing among the disease states. Interestingly, slices with Hepatocellular carcinoma showed a fine roughening on the cracking pattern with a characteristic length of the size of cells, which is much different than the cracking pattern for slices with non-cancerous steatosis, for which the cracks were relatively straight. The significant difference in the cracking pattern depending on the disease state is attributable to a difference in the strength of cell-cell adhesion, which would be very weak under carcinosis. As it is well known that the manner of cell-cell adhesion neatly concerns with the symptoms in many diseases, it may be promising to apply the proposed methodology to the diagnosis of other diseases.
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Efficacy of Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy for Recurrent or Residual Hepatocellular Carcinoma after Transcatheter Arterial Chemoembolization. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5481909. [PMID: 29687004 PMCID: PMC5857336 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5481909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aim To evaluate the efficacy and toxicity of hypofractionated stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for patients with recurrent or residual hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE). Methods Between June 2008 and July 2015, thirty-three patients with HCC were treated by SBRT. There were 63 lesions in 33 patients. A total dose of 39-45 Gy/3-5 fractions was delivered to the 70-80% isodose line. Results Objective response rate (CR + PR) was 84.8% at 6 months. The overall survival rate was 87.9%, 75.8%, 57.6%, and 45.5% at 6, 12, 18, and 24 months, respectively. Median overall survival was 19 months. At 3 months, AFP decreased by more than 75% in 51.5% of patients (17/33). Overall survival was significantly different (P < 0.001) between the group of patients for whom AFP decreased more than 75% and the group for whom AFP decreased by less than 75%. The AFP-negative rate was 48.5% (16/33) after 6 months. Eight patients (24.2%) had grade 1-2 transient fatigue, and 11 patients (33.3%) had grade 1-2 gastrointestinal reactions within 1 month. Conclusion SBRT is a promising noninvasive and palliative treatment with acceptable toxicity for recurrent or residual HCC after TACE.
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Chauhan R, Lahiri N. Tissue- and Serum-Associated Biomarkers of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. BIOMARKERS IN CANCER 2016; 8:37-55. [PMID: 27398029 PMCID: PMC4933537 DOI: 10.4137/bic.s34413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), one of the leading causes of cancer deaths in the world, is offering a challenge to human beings, with the current modes of treatment being a palliative approach. Lack of proper curative or preventive treatment methods encouraged extensive research around the world with an aim to detect a vaccine or therapeutic target biomolecule that could lead to development of a drug or vaccine against HCC. Biomarkers or biological disease markers have emerged as a potential tool as drug/vaccine targets, as they can accurately diagnose, predict, and even prevent the diseases. Biomarker expression in tissue, serum, plasma, or urine can detect tumor in very early stages of its development and monitor the cancer progression and also the effect of therapeutic interventions. Biomarker discoveries are driven by advanced techniques, such as proteomics, transcriptomics, whole genome sequencing, micro- and micro-RNA arrays, and translational clinics. In this review, an overview of the potential of tissue- and serum-associated HCC biomarkers as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic targets for drug development is presented. In addition, we highlight recently developed micro-RNA, long noncoding RNA biomarkers, and single-nucleotide changes, which may be used independently or as complementary biomarkers. These active investigations going on around the world aimed at conquering HCC might show a bright light in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Chauhan
- Molecular Virology and Hepatology Research Group, Division of BioMedical Sciences, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada.; Department of Biology, University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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Zhong G, Qi J, Huo S, Xue H, Xu Z, Li J, Zhou Y, Wu M, Li L. Transarterial oily chemoembolization with lidamycin shows potent therapeutic efficacy in VX2 rabbit liver tumor. Onco Targets Ther 2015; 8:3079-86. [PMID: 26543376 PMCID: PMC4622414 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s89497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transarterial oily chemoembolization (TOCE) is one of the most effective approaches for the treatment of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), who are not suitable for surgical therapy. Lidamycin (LDM), a potent antitumor antibiotic, demonstrates good antitumor efficacy in various tumor types, both in vitro and in vivo. In this study, the antitumor efficacy of LDM combined with TOCE against the rabbit VX2 tumor was assessed. A toxicity assay with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) demonstrated that a combination of LDM with lipiodol did not impair the cytotoxicity of LDM against HepG2 cells in vitro. Using TOCE in rabbit VX2 tumor models, LDM showed a more powerful inhibitory effect against the tumor and lowered the expression levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cluster of differentiation 31 (CD31), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) compared to Adriamycin (ADM); moreover, this improvement was not accompanied by an increase of hepatotoxicity as shown by alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. These results suggested that LDM combined with TOCE may be a feasible strategy in HCC therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genshen Zhong
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotherapy, Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Qi
- Department of Intervention, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhua Huo
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotherapy, Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Huichao Xue
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhishan Xu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotherapy, Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinsong Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanjun Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Minna Wu
- Laboratory of Cancer Biotherapy, Institute of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, Henan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Medicinal Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Zhang M, Zhang C, Zhang L, Yang Q, Zhou S, Wen Q, Wang J. Nrf2 is a potential prognostic marker and promotes proliferation and invasion in human hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:531. [PMID: 26194347 PMCID: PMC4507320 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1541-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2 or NFE2L2) is abundantly expressed in cancer cells and relates to proliferation, invasion, and chemoresistance. Our early observations also found that expression of Nrf2 was up-regulated in kinds of cancer including human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. But there are limited reports about the expression, significance, function of Nrf2 in HCC. Methods First, Nrf2 expression was analyzed in HCC cell lines and tumor samples. Then, the relationship of Nrf2 with clinicopathological factors and survival were analyzed. Further, the effect of Nrf2 on cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis was examined in vitro by modulating expression of Nrf2 through specific shRNA or expression plasmid. Last, the potential mechanisms were also investigated. Results Nrf2 was up-regulated in HCC, and expression of Nrf2 was correlated with tumor differentiation, metastasis, and tumor size. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that high Nrf2 expression might be a poor prognostic factor. Further studies demonstrated that inhibition of Nrf2 expression inhibited proliferation by inducing apoptosis and repressed invasion, and up-regulation of Nrf2 expression resulted in opposite phenotypes. Moreover, there are positive correlation between Nrf2 expression and that of Bcl-xL and MMP-9. Conclusion Nrf2 is a potential prognostic marker and promotes proliferation and invasion in human hepatocellular carcinoma partly through regulating expression of Bcl-xL and MMP-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Lingmin Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Qi Yang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Suna Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Qinsheng Wen
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Jingjie Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Chen X, Liu HP, Li M, Qiao L. Advances in non-surgical management of primary liver cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:16630-16638. [PMID: 25469032 PMCID: PMC4248207 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i44.16630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/22/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third most common cause of cancer-related death worldwide. There have been great improvements in the diagnosis and treatment of HCC in recent years, but the problems, including difficult diagnosis at early stage, quick progression, and poor prognosis remain unsolved. Surgical resection is the mainstay of the treatment for HCC. However, 70%-80% of HCC patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage when most are ineligible for potentially curative therapies such as surgical resection and liver transplantation. In recent years, non-surgical management for unrespectable HCC, such as percutaneous ethanol injection, percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy, percutaneous radiofrequency ablation, transcatheter arterial chemoembolization, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, biotherapy, and hormonal therapy have been developed. These therapeutic options, either alone or in combination, have been shown to control tumor growth, prolong survival time, and improve quality of life to some extent. This review covers the current status and progress of non-surgical management for HCC.
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Siveen KS, Nguyen AH, Lee JH, Li F, Singh SS, Kumar AP, Low G, Jha S, Tergaonkar V, Ahn KS, Sethi G. Negative regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 signalling cascade by lupeol inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Br J Cancer 2014; 111:1327-37. [PMID: 25101566 PMCID: PMC4183851 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2014.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Constitutive activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription signalling 3 (STAT3) has been linked with survival, proliferation and angiogenesis in a wide variety of malignancies including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods: We evaluated the effect of lupeol on STAT3 signalling cascade and its regulated functional responses in HCC cells. Results: Lupeol suppressed constitutive activation of STAT3 phosphorylation at tyrosine 705 residue effectively in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The phosphorylation of Janus-activated kinases (JAKs) 1 and 2 and Src was also suppressed by lupeol. Pervanadate treatment reversed the downregulation of phospho-STAT3 induced by lupeol, thereby indicating the involvement of a phosphatase. Indeed, we observed that treatment with lupeol increased the protein and mRNA levels of SHP-2, and silencing of SHP-2 abolished the inhibitory effects of lupeol on STAT3 activation. Treatment with lupeol also downregulated the expression of diverse STAT3-regulated genes and decreased the binding of STAT3 to VEGF promoter. Moreover, the proliferation of various HCC cells was significantly suppressed by lupeol, being associated with substantial induction of apoptosis. Depletion of SHP-2 reversed the observed antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic effects of lupeol. Conclusions: Lupeol exhibited its potential anticancer effects in HCC through the downregulation of STAT3-induced pro-survival signalling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Siveen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - A H Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - J H Lee
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - F Li
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - S S Singh
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore [2] Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
| | - A P Kumar
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore [2] Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore [3] Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Western Australia 6009, Australia [4] Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX 76203, USA
| | - G Low
- 1] Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore [2] Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - S Jha
- 1] Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore [2] Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore
| | - V Tergaonkar
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*STAR, Biopolis Drive Proteos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - K S Ahn
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - G Sethi
- 1] Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117597, Singapore [2] Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, Centre for Translational Medicine, 14 Medical Drive, Singapore 117599, Singapore
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Expression and function analysis of mitotic checkpoint genes identifies TTK as a potential therapeutic target for human hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97739. [PMID: 24905462 PMCID: PMC4048189 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitotic spindle checkpoint (SAC) genes have been considered targets of anticancer therapies. Here, we sought to identify the attractive mitotic spindle checkpoint genes appropriate for human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) therapies. Through expression profile analysis of 137 selected mitotic spindle checkpoint genes in the publicly available microarray datasets, we showed that 13 genes were dramatically up-regulated in HCC tissues compared to normal livers and adjacent non-tumor tissues. A role of the 13 genes in proliferation was evaluated by knocking them down via small interfering RNA (siRNA) in HCC cells. As a result, several mitotic spindle checkpoint genes were required for maintaining the proliferation of HCC cells, demonstrated by cell viability assay and soft agar colony formation assay. Then we established sorafenib-resistant sublines of HCC cell lines Huh7 and HepG2. Intriguingly, increased TTK expression was significantly associated with acquired sorafenib-resistance in Huh7, HepG2 cells. More importantly, TTK was observably up-regulated in 46 (86.8%) of 53 HCC specimens. A series of in vitro and in vivo functional experiment assays showed that TTK overexpression promoted cell proliferation, anchor-dependent colony formation and resistance to sorafenib of HCC cells; TTK knockdown restrained cell growth, soft agar colony formation and resistance to sorafenib of HCC cells. Collectively, TTK plays an important role in proliferation and sorafenib resistance and could act as a potential therapeutic target for human hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Zhong NB, Lv GM, Chen ZH. Stereotactic body radiotherapy combined with transarterial chemoembolization for huge (≥10 cm) hepatocellular carcinomas: A clinical study. Mol Clin Oncol 2014; 2:839-844. [PMID: 25054055 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2014.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) combined with transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) for huge (≥10 cm) hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs). Between May, 2006 and December, 2012, 72 patients with huge HCCs were treated by SBRT following incomplete TACE. The median total dose of 35.6 Gy was delivered over 12-14 days with a fractional dose of 2.6-3.0 Gy and 6 fractions per week. The patients were classified into those with tumor encapsulation (group A, n=33) and those without tumor encapsulation (group B, n=39). The clinical outcomes of tumor response, overall cumulative survival and toxicities/complications were retrospectively analyzed. Among the 72 patients, CR, PR, SD and PD were achieved in 6 (8.3%), 51 (70.8%), 9 (12.5%) and 6 patients (8.3%), respectively, within a median follow-up of 18 months. The objective response rate was 79.1%. The overall cumulative 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates and the median survival time were 38, 12 and 3% and 12.2 months, respectively. In group A, the overall cumulative 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 56, 21 and 6%, respectively, with a median survival of 19 months; in group B, the overall cumulative 1-, 3- and 5-year survival rates were 23, 4 and 0%, respectively, with a median survival of 10.8 months (P=0.023). The treatment was well tolerated, with no severe radiation-induced liver disease and no reported > grade 3 toxicity. Tumor encapsulation was found to be a significant prognostic factor for survival. In conclusion, the combination of SBRT and TACE was shown to be a safe and effective treatment option for patients with unresectable huge HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Bao Zhong
- Tumor Radiotherapy Center, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Guang Ming Lv
- Tumor Radiotherapy Center, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Hua Chen
- Tumor Radiotherapy Center, Fuzhou General Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
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Allard MA, Sa Cunha A, Ruiz A, Vibert E, Sebagh M, Castaing D, Adam R. The postresection alpha-fetoprotein in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. An independent predictor of outcome. J Gastrointest Surg 2014; 18:701-8. [PMID: 24402605 DOI: 10.1007/s11605-013-2433-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The postresection alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) in cirrhotic patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may predict overall survival (OS) and recurrence beyond Milan criteria (MC) among the subgroup of initially transplantable patients. METHODS All patients with cirrhosis resected for HCC between January 1990 and December 2010 in a single institution and presenting a serum AFP value > 15 ng/ml at diagnosis were included. The postresection AFP was analyzed as a dichotomized variable: normalization (norm + group) or not (norm - group) within the 90-day postresection period. RESULTS Among 271 resected patients, 141 patients (52%) had a level of serum AFP ≥ 15 ng/ml at diagnosis. Five-year OS and median survival were 42% and 52 months in group norm + versus 20% and 23 months in the group norm - (P = 0.009). On multivariate analysis, the absence of AFP normalization was an independent factor of poor OS as well as microvascular invasion, and satellites nodules. Among theoretically transplantable patients, independent predictors of recurrence beyond MC were the absence of AFP normalization (risk ratio (RR) 5.02 [1.53-16.34]) and microvascular invasion (RR 4.76 [1.42-15.34]). CONCLUSION The postresection AFP has an independent prognostic value. Transplantable patients resected for HCC without 90-day AFP normalization should be discussed for early liver transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoine Allard
- Centre Hépato-Biliaire, AP-HP, Hôpital Paul Brousse, 14 Avenue Paul Vaillant Couturier, 94800, Villejuif, France
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Tang QH, Li AJ, Yang GM, Lai ECH, Zhou WP, Jiang ZH, Lau WY, Wu MC. Surgical resection versus conformal radiotherapy combined with TACE for resectable hepatocellular carcinoma with portal vein tumor thrombus: a comparative study. World J Surg 2014; 37:1362-70. [PMID: 23456227 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-013-1969-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare the results of surgical resection with three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) in the treatment of resectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with portal vein tumor thrombus (PVTT). Transarterial chemoembolization (TACE) was given to both groups of patients when possible. METHODS A retrospective study of 371 patients with resectable HCC with PVTT was conducted in two tertiary referral centers. The treatment of choice for these patients in one center was surgical resection. In the other center it was 3D-CRT. In the radiotherapy group (RG, n = 185), patients received 3D-CRT to the tumor and PVTT for a total radiation dose of 30-52 Gy (median 40 Gy). In the surgical group (SG, n = 186), patients underwent surgical resection. TACE was applied after surgery or 3D-CRT and then was repeated every 4-6 weeks if the patient tolerated the treatment. RESULTS The median survival was 12.3 months for RG and 10.0 months for SG. The 1-, 2-, and 3-year overall survivals were 51.6, 28.4, and 19.9 %, respectively, for RG and 40.1, 17.0, and 13.6 %, respectively, for SG (p = 0.029). Stepwise multivariate analysis showed that the extent of PVTT and mode of treatment were independent risk factors of overall survival. The most common cause of death after treatment was liver failure as a consequence of progressive intrahepatic disease. CONCLUSIONS 3D-CRT gave better survival than surgical resection for HCC with PVTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-he Tang
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
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15
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Ong KWK, Joseph B, Gyomber DV, Bolton DM, Lawrentschuk N. Nephrectomy for a renal metastasis of undiagnosed hepatocellular carcinoma arising from an orthotopic liver transplant undertaken for cryptogenic cirrhosis. Korean J Urol 2013; 54:715-7. [PMID: 24175048 PMCID: PMC3806998 DOI: 10.4111/kju.2013.54.10.715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Urological involvement of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is rare; HCC arising in an orthotopic liver transplant (OLT) is exceptionally rare. Here we report the case of a 70-year-old man who was incidentally found to have metastatic HCC in the right kidney arising from his OLT undertaken for cryptogenic cirrhosis 10 years previously. Adding to the complexity of this case was the lack of an obvious liver primary HCC at the time of the radical nephrectomy, thus making the final diagnosis all but impossible. We believe this report represents the first report of HCC metastasizing to the kidney after OLT and adds to the few reports in the literature of HCC arising in transplanted livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W K Ong
- Department of Surgery (Urology), Austin Hospital, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Australia
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16
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Callegari E, Elamin BK, D’Abundo L, Falzoni S, Donvito G, Moshiri F, Milazzo M, Altavilla G, Giacomelli L, Fornari F, Hemminki A, Di Virgilio F, Gramantieri L, Negrini M, Sabbioni S. Anti-tumor activity of a miR-199-dependent oncolytic adenovirus. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73964. [PMID: 24069256 PMCID: PMC3771938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The down-regulation of miR-199 occurs in nearly all primary hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) and HCC cell lines in comparison with normal liver. We exploited this miR-199 differential expression to develop a conditionally replication-competent oncolytic adenovirus, Ad-199T, and achieve tumor-specific viral expression and replication. To this aim, we introduced four copies of miR-199 target sites within the 3’ UTR of E1A gene, essential for viral replication. As consequence, E1A expression from Ad-199T virus was tightly regulated both at RNA and protein levels in HCC derived cell lines, and replication controlled by the level of miR-199 expression. Various approaches were used to asses in vivo properties of Ad-199T. Ad-199T replication was inhibited in normal, miR-199 positive, liver parenchyma, thus resulting in reduced hepatotoxicity. Conversely, the intrahepatic delivery of Ad-199T in newborn mice led to virus replication and fast removal of implanted HepG2 liver cancer cells. The ability of Ad-199T to control tumor growth was also shown in a subcutaneous xenograft model in nude mice and in HCCs arising in immune-competent mice. In summary, we developed a novel oncolytic adenovirus, Ad-199T, which could demonstrate a therapeutic potential against liver cancer without causing significant hepatotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Callegari
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Bahaeldin K. Elamin
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, University of Khartoum, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Lucilla D’Abundo
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simonetta Falzoni
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giovanna Donvito
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Farzaneh Moshiri
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maddalena Milazzo
- Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata e Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi e Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Altavilla
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico Diagnostiche e Terapie Speciali, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Luciano Giacomelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Medico Diagnostiche e Terapie Speciali, Università di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesca Fornari
- Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata e Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi e Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Akseli Hemminki
- Cancer Gene Therapy Group, Molecular Cancer Biology Program & Transplantation Laboratory & Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laura Gramantieri
- Centro di Ricerca Biomedica Applicata e Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Policlinico S. Orsola-Malpighi e Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Negrini
- Dipartimento di Morfologia, Chirurgia e Medicina Sperimentale, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- * E-mail: (SS); (MN)
| | - Silvia Sabbioni
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biotecnologie, Università di Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
- * E-mail: (SS); (MN)
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Yu DS, Chang H, Sommer CM, Qu WL, Xu WJ, Yang RJ, Zhao P. Efficacy and safety of percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy followed by 125I seed brachytherapy for VX2 hepatic tumors in a rabbit model. Exp Ther Med 2013; 6:159-163. [PMID: 23935738 PMCID: PMC3735553 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2013.1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous microwave coagulation therapy (PMCT) followed by 125I seed brachytherapy for VX2 liver cancer in rabbits. Eighty New Zealand rabbits were injected with suspensions of VX2 tumor cells to create an animal model. The rabbits were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=20); the control, PMCT, 125I seed brachytherapy and combination groups. Group A was treated with PMCT at 40 W for 120 sec, group B was treated with 125I seed brachytherapy and group C was treated with PMCT followed by 125I seed brachytherapy. Group D were not treated and served as the control group. At 21 days after treatment, the rabbits were sacrificed for pathological assessment. The complete tumor necrosis rate was 19 out of 20 tumors (95%) in group C, 6 (30%) in group A, 0 (0%) in group B and 0 (0%) in the control group. The complete tumor necrosis rate was observed to be significantly different between groups C and A, and between groups C and B (P<0.01). No intraheptic metastasis occurred in group C, compared with an incidence of 7 (35%) in group A, 2 (10%) in group B and 20 (100%) in the control group. Between groups C and A, and between groups C and D, the intraheptic metastasis rate was statistically significant (P<0.01). PMCT followed by 125I seed brachytherapy increased the rate of carcinoma necrosis and decreased carcinoma metastasis in the VX2 rabbit model. This combined treatment is a safe, effective and minimally invasive therapeutic option for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Sheng Yu
- Departments of Interventional Medicine, Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong 266003, P.R. China
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18
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Wang H, Gong G, Wang H, Li D, Yin Y, Lu J. Performance evaluations of demons and free form deformation algorithms for the liver region. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2013; 13:101-8. [PMID: 23919395 DOI: 10.7785/tcrt.2012.500369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the influence of breathing motion on radiation therapy according to four- dimensional computed tomography (4D-CT) technology and indicated the registration of 4D-CT images was significant. The demons algorithm in two interpolation modes was compared to the FFD model algorithm to register the different phase images of 4D-CT in tumor tracking, using iodipin as verification. Linear interpolation was used in both mode 1 and mode 2. Mode 1 set outside pixels to nearest pixel, while mode 2 set outside pixels to zero. We used normalized mutual information (NMI), sum of squared differences, modified Hausdorff-distance, and registration speed to evaluate the performance of each algorithm. The average NMI after demons registration method in mode 1 improved 1.76% and 4.75% when compared to mode 2 and FFD model algorithm, respectively. Further, the modified Hausdorff-distance was no different between demons modes 1 and 2, but mode 1 was 15.2% lower than FFD. Finally, demons algorithm has the absolute advantage in registration speed. The demons algorithm in mode 1 was therefore found to be much more suitable for the registration of 4D-CT images. The subtractions of floating images and reference image before and after registration by demons further verified that influence of breathing motion cannot be ignored and the demons registration method is feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Cancer Hospital, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology, Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250117, China.
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19
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Kalva SP, Pectasides M, Liu R, Rachamreddy N, Surakanti S, Yeddula K, Ganguli S, Wicky S, Blaszkowsky LS, Zhu AX. Safety and effectiveness of chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads for advanced-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 2013; 37:381-7. [PMID: 23754191 DOI: 10.1007/s00270-013-0654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer (BCLC) algorithm, patients with advanced stage (BCLC-C) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are recommended for systemic treatment or palliative therapy. However, chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads (DEB-TACE) has been shown to be safe in high-risk patients. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the safety and effectiveness of DEB-TACE in patients with an advanced-stage HCC. METHODS In this institutional review board-approved, retrospective study, 80 patients with advanced-stage HCC underwent DEB-TACE with doxorubicin. Patients were evaluated for median hospital stay, incidence of Grade 3/4 toxicities, 30-day mortality, progression-free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) following DEB-TACE. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed for predictors of better OS. RESULTS The median hospital stay following DEB-TACE was 1 day (range: 1-11). The median PFS and OS were 5.1 months [95% confidence interval (CI): 4.1-7.7] and 13.3 months (95% CI: 10.1-18.6) respectively. On multivariate analysis ECOG PS ≤ 1 and >2 DEB-TACE procedures were associated with better OS. Patients with ECOG PS ≤ 1 demonstrated a median survival of 17.7 months compared with 5.6 months for patients with ECOG PS > 1 (p = 0.025). Multiple DEB-TACE procedures (>2 procedures) were associated with improved survival (26.8 months) compared with patients with one or two procedures (11.4 months, p = 0.01). Portal vein thrombosis or extrahepatic disease had no statistically significant association with OS. CONCLUSIONS DEB-TACE is safe and effective in patients with advanced HCC. ECOG PS ≤ 1 and >2 DEB-TACE procedures were associated with better OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjeeva P Kalva
- Interventional Radiology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX, 75390-8834, USA,
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20
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Potential risk factors for the reactivation of the replication of hepatitis B and C viruses after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2011; 27:554-9. [PMID: 22208538 DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2011.06.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Accepted: 05/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate the potential risk factors for the reactivation of the replication of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) of hepatocellular carcinoma. Forty-four hepatocellular carcinoma patients treated by TACE using epirubicin plus mitomycin C were studied. Serum HBV DNA (n=17) and HCV RNA (n=27) levels were measured 1 day before and 3 months after TACE. Plasma concentrations of chemotherapeutic agents were determined at 1 hour and 72 hours after TACE. A total of 29 patients (n=13 for chronic hepatitis Band n=16 for chronic hepatitis C) showed significant changes of the viral loads after TACE. Patients with increased viral loads after TACE were older (p=0.041), had higher incidence of pre-TACE white blood cell counts being less than normal limit (p=0.023), and had higher plasma mitomycin C concentrations (p=0.039) than those in patients with decreased viral loads. Analysis by multiple logistic regressions using age, decreased or normal pre-TACE white blood cell counts, mitomycin C concentrations >3.95 ng/mL adopted by receiver operating characteristic curve (p=0.037), and epirubicin concentrations have shown that decreased pre-TACE white blood cell counts was the only significant factor associated with increased viral loads after TACE (p=0.048). In conclusion, patients with decreased pre-TACE white blood cell counts have a potential risk for the reactivation of the replication of HBV or HCV after TACE.
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21
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Ba Q, Hao M, Huang H, Hou J, Ge S, Zhang Z, Yin J, Chu R, Jiang H, Wang F, Chen K, Liu H, Wang H. Iron deprivation suppresses hepatocellular carcinoma growth in experimental studies. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:7625-33. [PMID: 22052937 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-3099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related death, and iron overload is a significant risk factor in the development of HCC. In this study, we investigated the potential application of depriving iron by a novel iron chelator, thiosemicarbazone-24 (TSC24), in HCC treatment. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Two HCC cell lines and HFE knockout (HFE(-/-)) mice were used to determine iron chelation efficiency of TSC24. The anticancer effects of TSC24 on HCC were analyzed in vitro and in athymic xenograft mouse models. RESULTS Treatment with TSC24 significantly decreased the cellular iron concentration in hepatoma cells and the serum iron concentration in HFE(-/-) mice by blocking iron uptake and interfering with normal regulation of iron levels. Moreover, the viability of HCC cell lines was reduced by TSC24. Confirming the mechanism of the agent, this decrease in viability could be partially rescued by addition of exogenous iron. TSC24 also suppressed tumor growth in athymic mice bearing human HCC xenografts in a concentration-dependent manner, without apparent toxicity in parallel with a decrease in the serum iron level. Further studies revealed that TSC24 efficiently triggered cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in Hep3B and HepG2 cell lines. CONCLUSIONS TSC24 is a potent iron chelator that suppresses human HCC tumor growth by disrupting iron homeostasis, reducing available iron, and triggering cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis, without apparent host toxicity at effective doses. Thus, TSC24 shows great potential for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ba
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai, China
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22
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Radiopaque microspheres for improved transarterial chemical embolization (TACE). J Control Release 2011; 152 Suppl 1:e74-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.08.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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23
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Hsieh MY, Lin ZY, Chen SH, Chuang WL. Risk factors for the leakage of chemotherapeutic agents into systemic circulation after transcatheter arterial chemoembolization of hepatocellular carcinoma. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2011; 27:431-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.kjms.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2010] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Abstract
Locoregional therapies for hepatocellular carcinoma have progressed greatly in the last 30 years, beginning with the introduction of chemoembolization. Embolization techniques have evolved with the use of drug-eluting beads and radioembolization with yttrium-90. In the last 10 years, several new ablation techniques were developed including radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, cryoablation, laser ablation, and irreversible electroporation. Isolated or in combination, these techniques have already shown that they can improve patient survival and/or provide acceptable palliation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Guimaraes
- Division of Vascular & Interventional Radiology, Medical University of South Carolina, 25 Courtenay Drive, MSC 226, Charleston, SC 29425, USA.
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25
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Guan YS, He Q. Sorafenib: activity and clinical application in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2011; 12:303-13. [DOI: 10.1517/14656566.2011.546346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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26
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Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation for the treatment of early stage hepatocellular carcinoma: a health technology assessment. Int J Technol Assess Health Care 2010; 26:390-7. [PMID: 20923590 DOI: 10.1017/s0266462310001029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to compare the clinical effectiveness and cost of percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (PRFA) and surgical resection (SRS) for the management of early stage Hepatocellular Carcinoma. METHODS A systematic literature search of articles in English, French, and Chinese was performed using online databases. Only articles with patients classified as Child-Pugh Class A or B, with tumor size <5 cm were included. A meta-analysis was carried out to estimate the survival rate and disease-free survival rate following PRFA or SRS treatments. The cost of each treatment was estimated from the third party perspective. Univariate sensitivity analyses were used to study the relative importance of each component cost. RESULTS We identified six studies (one randomized controlled trial (RCT) and five comparative cohort studies) meeting our inclusion criteria. There is good evidence that among Child-Pugh A patients for whom both SRS and PRFA are available options, survival rates following either procedure are comparable, while complications are more frequent and hospitalization longer following SRS. The evidence concerning recurrence rates and disease-free survival is less clear. Whereas the RCT indicates comparable outcomes with either procedure up to 3 years, the results of five cohort studies (with possible selection bias), particularly those with a mix of Child-Pugh A and B patients, favor the surgical option. SRS, costs approximately Canadian $8,275 more per case than PRFA. CONCLUSIONS Continuing doubts on this issue can only be resolved by a substantial RCT. Meanwhile, for early stage HCC patients classified as Child-Pugh A, who despite a possibly higher recurrence rate, prefer the less invasive PRFA to open surgery with its attendant risks, there is sufficient evidence to justify such a choice. For those classified as Child-Pugh (B) it is possible that overall survival is equally good with PRFA, but the evidence is less certain.
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Lee NPY, Cheung ST, Poon RTP, Fan ST, Luk JM. Genomic and proteomic biomarkers for diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Biomark Med 2010; 1:273-84. [PMID: 20477402 DOI: 10.2217/17520363.1.2.273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is one of the most deadly liver malignancies found worldwide, with hepatitis virus infection being the prominent risk factor for this lesion. Patients with hepatocellular carcinoma are usually first diagnosed when in the advanced stage; thus, long-term clinical outcomes are poor and patients have limited treatment options. Currently, surveillance of hepatocellular carcinoma relies upon serological testing of alpha-fetoprotein levels and hepatic ultrasonography, which have low sensitivity and specificity, and are sometimes operator-dependent, respectively. Therefore, discovery of new biomarkers for early and accurate detection of hepatocellular carcinoma would be of great clinical value. Genomic and proteomic approaches are two major laboratory platforms for the identification of candidate hepatocellular carcinoma biomarkers based on profiling and validating with tumor and nontumor clinical samples. Frequently, these diagnostic markers have been found in association with genetic aberrations, protein-level alterations, post-translational modifications and immune functions. With the discovery of these biomarkers, earlier detection of hepatocellular carcinoma in high-risk subjects (e.g., cirrhosis and hepatitis carriers) becomes possible, which will enable clinicians to offer patients better clinical management and more effective treatment modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki P Y Lee
- The University of Hong Kong, Department of Surgery and Center for Cancer Research, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, PR China
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Nart D, Yaman B, Yilmaz F, Zeytunlu M, Karasu Z, Kiliç M. Expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 in predicting prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma after liver transplantation. Liver Transpl 2010; 16:621-30. [PMID: 20440771 DOI: 10.1002/lt.22028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are known to play an important role in cell migration during cancer invasion by degrading extracellular matrix proteins. This study aimed to determine the role of MMP-9 in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) carcinogenesis. Eighty-nine cases who underwent liver transplantation for HCC in cirrhotic liver were selected for this study. The tumor characteristics such as nodule number, maximal diameter, portal vein invasion, and the preoperative alpha-fetoprotein levels were reviewed. The intensity of immunostaining and the percentage of immunoreactive cells with MMP-9 were evaluated. All patients were evaluated for HCC recurrence and/or death, and cause of death was noted. There was a lower survival and more recurrence risk among participants with 4 or more nodules exceeding 3 cm in diameter, with poorly differentiated tumor, and with large-vessel involvement. Eleven patients developed recurrent HCC (12.4%). Twelve patients died as a result of HCC (13.5%). Among 89 HCCs, the incidences of a weak (+) and moderate (++) expression of MMP-9 in carcinoma cells were 30.3% (23/89) and 43.8% (39/89), respectively. Increased expression and intensity of MMP-9 were found to be inversely associated with poor tumor differentiation (P = 0.016, P = 0.009, respectively). A significant correlation between expression and intensity of MMP-9 and large vascular invasion (P = 0.01, and P = 0.03) was also observed. As far as prognosis is concerned, increased immunoreactivity and intensity of MMP-9 were found to exert an unfavorable impact on overall survival rates (P < 0.01, P = 0.01, respectively) and recurrences (P = 0.001, P = 0.02). Multivariate analyses revealed that MMP-9 staining percentage (P = 0.007) and portal vein invasion (P = 0.002) were independent predictors of survival, whereas the only independent predictor of recurrences was portal vein invasion (P = 0.007). In this study, our results indicate a positive association between MMP-9 expression and histopathologic parameters that indicate poor prognosis. We conclude that together, MMP-9 staining percentage and portal vein invasion in HCC may aid to predict poor outcome. Nevertheless MMP-9 staining percentage is expected to be a potential predictive marker on survival and needs to be studied more in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Nart
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ege, Izmir, Turkey
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Hennig M, Yip-Schneider MT, Wentz S, Wu H, Hekmatyar SK, Klein P, Bansal N, Schmidt CM. Targeting mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase with the inhibitor PD0325901 decreases hepatocellular carcinoma growth in vitro and in mouse model systems. Hepatology 2010; 51:1218-25. [PMID: 20112426 DOI: 10.1002/hep.23470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common cause of death from solid organ malignancy worldwide. Extracellular signal-regulated/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK) signaling is a critical growth regulatory pathway in HCC. Targeting MEK with a novel small molecule inhibitor, PD0325901, may inhibit HCC tumorigenesis. PD0325901 (0.01-100 nM) inhibited growth and MEK activity in vitro in immortalized murine transforming growth factor alpha (TGF-alpha) transgenic hepatocyte (TAMH) cells, derived from the livers of TGF-alpha transgenic mice. Treatment of athymic mice bearing TAMH flank tumors with vehicle or PD0325901 (20 mg/kg) revealed a significant reduction of MEK activity ex vivo 24 hours after a single PD0325901 dose. The growth rate of TAMH flank tumors over 16 days was reduced threefold in the treatment arm (1113 +/- 269% versus 3077 +/- 483%, P < 0.01). PD0325901 exhibited similar inhibitory effects in HepG2 and Hep3B human HCC cells in vitro and in Hep3B flank tumors in vivo. To confirm this in a developmental model, MT-42 (CD-1) TGF-alpha mice were treated with vehicle or PD0325901 (20 mg/kg) for 5 weeks. Gross HCC was detected in 47% and 13.3% of the control and treatment mice, respectively. Tumor growth suppression by PD0325901 relative to vehicle was also shown by magnetic resonance imaging. These studies provide compelling preclinical evidence that targeting MEK in human clinical trials may be promising for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Hennig
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Cressman ENK, Tseng HJ, Talaie R, Henderson BM. A new heat source for thermochemical ablation based on redox chemistry: Initial studies using permanganate. Int J Hyperthermia 2010; 26:327-37. [DOI: 10.3109/02656731003614516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Erik N. K. Cressman
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Hsiang-Jer Tseng
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Reza Talaie
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Brett M. Henderson
- Department of Radiology, University of Minnesota Medical Center, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma is the leading cause of death in cirrhosis. A majority of patients present at an advanced stage with poor prognosis. AIM To review the current screening, diagnosis and management strategies involved in hepatocellular carcinoma. METHODS A literature search was performed using PubMed for publications with a predetermined search string to identify relevant studies. RESULTS Hepatocellular carcinoma is dramatically increasing in incidence that is mostly attributed to chronic hepatitis C and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease/non-alcoholic steatohepatitis and its clinical phenotype diabetes and obesity. Cirrhosis is the major predisposing risk factor and its presence necessitates close surveillance for hepatocellular carcinoma with serial imaging studies. Hepatocellular carcinoma can be diagnosed by its unique radiological behaviour of arterial enhancement and washout on delayed images. The Barcelona Clinic Liver Cancer staging classification system is a clinically useful algorithm for the management of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. The simultaneous presence of cirrhosis in the patients complicates their management and monitoring for cirrhosis-related complications is important. CONCLUSIONS Early diagnosis and definitive treatment remains the key to long-term outcome. A multidisciplinary approach is critical to the successful management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Studies combining sorafenib with locoregional or other targeted molecular therapies are likely to improve responses and outcome.
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MESH Headings
- Ablation Techniques
- Adult
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Antineoplastic Agents/economics
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic use
- Asian People
- Benzenesulfonates/adverse effects
- Benzenesulfonates/pharmacology
- Benzenesulfonates/therapeutic use
- Biopsy
- Black People
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/diagnosis
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/epidemiology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Chemoembolization, Therapeutic
- Contrast Media
- Drug Eruptions/prevention & control
- Female
- Health Care Costs
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/epidemiology
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/complications
- Hepatitis C, Chronic/epidemiology
- Humans
- Incidence
- Liver Cirrhosis/complications
- Liver Cirrhosis/mortality
- Liver Neoplasms/diagnosis
- Liver Neoplasms/epidemiology
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Liver Transplantation
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Staging/methods
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/drug therapy
- Niacinamide/analogs & derivatives
- Phenylurea Compounds
- Population Surveillance
- Practice Guidelines as Topic
- Pyridines/adverse effects
- Pyridines/pharmacology
- Pyridines/therapeutic use
- Quality of Life
- Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
- Recurrence
- Risk Factors
- Sorafenib
- Survival Rate
- Tomography, X-Ray Computed
- Treatment Outcome
- United States/epidemiology
- Young Adult
- Black or African American
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Affiliation(s)
- R Cabrera
- Section of Hepatobiliary Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Department Of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610-0277, USA.
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Lin JC, Shih YL, Chien PJ, Liu CL, Lee JJ, Liu TP, Ko WC, Shih CM. Increased percentage of B cells in patients with more advanced hepatocellular carcinoma. Hum Immunol 2010; 71:58-62. [PMID: 19819282 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2009] [Revised: 09/19/2009] [Accepted: 10/02/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To compare immunologic phenotypes between (1) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients and a healthy population and (2) more advanced and early stage HCC patients, we studied 45 HCC patients and 46 healthy controls from January 2006 to January 2008. Using fluorescent activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis, HCC patients were demonstrated to exhibit stronger phagocytosis of granulocytes and monocytes and more peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in the G2/M phase compared with healthy volunteers. By contrast, lower percentages of B and T(h) lymphocytes were also found in the peripheral blood of HCC patients than in the healthy population. Most importantly, a higher percentage of B cells was found in patients with advanced HCC than in those with early HCC in terms of TNM stage (II and III vs I, p = 0.004), the Japanese Integrated Scoring system (2-3 vs 0-1, p = 0.0235), and tumor numbers (> or =2 vs 1, p = 0.005). In conclusion, our findings suggested that HCC patients might exhibit enhanced innate immunity and reduced adaptive immunity compared with healthy volunteers. A higher percentage of B cells was found in patients with more advanced HCC compared with patients with early stage HCC, which might serve as an indicator of the severity of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Chang Lin
- Department of General Surgery, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Du SS, Zeng ZC, Tang ZY, Zhang ZY, Shi LS, Wu Z, Qiang M, Liu ZS. Regenerative capacity of normal and irradiated liver following partial hepatectomy in rats. Int J Radiat Biol 2010; 85:1114-25. [PMID: 19995237 DOI: 10.3109/09553000903242115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the regenerative capacity and proliferation related to cell cycle modulators in irradiated livers after partial hepatectomy (PH) in rats. METHODS AND MATERIALS Two experimental groups were given a single dose of either 4-Gy or 8-Gy photon radiation to the whole liver following PH. The control group underwent only PH, without irradiation. The liver specimens were analysed for apoptosis, proliferation and cell cycle related genes between 0.5 and 12 days. RESULTS Mean change in weight of the remnant liver in the 8-Gy group was significantly lower than in the control and 4-Gy groups. The apex of proliferating cell nuclear antigen labelling and bromodeoxyuridine incorporation index in two irradiated groups were also apparently lower than that in control group. After PH, transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFbeta1), and the type II receptor of TGFbeta (TGFbetaR-II), anti-tumour protein 53(p53) and anti-tumour protein21(p21) protein expression in the irradiated livers was higher than in unirradiated ones. Significant apoptosis was noted in 8-Gy group. However, the maximal value of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) mRNA and protein expression in the irradiated group was suppressed and restoration of liver function was delayed. CONCLUSION Whole liver lower dose irradiation can attenuate regenerative capacity following partial hepatectomy in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Suo Du
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032,China
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Palmieri VO, Grattagliano I, Minerva F, Pollice S, Palasciano G, Portincasa P. Liver Function as Assessed by Breath Tests in Patients With Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Surg Res 2009; 157:199-207. [PMID: 19540521 DOI: 10.1016/j.jss.2008.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2008] [Revised: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 09/30/2008] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Yu Z, Liu W, Fan L, Shao J, Huang Y, Si X. The efficacy and safety of percutaneous microwave coagulation by a new microwave delivery system in large hepatocellular carcinomas: four case studies. Int J Hyperthermia 2009; 25:392-8. [PMID: 19551547 DOI: 10.1080/02656730902976815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To demonstrate the efficacy and safety of percutaneous microwave coagulation treatment (PMCT) by a new microwave delivery system (Forsea Microwave) in large hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) (> or =5 cm). MATERIALS AND METHODS Four patients with 4 HCC lesions measuring > or =6 cm in the greatest dimension underwent PMCT by means of the Forsea Microwave microwave delivery system. Final therapeutic efficacy was evaluated with dynamic computer tomography (CT) scans performed within one month after PMCT. During and after PMCT, patients' complaints and any abnormal physical signs were recorded for safety assay. CT or ultrasound scan (US) performed immediately after the treatment was used to detect acute complications related to the treatment. Repeated dynamic CT scans were performed every three to four months thereafter to detect local disease recurrence and/or other recurrences. RESULTS Three of these patients achieved a complete ablation of the cancer nodules (two patients with two treatment sessions and one patient with three treatment sessions). One of these patients obtained a complete ablation of the cancer nodule with two treatment sessions except the lesion of portal vein tumour thrombus (PVTT). No obvious symptomatic complication was observed except abdominal pain during and after the treatment in two of these patients. All the patients remained asymptomatic and no recurrent tumour was observed during their follow-up (1-19 months). CONCLUSIONS PMCT by the Forsea Microwave microwave delivery system could offer a satisfactory therapeutic effect and is applicable to the treatment of large HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaocai Yu
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, PR China
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FDG PET as a prognostic predictor in the early post-therapeutic evaluation for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009; 37:468-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00259-009-1284-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2009] [Accepted: 09/04/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Kondo K, Chijiiwa K, Funagayama M, Kai M, Otani K, Ohuchida J. Hepatic resection is justified for elderly patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. World J Surg 2009; 32:2223-9. [PMID: 18642042 DOI: 10.1007/s00268-008-9688-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic resection is one of the main treatment modalities for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC); however, surgery is generally stressful and often is avoided for elderly patients. This retrospective study was designed to determine whether the indications for hepatic resection in younger patients with HCC are applicable to elderly patients. METHODS Subjects were 294 patients in whom 319 hepatic resections were performed for HCC (male/female ratio, 238/81; age range, 18-83 years). The patients were divided into two groups according to age at the time of surgery: 70 years or older (n = 109) and 69 years or younger (n = 210). Surgical strategy and postoperative follow-up methods did not differ between groups. The incidence and severity of postoperative complications classified by the Clavien system were compared between the two groups. Postoperative survival was compared between the two groups and between subgroups based on Japan Integrated Staging (JIS) scores. HCC-related death rates also were compared. RESULTS No significant between-group difference was found in background liver function or type of hepatic resection. Differences were found in performance status and type of hepatitis virus infection. No difference was observed in the incidence or severity of postoperative complications. Postoperative survival was similar between the two age-based study groups and between the JIS-based subgroups. HCC-related death rates did not differ between groups. CONCLUSIONS The absence of differences in postoperative outcomes between groups suggests that hepatic resection is justified for HCC in selected patients aged 70 years or older.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Kondo
- Department of Surgical Oncology and Regulation of Organ Function, Miyazaki University School of Medicine, 5200 Kihara, Kiyotake, Miyazaki, Japan
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Rubio E, González J, Jimenéz M, Lucena JL, Gimenez L, Martinez Arrieta F, Cuervas-Mons V, Turrión VS. Right adrenal metastases of hepatocarcinoma after liver transplantation: case report and literature review. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:1067-9. [PMID: 19376429 DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) represents one of the most common malignancies globally, accounting for nearly one million new cases per year. Although the treatment of extrahepatic metastases from primary liver tumors is essentially palliative, a solitary metastasis from such tumors offers a possibility of cure by surgical resection. The adrenal gland is an uncommon site for metastasis from primary liver tumors. METHODS We report a liver transplantation case of HCC and hepatitis B virus in a 23-year-old man with an excellent postoperative result. However, because an increased alpha-fetoprotein was evident and complete radiologic and blood tests were performed, all of which were normal. Three years posttransplantation, a right adrenal mass was identified by CT. PAAF was performed as well as adrenalectomy for a solitary adrenal metastasis from hepatocellular carcinoma. RESULTS The patient underwent adrenalectomy for the right adrenal metastasis at 3 years following liver transplantation for HCC. He is presently alive and disease-free 24 months after adrenalectomy. CONCLUSION Carefully selected patients with solitary metastasis from HCC may be considered for resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Rubio
- Unidad de Trasplante Hepático, Hospital Universitario, Puerta de Hierro, UAM, Madrid, Spain.
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Orthotopic Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma: One Center's Experience in the Northeast of Brazil. Transplant Proc 2009; 41:1740-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.transproceed.2009.01.104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2008] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Impact factors for microinvasion in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: possible application to the definition of clinical tumor volume. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 76:467-76. [PMID: 19406586 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2009.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2008] [Revised: 01/29/2009] [Accepted: 01/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the degree of invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) microscopically that will provide a potential application for gross tumor volume to clinical tumor volume (GTV-to-CTV) expansion. METHODS AND MATERIALS From January 2002 to January 2006, 149 HCC patients were selected from those who had undergone surgical resection. Pathology slides and clinical data of all patients were reviewed, including platelet counts, serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels, degree of liver cirrhosis, tumor size, capsular status, portal vein invasion, TNM stage, and histologic tumor grade. The distance between the tumor margin (or fibrous capsule) and the invasive lesions was measured by senior pathologists. RESULTS Of these 149 patients, 79 (53.0%) patients presented with tumor microinvasion between 0.5 and 4 mm. This degree of microinvasion was inversely correlated with lower platelet counts and positively correlated with higher AFP levels, larger tumor sizes, portal vein invasion, and advanced TNM stage. Microinvasion distances less than or equal to 2 mm were found in 96.1% of patients (74/77) with tumor dimensions less than or equal to 5 cm and in 94.5% of patients (85/90) with AFP levels less than 400 microg/l. CONCLUSIONS Based on our study findings, GTV-to-CTV expansions of 4 mm for HCC are required to conceal the gross tumor and any microscopic disease with 100% accuracy. Tumor size and AFP levels are the simplest indicators for determining the GTV-to-CTV distance for HCC.
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Abstract
At present, surgery-based comprehensive therapy plays a dominant role in the treatment of primary hepatic carcinoma. But the majority of patients had lost their opportunities of surgical treatment when diagnosis was confirmed. Moreover, only 15% patients may benefit from surgical excision. Therefore, non-surgical approaches still hold an important position in primary hepatic carcinoma treatment. The purpose of this article is to review the progress in non-surgical treatments of primary hepatic carcinoma such as micro-invasive therapy, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and biotherapy.
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Gaba RC, Lewandowski RJ, Kulik LM, Riaz A, Ibrahim SM, Mulcahy MF, Ryu RK, Sato KT, Gates V, Abecassis MM, Omary RA, Baker TB, Salem R. Radiation lobectomy: preliminary findings of hepatic volumetric response to lobar yttrium-90 radioembolization. Ann Surg Oncol 2009; 16:1587-96. [PMID: 19357924 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-009-0454-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2008] [Revised: 03/13/2009] [Accepted: 03/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe volumetric changes of "radiation lobectomy," a manifestation of hepatic parenchymal response to lobar (90)Y microsphere radioembolization. METHODS Twenty patients exhibiting this phenomenon were identified. Pre- and posttreatment absolute right and left hepatic lobar volume (HLV), relative HLV (rHLV = HLV/total liver volume), and degree of lobar atrophy (DA) or hypertrophy (DH) (DA or DH = |posttreatment rHLV - pretreatment rHLV|) were determined. Laboratory toxicities, tumor response, and patient survival were also assessed. RESULTS Twenty patients with primary (HCC, n = 17; peripheral cholangiocarcinoma, n = 3) liver malignancies demonstrated findings of radiation lobectomy. Initial absolute right and left HLV was 955 cm(3) (range 644-1,842 cm(3), rHLV = 57%) and 719 cm(3) (range 328-1,387 cm(3), rHLV = 43%), respectively. Following (90)Y, absolute right HLV decreased to 460 cm(3) (range 185-948 cm(3), 52% reduction, rHLV = 31%, DA = 26%, P < 0.0001), while absolute left HLV increased to 1,004 cm(3) (range 560-1,558 cm(3), 40% increase, rHLV = 69%, DH = 26%, P < 0.0001). No grade 3 or 4 bilirubin toxicities were encountered. Tumor response ranged from 55% to 70% by size criteria. Forty-six percent 5-year survival was achieved in HCC patients. CONCLUSIONS Radiation lobectomy following (90)Y radioembolization of right lobe tumors manifests extensive contralateral lobar hypertrophy, high response rates, and prolonged survival. This phenomenon was noted in 6.4% (20/315) of the entire cohort and 19.8% (20/101) of patients with unilobar right lobe tumors. Further investigation is necessary to determine contributing factors that may predict this effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ron C Gaba
- Department of Radiology, University of Illinois at Chicago, USA
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Park UJ, Kim YH, Kang KJ, Lim TJ. [Risk factors for early recurrence after surgical resection for hepatocellular carcinoma]. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEPATOLOGY 2008; 14:371-80. [PMID: 18815460 DOI: 10.3350/kjhep.2008.14.3.371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Early recurrence (ER) after liver resection is one of the most important factors impacting the prognosis and survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). This study aimed to identify the factors associated with ER after curative hepatic resection for HCC. METHODS From the July 2000 to July 2006, 144 patients underwent hepatic resection for HCC at a single institution. After excluding those with ruptured HCC, combined or mixed HCC, and who died during admission, 116 patients were analyzed. Patients with ER (defined as within 1 year) were compared with those who remained free of disease for more than 1 year. Various clinical characteristics including tumor and operative factors were evaluated to determine the factors predicting postoperative ER using univariate and multivariate analyses. RESULTS ER occurred in 51 patients (44%). In the univariate analysis, tumor size (P=0.001), microvascular invasion (P=0.003), portal vein invasion (P=0.001), TNM stage (P=0.010), serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) (P=0.002) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) (P=0.011), and operative time (P=0.033) were significantly associated with ER. AFP and AST were the independent predictors of ER in the multivariate analysis (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Preoperative serum AFP and AST levels were the independent risk factors for ER after surgical resection for HCC. Close postoperative surveillance is recommended for early detection of recurrence and additional treatments in patients with these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ui Jun Park
- Department of Surgery, Keimyung University, School of Medicine, Daegu, Korea
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Chang TT, Sawhney R, Monto A, Ben Davoren J, Kirkland JG, Stewart L, Corvera CU. Implementation of a multidisciplinary treatment team for hepatocellular cancer at a Veterans Affairs Medical Center improves survival. HPB (Oxford) 2008; 10:405-11. [PMID: 19088925 PMCID: PMC2597312 DOI: 10.1080/13651820802356572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2008] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Several methods of treatment for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are often used in combination for either palliation or cure. We established a multidisciplinary treatment team (MDTT) at the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center in November 2003 and assessed whether aggressive multimodality treatment strategies may affect survival. A prospective database was established and follow-up information from patients with presumed HCC was collected up to November 2006. Information from the American College of Surgeons (ACS) cancer registry from January 2000 to November 2003 identified patients with HCC that were evaluated at the same institution prior to the establishment of the MDTT. The establishment of a MDTT resulted in the doubling of patient referrals for treatment. Significantly more patients were evaluated at earlier stages of disease and received either palliative or curative therapies. The overall survival (p<0.0001) and length of follow-up (p<0.05) were significantly improved after the establishment of the MDTT. Stage-by-stage comparisons indicate that aggressive multimodality therapy conferred significant survival advantage to patients with American Joint Commission on Cancer (AJCC) stage II HCC (odds ratio 15.50, p<0.001). Multidisciplinary collaboration and multimodality treatment approaches are important in the management of hepatocellular carcinoma and improves patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy T. Chang
- Department of Surgery, San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco CAUSA
| | - Rajiv Sawhney
- Department of Radiology, San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco CAUSA
| | - Alexander Monto
- Department of Gastroenterology, San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco CAUSA
| | - J. Ben Davoren
- Department of Surgery and Hematology/Oncology, San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco CAUSA
| | - Jacob G. Kirkland
- Department of Surgery, San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco CAUSA
| | - Lygia Stewart
- Department of Surgery, San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco CAUSA
| | - Carlos U. Corvera
- Department of Surgery, San Francisco and San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center, University of CaliforniaSan Francisco CAUSA
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Shin D, Kim TH, Park SY, Kwak J, Moon SH, Yoon M, Lee SB, Park S, Shin KH, Kim DY, Cho KH, Park JW, Kim CM. Influence of Lipiodol Agent on Proton Beam Range in Radiotherapy Planning Using Computed Tomography for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 72:687-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2008.01.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2007] [Revised: 01/28/2008] [Accepted: 01/29/2008] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Iida T, Shiba H, Misawa T, Ohashi T, Eto Y, Yanaga K. Adenovirus-mediated CD40L gene therapy induced both humoral and cellular immunity against rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2008; 99:2097-103. [PMID: 19016771 PMCID: PMC11159781 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2008.00953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2008] [Revised: 07/06/2008] [Accepted: 06/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Adenoviral-vector expressing CD40L (AxCAmCD40L)-mediated gene therapy was studied for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) using CD40 ligand (CD40L) complementary DNA in rats. The particular focus was whether humoral immunity took part in antitumor effect. When tumor cells transduced by AxCAmCD40L were implanted into the subcutaneous tissues of syngeneic rats, the tumor growth was suppressed. Intratumoral injection of AxCAmCD40L to pre-existing tumor in rats also led to significant reduction of tumor size. When tumor cells were re-implanted to prevention model rats and treatment model rats, no tumor growth was observed. Many studies to date have reported that cellular immunity induces antitumor immunity. However, the present study demonstrated that not only cellular immunity but also humoral immunity plays an essential role in a HCC model. These observations suggested that CD40L-mediated immune gene therapy for HCC was very effective treatment by activation of both cellular and humoral immune system.
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MESH Headings
- Adenoviridae/genetics
- Animals
- Antibody Formation
- CD40 Ligand/genetics
- CD40 Ligand/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Disease Models, Animal
- Gene Transfer Techniques
- Genetic Therapy/methods
- Genetic Vectors
- Immunity, Cellular
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/immunology
- Liver Neoplasms, Experimental/prevention & control
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred BUF
- Survival Analysis
- Tumor Burden
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Iida
- Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
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47
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Iida T, Shiba H, Misawa T, Ohashi T, Eto Y, Yanaga K. Adenovirus-mediated CD40L gene therapy induced both humoral and cellular immunity against rat model of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Sci 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2007.00953.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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48
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Yang P, Liang M, Zhang Y, Shen B. Clinical application of a combination therapy of lentinan, multi-electrode RFA and TACE in HCC. Adv Ther 2008; 25:787-94. [PMID: 18670743 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-008-0079-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancer-related causes of death worldwide and there is a clear need for further treatment options. In this study, we assessed the efficacy of a combination of lentinan (a fungal extract), transcatheter arterial chemoembolisation (TACE) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in HCC patients. METHODS Seventy-eight patients with HCC confirmed by pathology and iconographical checks were used in this study. A total of 136 tumours with a mean diameter of 6.5 cm were detected (standard deviation [SD]+/-0.7). Subjects were divided into four groups, receiving either TACE only, RFA only, RFA and TACE, or the combination group - receiving lentinan, RFA and TACE. RESULTS The tumour necrosis was significantly higher in the combination group (88.6%), compared to the TACE group (37.5%), the RFA group (47.8%) and the TACE/RFA group (60.3%; P<0.05). The tumour recurrence rate was significantly lower in the combination group (17.8%), compared to the TACE group (45.8%), the RFA group (34.7%) and the TACE/RFA group (29.0%; P<0.05). Finally, mean survival duration was significantly higher in the combination group (28.2 months; P<0.05). CONCLUSION Combination therapy involving lentinan, RFA and TACE was beneficial in terms of increasing mean survival duration, tumour necrosis and reducing the recurrence rate. Lentinan may therefore be of benefit to HCC patients.
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Abstract
Combined hepatocellular-cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CC) is a rare primary liver malignancy composed of cells with histopathological features of both cholangiocarcinoma (CC) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It reportedly accounts for 0.4-14.2% of all primary liver carcinomas, with incidence varying in different regions. The clinical features are similar to those of either HCC or CC. Preoperative noninvasive diagnosis of cHCC-CC with conventional radiography is difficult. Because the origin of cHCC-CC is from two different tumour entities, despite intensive preoperative imaging studies, most studied patients were misdiagnosed either as HCC or CC. Accurate preoperative diagnosis is important because the most appropriate treatment depends on the major component of the tumour (HCC or CC). A high index of suspicion, imaging studies (ultrasound, computed tomography, positron emission tomography), levels of serum tumour markers (alpha-fetoprotein, carbohydrate antigen 19-9), and histology assist case detection and treatment choice. Patients who qualify for surgery should have a partial hepatectomy with hilar lymph node dissection, which can result in 5-year survival rates exceeding 50%. The role of liver transplantation is not yet known.
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Affiliation(s)
- W T Kassahun
- Department of Surgery II, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
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Lee NPY, Leung KW, Cheung N, Lam BY, Xu MZ, Sham PC, Lau GK, Poon RTP, Fan ST, Luk JM. Comparative proteomic analysis of mouse livers from embryo to adult reveals an association with progression of hepatocellular carcinoma. Proteomics 2008; 8:2136-49. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200700590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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