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Tebbett SB, Sgarlatta MP, Pessarrodona A, Vergés A, Wernberg T, Bellwood DR. How to quantify algal turf sediments and particulates on tropical and temperate reefs: An overview. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 179:105673. [PMID: 35688019 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2022.105673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Algal turfs are the most abundant benthic covering on reefs in many shallow-water marine ecosystems. The particulates and sediments bound within algal turfs can influence a multitude of functions within these ecosystems. Despite the global abundance and importance of algal turfs, comparison of algal turf-bound sediments is problematic due to a lack of standardisation across collection methods. Here we provide an overview of three methods (vacuum sampling, airlift sampling, and TurfPods), and the necessary equipment (including construction suggestions), commonly employed to quantify sediments from algal turfs. We review the purposes of these methods (e.g. quantification of standing stock versus net accumulation) and how methods can vary depending on the research question or monitoring protocol. By providing these details in a readily accessible format we hope to encourage a standardised set of approaches for marine benthic ecologists, geologists and managers, that facilitates further quantification and global comparisons of algal turf sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sterling B Tebbett
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, College of Science and Engineering and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia.
| | - M Paula Sgarlatta
- Centre for Marine Science & Innovation and Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Albert Pessarrodona
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia
| | - Adriana Vergés
- Centre for Marine Science & Innovation and Evolution & Ecology Research Centre, School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, UNSW Australia, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; Sydney Institute of Marine Science, Mosman, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Thomas Wernberg
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, 6009, Australia; Norwegian Institute of Marine Research, His, Norway
| | - David R Bellwood
- Research Hub for Coral Reef Ecosystem Functions, College of Science and Engineering and ARC Centre of Excellence for Coral Reef Studies, James Cook University, Townsville, Queensland, 4811, Australia
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Pessarrodona A, Filbee-Dexter K, Alcoverro T, Boada J, Feehan CJ, Fredriksen S, Grace SP, Nakamura Y, Narvaez CA, Norderhaug KM, Wernberg T. Homogenization and miniaturization of habitat structure in temperate marine forests. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:5262-5275. [PMID: 34308551 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Humans are rapidly transforming the structural configuration of the planet's ecosystems, but these changes and their ecological consequences remain poorly quantified in underwater habitats. Here, we show that the loss of forest-forming seaweeds and the rise of ground-covering 'turfs' across four continents consistently resulted in the miniaturization of underwater habitat structure, with seascapes converging towards flattened habitats with smaller habitable spaces. Globally, turf seascapes occupied a smaller architectural trait space and were structurally more similar across regions than marine forests, evidencing habitat homogenization. Surprisingly, such habitat convergence occurred despite turf seascapes consisting of vastly different species richness and with different taxa providing habitat architecture, as well as across disparate drivers of marine forest decline. Turf seascapes contained high sediment loads, with the miniaturization of habitat across 100s of km in mid-Western Australia resulting in reefs retaining an additional ~242 million tons of sediment (four orders of magnitude more than the sediments delivered fluvially annually). Together, this work demonstrates that the replacement of marine forests by turfs is a generalizable phenomenon that has profound consequences for the ecology of temperate reefs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Pessarrodona
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
| | - Karen Filbee-Dexter
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Institute of Marine Research, His, Norway
| | - Teresa Alcoverro
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain
- Nature Conservation Foundation, Mysore, India
| | - Jordi Boada
- Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes (CEAB-CSIC), Blanes, Spain
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Colette J Feehan
- Department of Biology, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | - Stein Fredriksen
- Institute of Marine Research, His, Norway
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sean P Grace
- Department of Biology and Werth Center for Coastal and Marine Studies, Southern Connecticut State University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Yohei Nakamura
- Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Nankoku, Kochi, Japan
| | - Carla A Narvaez
- Department of Biology, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, USA
| | | | - Thomas Wernberg
- UWA Oceans Institute and School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia
- Institute of Marine Research, His, Norway
- Roskilde University, Roskilde, Denmark
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Reeves SE, Kriegisch N, Johnson CR, Ling SD. Reduced resistance to sediment-trapping turfs with decline of native kelp and establishment of an exotic kelp. Oecologia 2018; 188:1239-1251. [PMID: 30406820 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-018-4275-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the strength and type of interactions among species is vital to anticipate how ecosystems will respond to ongoing anthropogenic stressors. Here, we examine the ecological function of native (Ecklonia radiata) and invasive (Undaria pinnatifida) kelps in resisting shifts to sediment-trapping turf on reefs within the highly urbanized temperate Port Phillip Bay (PPB), Australia. Short-term (30 days) and long-term (232 days) manipulations demonstrated that kelp laminae can clear and maintain the substratum free of turfs, while conversely, removal of kelp leads to a proliferation of turfs. Analyses looking at the relationship between total length of E. radiata and U. pinnatifida and the area cleared of turf algae showed that the clearing effect of E. radiata over a year was greater than that of U. pinnatifida due to the annual die-back of the invasive. A natural experiment (608 days) identified that ongoing sea urchin (Heliocidaris erythrogramma) grazing led to native kelp bed decline, facilitating turf dominance. Even though U. pinnatifida establishes once native beds are disturbed, its ecological function in clearing turf is weaker than E. radiata, given its annual habit. In PPB, turfs represent the more persistent and problematic algal group and are likely changing the structure, function, and energy flows of shallow temperate reefs in this urbanised embayment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Reeves
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, TAS, 7004, Australia.
| | - N Kriegisch
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - C R Johnson
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, TAS, 7004, Australia
| | - S D Ling
- Institute for Marine and Antarctic Studies, University of Tasmania, 20 Castray Esplanade, Battery Point, Hobart, TAS, 7004, Australia
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Legrand E, Riera P, Bohner O, Coudret J, Schlicklin F, Derrien M, Martin S. Impact of ocean acidification and warming on the productivity of a rock pool community. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 136:78-88. [PMID: 29472033 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This study examined experimentally the combined effect of ocean acidification and warming on the productivity of rock pool multi-specific assemblages, composed of coralline algae, fleshy algae, and grazers. Natural rock pool communities experience high environmental fluctuations. This may confer physiological advantage to rock pool communities when facing predicted acidification and warming. The effect of ocean acidification and warming have been assessed at both individual and assemblage level to examine the importance of species interactions in the response of assemblages. We hypothesized that rock pool assemblages have physiological advantage when facing predicted ocean acidification and warming. Species exhibited species-specific responses to increased temperature and pCO2. Increased temperature and pCO2 have no effect on assemblage photosynthesis, which was mostly influenced by fleshy algal primary production. The response of coralline algae to ocean acidification and warming depended on the season, which evidenced the importance of physiological adaptations to their environment in their response to climate change. We suggest that rock pool assemblages are relatively robust to changes in temperature and pCO2, in terms of primary production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwann Legrand
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France.
| | - Pascal Riera
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Olivier Bohner
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Jérôme Coudret
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Ferdinand Schlicklin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Marie Derrien
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
| | - Sophie Martin
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, UMR7144, EFEB, Station Biologique de Roscoff, 29680 Roscoff, France
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Future climate stimulates population out-breaks by relaxing constraints on reproduction. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33383. [PMID: 27625161 PMCID: PMC5022049 DOI: 10.1038/srep33383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
When conditions are stressful, reproduction and population growth are reduced, but when favourable, reproduction and population size can boom. Theory suggests climate change is an increasingly stressful environment, predicting extinctions or decreased abundances. However, if favourable conditions align, such as an increase in resources or release from competition and predation, future climate can fuel population growth. Tests of such population growth models and the mechanisms by which they are enabled are rare. We tested whether intergenerational increases in population size might be facilitated by adjustments in reproductive success to favourable environmental conditions in a large-scale mesocosm experiment. Herbivorous amphipod populations responded to future climate by increasing 20 fold, suggesting that future climate might relax environmental constraints on fecundity. We then assessed whether future climate reduces variation in mating success, boosting population fecundity and size. The proportion of gravid females doubled, and variance in phenotypic variation of male secondary sexual characters (i.e. gnathopods) was significantly reduced. While future climate can enhance individual growth and survival, it may also reduce constraints on mechanisms of reproduction such that enhanced intra-generational productivity and reproductive success transfers to subsequent generations. Where both intra and intergenerational production is enhanced, population sizes might boom.
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