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Wang X, Yu J, Wang J. Neural Tube Defects and Folate Deficiency: Is DNA Repair Defective? Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032220. [PMID: 36768542 PMCID: PMC9916799 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural tube defects (NTDs) are complex congenital malformations resulting from failure of neural tube closure during embryogenesis, which is affected by the interaction of genetic and environmental factors. It is well known that folate deficiency increases the incidence of NTDs; however, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. Folate deficiency not only causes DNA hypomethylation, but also blocks the synthesis of 2'-deoxythymidine-5'-monophosphate (dTMP) and increases uracil misincorporation, resulting in genomic instabilities such as base mismatch, DNA breakage, and even chromosome aberration. DNA repair pathways are essential for ensuring normal DNA synthesis, genomic stability and integrity during embryonic neural development. Genomic instability or lack of DNA repair has been implicated in risk of development of NTDs. Here, we reviewed the relationship between folate deficiency, DNA repair pathways and NTDs so as to reveal the role and significance of DNA repair system in the pathogenesis of NTDs and better understand the pathogenesis of NTDs.
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Identification of rare heterozygous missense mutations in FANCA in esophageal atresia patients using next-generation sequencing. Gene 2018; 661:182-188. [PMID: 29621589 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2018.03.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal atresia and tracheoesophageal fistula (EA/TEF) are relatively common malformations in newborns, but the etiology of EA/TEF remains unknown. Fanconi anemia (FA) complementation group A (FANCA) is a key component of the FA core complex and is essential for the activation of the DNA repair pathway. The middle region (amino acids 674-1208) of FANCA is required for its interaction with FAAP20. We performed targeted sequencing of this binding region of FANCA (exons 23-36) in 40 EA/TEF patients. We also investigated the effect of the p.A958V mutation on the protein-protein interaction between FANCA and FAAP20 using an in vitro binding assay and co-immunoprecipitation. Immunolocalization analysis was performed to investigate the subcellular localization of FANCA, and tissue sections and immunohistochemistry were used to explore the expression of FANCA. We identified four rare missense variants in the FANCA binding region. FANCA mutations were significantly overrepresented in EA/TEF patients compared with 4300 control subjects from the NHLBI-ESP project (Fisher's exact p = 2.17 × 10-5, odds ratio = 31.75). p.A958V, a novel de novo mutation in the FANCA gene, was identified in one patient with EA/TEF. We provide further evidence that the p.A958V mutation reduces the binding affinity of FANCA for FAAP20. Interestingly, the p.A958V mutation impaired the nuclear localization of the FANCA protein expressed in HeLa cells. We found that FANCA was more highly expressed in stratified squamous epithelium than in smooth muscle. In conclusion, mutations in the FANCA gene are associated with EA/TEF in humans.
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Paternal low protein diet programs preimplantation embryo gene expression, fetal growth and skeletal development in mice. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:1371-1381. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 02/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Leung MCK, Procter AC, Goldstone JV, Foox J, DeSalle R, Mattingly CJ, Siddall ME, Timme-Laragy AR. Applying evolutionary genetics to developmental toxicology and risk assessment. Reprod Toxicol 2017; 69:174-186. [PMID: 28267574 PMCID: PMC5829367 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Evolutionary thinking continues to challenge our views on health and disease. Yet, there is a communication gap between evolutionary biologists and toxicologists in recognizing the connections among developmental pathways, high-throughput screening, and birth defects in humans. To increase our capability in identifying potential developmental toxicants in humans, we propose to apply evolutionary genetics to improve the experimental design and data interpretation with various in vitro and whole-organism models. We review five molecular systems of stress response and update 18 consensual cell-cell signaling pathways that are the hallmark for early development, organogenesis, and differentiation; and revisit the principles of teratology in light of recent advances in high-throughput screening, big data techniques, and systems toxicology. Multiscale systems modeling plays an integral role in the evolutionary approach to cross-species extrapolation. Phylogenetic analysis and comparative bioinformatics are both valuable tools in identifying and validating the molecular initiating events that account for adverse developmental outcomes in humans. The discordance of susceptibility between test species and humans (ontogeny) reflects their differences in evolutionary history (phylogeny). This synthesis not only can lead to novel applications in developmental toxicity and risk assessment, but also can pave the way for applying an evo-devo perspective to the study of developmental origins of health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell C K Leung
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States.
| | - Andrew C Procter
- Institute for Advanced Analytics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Jared V Goldstone
- Department of Biology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, United States
| | - Jonathan Foox
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States
| | - Robert DeSalle
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States
| | - Carolyn J Mattingly
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States
| | - Mark E Siddall
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York, United States
| | - Alicia R Timme-Laragy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, United States
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Feng Y, Chen R, Li X, Mo X. Environmental factors in the etiology of isolated and nonisolated esophageal atresia in a Chinese population: A case-control study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 106:840-846. [PMID: 27494675 DOI: 10.1002/bdra.23550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Esophageal atresia (EA) is a common birth defect that occurs with tracheoesophageal fistula (TEF), although etiological studies on EA/TEF have produced inconsistent results. METHODS The aim of this study was to examine the association between environmental factors during pregnancy and the risk of EA/TEF in a Chinese population. Cases of isolated EA and nonisolated EA and unaffected controls were identified between July 2005 and November 2015, and face-to-face questionnaires concerning exposure to environmental factors were administered to the birth mothers of 130 cases and 400 controls. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to assess the association between environmental factors and the risk of EA/TEF. RESULTS The results of this case-control study suggest that lower maternal education (p < 0.0001), maternal binge drinking (OR = 2.63; 95% CI, 1.05-6.6) and pickled food consumption (OR = 2.04; 95% CI, 1.31-3.71) during pregnancy increase the risk of EA in offspring, while maternal folic acid supplementation (OR = 0.45; 95% CI, 0.29-0.71) is significantly associated with a decreased risk of EA. CONCLUSION These results suggest a role for environmental exposures in the etiology of EA/TEF; however, further studies are needed to replicate the observed associations. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:840-846, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Feng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Runsen Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaonan Li
- Children's Health Care, The Affiliated Nanjing Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuming Mo
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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Chang IY, Kim JN, Kim SO, Han M, Huh JS, Maeng YH, Yoon SP. Morphological effects of mitomycin C on urothelial responses to experimentally-induced urethral stricture in rats. Int J Urol 2015; 22:702-9. [PMID: 25871346 DOI: 10.1111/iju.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To analyze the urothelial responses to mitomycin C treatment after urethral injury in rats, as the urothelium might play a role in the pathogenesis of urethral stricture. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups (n = 5/group): negative control, positive control without further treatment, experimental control treated with sodium hyaluronate and sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and experimental treated with mitomycin C after internal urethrotomy. RESULTS Compared with negative controls, positive controls showed a significant increase in cell proliferation and DNA damage accompanied by a considerable decrease in DNA repair in the urothelium, which resulted in urethral stricture. Experimental controls showed a significant increase in cell proliferation, DNA damage and DNA repair compared with negative controls. The mitomycin C-treated group showed a significant decrease in cell proliferation and DNA damage, but a considerable increase in DNA repair compared with the positive and experimental control groups. DNA damage was immediately increased after urethral injury, but DNA repair and cell proliferation showed belated and upregulated expression after mitomycin C treatment. CONCLUSIONS Mitomycin C could induce healthy re-epithelialization without severe damage in the urothelium. This finding might support the possibility of using mitomycin C as an adjuvant therapy for urethral strictures, and it might also suggest a urothelial role in the process of urethral stricture after urethral injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Youb Chang
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chosun University
| | - Jin Nam Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoulpaik Hospital, Inje University College of Medicine, Seoul
| | - Sun-Ouck Kim
- Department of Urology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Gwangju
| | - Misook Han
- Department of Nursing, School of Natural Science, Songwon University, Gwangju
| | - Jung-Sik Huh
- Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Young Hee Maeng
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Jeju National University
| | - Sang Pil Yoon
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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Lambrot R, Xu C, Saint-Phar S, Chountalos G, Cohen T, Paquet M, Suderman M, Hallett M, Kimmins S. Low paternal dietary folate alters the mouse sperm epigenome and is associated with negative pregnancy outcomes. Nat Commun 2014; 4:2889. [PMID: 24326934 PMCID: PMC3863903 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms3889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 11/07/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that a father's diet can influence offspring health. A proposed mechanism for paternal transmission of environmental information is via the sperm epigenome. The epigenome includes heritable information such as DNA methylation. We hypothesize that the dietary supply of methyl donors will alter epigenetic reprogramming in sperm. Here we feed male mice either a folate-deficient or folate-sufficient diet throughout life. Paternal folate deficiency is associated with increased birth defects in the offspring, which include craniofacial and musculoskeletal malformations. Genome-wide DNA methylation analysis and the subsequent functional analysis identify differential methylation in sperm of genes implicated in development, chronic diseases such as cancer, diabetes, autism and schizophrenia. While >300 genes are differentially expressed in offspring placenta, only two correspond to genes with differential methylation in sperm. This model suggests epigenetic transmission may involve sperm histone H3 methylation or DNA methylation and that adequate paternal dietary folate is essential for offspring health.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lambrot
- 1] Department of Animal Science, McGill University, Ste Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X3V9, Canada [2]
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Amador RR, Longo JPF, Lacava ZG, Dórea JG, Almeida Santos MDFM. Metformin (dimethyl-biguanide) induced DNA damage in mammalian cells. Genet Mol Biol 2011; 35:153-8. [PMID: 22481889 PMCID: PMC3313505 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572011005000060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2011] [Accepted: 08/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin (dimethyl-biguanide) is an insulin-sensitizing agent that lowers fasting plasma-insulin concentration, wherefore it's wide use for patients with a variety of insulin-resistant and prediabetic states, including impaired glucose tolerance. During pregnancy it is a further resource for reducing first-trimester pregnancy loss in women with the polycystic ovary syndrome. We tested metformin genotoxicity in cells of Chinese hamster ovary, CHO-K1 (chromosome aberrations; comet assays) and in mice (micronucleus assays). Concentrations of 114.4 μg/mL and 572 μg/mL were used in in vitro tests, and 95.4 mg/kg, 190.8 mg/kg and 333.9 mg/kg in assaying. Although the in vitro tests revealed no chromosome aberrations in metaphase cells, DNA damage was detected by comet assaying after 24 h of incubation at both concentrations. The frequency of DNA damage was higher at concentrations of 114.4 μg/mL. Furthermore, although mortality was not observed in in vitro tests, the highest dose of metformin suppressed bone marrow cells. However, no statistically significant differences were noted in micronuclei frequencies between treatments. In vitro results indicate that chronic metformin exposure may be potentially genotoxic. Thus, pregnant woman undergoing treatment with metformin should be properly evaluated beforehand, as regards vulnerability to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubem R Amador
- Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília, DF, Brazil
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Altered methylation of the DNA repair gene MGMT is associated with neural tube defects. J Mol Neurosci 2011; 47:42-51. [PMID: 22101741 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-011-9676-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA repair is critical for proper embryogenesis, and altered expression of DNA repair genes has been associated with neural tube defects (NTDs). The expression of DNA repair enzymes may be controlled, in part, by methylation of the promoter region. To assess whether disturbed promoter methylation pattern increases the incidence of NTDs, we employed methylation specific-multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MS-MLPA) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to quantify the methylation levels of multiple promoter CpG sites in normal human embryos and embryos with NTDs. Of the total seven DNA repair genes, two genes (MGMT, MSH6) were examined as having disturbed methylation levels by MS-MLPA kit, while only one gene was confirmed with a significant alternated methylation pattern by MALDI-TOF MS. In our research, methylation profiling of the DNA repair gene O (6)-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT) showed gender difference in embryogenesis. Comparison of MGMT promoter methylation revealed that hypomethylation was associated with an increased risk for cephalic malformations, especially with female embryos (Adjusted Odds Ratio = 8.250). The majority of individual CpG units within the promoter demonstrated hypomethylation. Meanwhile, the expression of MGMT was proven to increase significant in female cases. These results underscore the role of stable promoter methylation in the DNA repair enzymes MGMT for proper embryogenesis.
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Assou S, Boumela I, Haouzi D, Anahory T, Dechaud H, De Vos J, Hamamah S. Dynamic changes in gene expression during human early embryo development: from fundamental aspects to clinical applications. Hum Reprod Update 2010; 17:272-90. [PMID: 20716614 DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmq036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The first week of human embryonic development comprises a series of events that change highly specialized germ cells into undifferentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) that display an extraordinarily broad developmental potential. The understanding of these events is crucial to the improvement of the success rate of in vitro fertilization. With the emergence of new technologies such as Omics, the gene expression profiling of human oocytes, embryos and hESCs has been performed and generated a flood of data related to the molecular signature of early embryo development. METHODS In order to understand the complex genetic network that controls the first week of embryo development, we performed a systematic review and study of this issue. We performed a literature search using PubMed and EMBASE to identify all relevant studies published as original articles in English up to March 2010 (n = 165). We also analyzed the transcriptome of human oocytes, embryos and hESCs. RESULTS Distinct sets of genes were revealed by comparing the expression profiles of oocytes, embryos on Day 3 and hESCs, which are associated with totipotency, pluripotency and reprogramming properties, respectively. Known components of two signaling pathways (WNT and transforming growth factor-β) were linked to oocyte maturation and early embryonic development. CONCLUSIONS Omics analysis provides tools for understanding the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways controlling early embryonic development. Furthermore, we discuss the clinical relevance of using a non-invasive molecular approach to embryo selection for the single-embryo transfer program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Assou
- CHU Montpellier, Institute for Research in Biotherapy, Hôpital Saint-Eloi, INSERM U847, Montpellier, France
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Affiliation(s)
- Päivi Myllynen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland.
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Wells PG, McCallum GP, Chen CS, Henderson JT, Lee CJJ, Perstin J, Preston TJ, Wiley MJ, Wong AW. Oxidative stress in developmental origins of disease: teratogenesis, neurodevelopmental deficits, and cancer. Toxicol Sci 2009; 108:4-18. [PMID: 19126598 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the developing embryo and fetus, endogenous or xenobiotic-enhanced formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) like hydroxyl radicals may adversely alter development by oxidatively damaging cellular lipids, proteins and DNA, and/or by altering signal transduction. The postnatal consequences may include an array of birth defects (teratogenesis), postnatal functional deficits, and diseases. In animal models, the adverse developmental consequences of in utero exposure to agents like thalidomide, methamphetamine, phenytoin, benzo[a]pyrene, and ionizing radiation can be modulated by altering pathways that control the embryonic ROS balance, including enzymes that bioactivate endogenous substrates and xenobiotics to free radical intermediates, antioxidative enzymes that detoxify ROS, and enzymes that repair oxidative DNA damage. ROS-mediated signaling via Ras, nuclear factor kappa B and related transducers also may contribute to altered development. Embryopathies can be reduced by free radical spin trapping agents and antioxidants, and enhanced by glutathione depletion. Further modulatory approaches to evaluate such mechanisms in vivo and/or in embryo culture have included the use of knockout mice, transgenic knock-ins and mutant deficient mice with altered enzyme activities, as well as antisense oligonucleotides, protein therapy with antioxidative enzymes, dietary depletion of essential cofactors and chemical enzyme inhibitors. In a few cases, measures anticipated to be protective have conversely enhanced the risk of adverse developmental outcomes, indicating the complexity of development and need for caution in testing therapeutic strategies in humans. A better understanding of the developmental effects of ROS may provide insights for risk assessment and the reduction of adverse postnatal consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Wells
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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El-Domyati M, Attia S, Saleh F, Bassyouni MI, El-Fakahany H, Abdel-Wahab H. Proliferation, DNA repair and apoptosis in androgenetic alopecia. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2009; 23:7-12. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.02937.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Geneviève D, de Pontual L, Amiel J, Sarnacki S, Lyonnet S. An overview of isolated and syndromic oesophageal atresia. Clin Genet 2007; 71:392-9. [PMID: 17489843 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00798.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Oesophageal atresia (OA) and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula (TOF) are frequent malformations observed in approximately one in 3500 births. OA/TOF can be divided clinically into isolated OA (IOA) and syndromic OA (SOA) when associated with other features, the most frequent being cardiac, limb and vertebral malformations or anal atresia. SOA is observed in 50% of patients and can be subdivided into several causative groups comprising environmental agents, chromosomal disorders, malformative associations (CHARGE syndrome and VATER/VACTERL association), and other multiple congenital anomaly disorders. The observation of chromosomal disorders with SOA, as well as mouse models of OA provide support for the involvement of genetic factors in OA. Yet, epidemiological data (twin and family studies) do not support the major role of genetic factors in the majority of cases of IOA but rather a multifactorial model. However, several genes involved in SOA have been recently identified, namely N-MYC, SOX2, and CHD7 involved in Feingold (MIM 164280), anophthalmia-oesophageal-genital (MIM 600992) and CHARGE syndromes respectively (MIM 214800), suggesting that OA/TOF, at least in their syndromic forms, may be a highly genetically heterogeneous group.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Geneviève
- Département de Génétique et unité INSERM U-781, Paris, France.
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Abstract
It is becoming more evident that not only can drugs and environmental chemicals interfere with normal fetal development by causing structural malformations, such as limb defects, but that xenobiotic exposure during development can also cause biochemical and functional abnormalities that may ultimately lead to cancer later on in life. Fetal toxicity may be partly mediated by the embryonic bioactivation of xenobiotics to free radical intermediates that can lead to oxidative stress and potentially lead, in some cases, to carcinogenesis. Using a number of examples, this review will focus on the role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the mechanisms pertaining to in utero initiated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Wan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Environmental Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada
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Jaroudi S, SenGupta S. DNA repair in mammalian embryos. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2007; 635:53-77. [PMID: 17141556 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2006.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2005] [Revised: 09/21/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian cells have developed complex mechanisms to identify DNA damage and activate the required response to maintain genome integrity. Those mechanisms include DNA damage detection, DNA repair, cell cycle arrest and apoptosis which operate together to protect the conceptus from DNA damage originating either in parental gametes or in the embryo's somatic cells. DNA repair in the newly fertilized preimplantation embryo is believed to rely entirely on the oocyte's machinery (mRNAs and proteins deposited and stored prior to ovulation). DNA repair genes have been shown to be expressed in the early stages of mammalian development. The survival of the embryo necessitates that the oocyte be sufficiently equipped with maternal stored products and that embryonic gene expression commences at the correct time. A Medline based literature search was performed using the keywords 'DNA repair' and 'embryo development' or 'gametogenesis' (publication dates between 1995 and 2006). Mammalian studies which investigated gene expression were selected. Further articles were acquired from the citations in the articles obtained from the preliminary Medline search. This paper reviews mammalian DNA repair from gametogenesis to preimplantation embryos to late gestational stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Souraya Jaroudi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Sioban SenGupta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University College London, 86-96 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK.
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Shaw-Smith C. Oesophageal atresia, tracheo-oesophageal fistula, and the VACTERL association: review of genetics and epidemiology. J Med Genet 2005; 43:545-54. [PMID: 16299066 PMCID: PMC2564549 DOI: 10.1136/jmg.2005.038158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Oesophageal atresia and/or tracheo-oesophageal fistula are relatively common malformations occurring in approximately 1 in 3500 births. In around half of the cases (syndromic oesophageal atresia), there are associated anomalies, with cardiac malformations being the most common. In the remainder (non-syndromic cases), oesophageal atresia/tracheo-oesophageal fistula occur in isolation. Data from twin and family studies suggest that genetic factors do not play a major role, and yet there are well-defined instances of this malformation where genetic factors clearly are important. This is highlighted by the recent identification of no fewer than three separate genes with a role in the aetiology of oesophageal atresia: those for Feingold syndrome (N-MYC), anophthalmia-oesophageal-genital (AEG) syndrome (SOX2), and CHARGE syndrome (CHD7). Additional support for genetic factors in this malformation comes from chromosomal studies and mouse models. This paper reviews current knowledge of the genetics and epidemiology of the different oesophageal atresia/tracheo-oesophageal fistula syndromes and associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Shaw-Smith
- Department of Medical Genetics, Box 134, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 2QQ, UK.
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