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Sreter KB, Catarata MJ, von Laffert M, Frille A. Resistance to KRAS inhibition in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1357898. [PMID: 38846975 PMCID: PMC11153770 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1357898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer death globally. More than 50% of new cases are diagnosed in an advanced or metastatic stage, thus contributing to the poor survival of such patients. Mutations in the KRAS (Kirsten rat sarcoma virus) gene occur in nearly a third of lung adenocarcinoma and have for decades been deemed an 'undruggable' target. Yet, in recent years, a growing number of small molecules, such as the GTPase inhibitors, has been investigated in clinical trials of lung cancer patients harboring KRAS mutations, yielding promising results with improved outcomes. Currently, there are only two approved targeted therapies (adagrasib and sotorasib) for advanced or metastatic KRAS-mutated NSCLC from the second-line setting onwards. In this narrative review, we will focus on KRAS, its molecular basis, the role of its co-mutations, clinical evidence for its inhibition, putative mutation to resistance, and future strategies to overcome resistance to KRAS inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Joana Catarata
- Pulmonology Department, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal
- Tumour & Microenvironment Interactions Group, I3S-Institute for Health Research & Innovation, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | | | - Armin Frille
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Bianco G, Holcomb M, Santos-Martins D, Tillack A, Hansel-Harris A, Forli S. Reactive Docking: A Computational Method for High-Throughput Virtual Screenings of Reactive Species. J Chem Inf Model 2023; 63:5631-5640. [PMID: 37639635 PMCID: PMC10756071 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.3c00832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
We describe the formalization of the reactive docking protocol, a method developed to model and predict reactions between small molecules and biological macromolecules. The method has been successfully used in a number of applications already, including recapitulating large proteomics data sets, performing structure-reactivity target optimizations, and prospective virtual screenings. By modeling a near-attack conformation-like state, no QM calculations are required to model the ligand and receptor geometries. Here, we present its generalization using a large data set containing more than 400 ligand-target complexes, 8 nucleophilic modifiable residue types, and more than 30 warheads. The method correctly predicts the modified residue in ∼85% of complexes and shows enrichments comparable to standard focused virtual screenings in ranking ligands. This performance supports this approach for the docking and screening of reactive ligands in virtual chemoproteomics and drug design campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bianco
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037-1000, USA
| | - Matthew Holcomb
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037-1000, USA
| | - Diogo Santos-Martins
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037-1000, USA
| | - Andreas Tillack
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037-1000, USA
| | - Althea Hansel-Harris
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037-1000, USA
| | - Stefano Forli
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, Scripps Research Institute, 10550 N. Torrey Pines, La Jolla, CA 92037-1000, USA
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Qi WL, Li HY, Wang Y, Xu L, Deng JT, Zhang X, Wang YX, Meng LH. Targeting PI3Kα overcomes resistance to KRas G12C inhibitors mediated by activation of EGFR and/or IGF1R. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2023; 44:1083-1094. [PMID: 36411339 PMCID: PMC10104814 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-022-01015-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although several KRasG12C inhibitors have displayed promising efficacy in clinical settings, acquired resistance developed rapidly and circumvented the activity of KRasG12C inhibitors. To explore the mechanism rendering acquired resistance to KRasG12C inhibitors, we established a series of KRASG12C-mutant cells with acquired resistance to AMG510. We found that differential activation of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) especially EGFR or IGF1R rendered resistance to AMG510 in different cellular contexts by maintaining the activation of MAPK and PI3K signaling. Simultaneous inhibition of EGFR and IGF1R restored sensitivity to AMG510 in resistant cells. PI3K integrates signals from multiple RTKs and the level of phosphorylated AKT was revealed to negatively correlate with the anti-proliferative activity of AMG510 in KRASG12C-mutant cells. Concurrently treatment of a novel PI3Kα inhibitor CYH33 with AMG510 exhibited a synergistic effect against parental and resistant KRASG12C-mutant cells in vitro and in vivo, which was accompanied with concomitant inhibition of AKT and MAPK signaling. Taken together, these findings revealed the potential mechanism rendering acquired resistance to KRasG12C inhibitors and provided a mechanistic rationale to combine PI3Kα inhibitors with KRasG12C inhibitors for therapy of KRASG12C-mutant cancers in future clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Liang Qi
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
- College of Pharmacy, Nanchang University, No. 461, Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Hui-Yu Li
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Lan Xu
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Jie-Ting Deng
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yu-Xiang Wang
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
| | - Ling-Hua Meng
- Division of Anti-tumor Pharmacology, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.501 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China.
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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Jiang S, Fagman JB, Ma Y, Liu J, Vihav C, Engstrom C, Liu B, Chen C. A comprehensive review of pancreatic cancer and its therapeutic challenges. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:7635-7649. [PMID: 36173644 PMCID: PMC9550249 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating and lethal human malignancy with no curable chemo-treatments available thus far. More than 90% of pancreatic tumors are formed from ductal epithelium as pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which often accompany with the expression of mutant K-ras. The incidences of pancreatic cancer are expected to increase rapidly worldwide in the near future, due to environmental pollution, obesity epidemics and etc. The dismal prognosis of this malignancy is contributed to its susceptibility to tumor micro-metastasis from inception and the lack of methods to detect precursor lesions at very early stages of the onset until clinical symptoms occur. In recent years, basic and clinical studies have been making promising progresses for discovering markers to determine the subtypes or stages of this malignancy, which allow effectively implementing personalized therapeutic interventions. The purpose of this review is to discuss the existing knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of pancreatic cancer and the current state of treatment options with the emphasis on targeting therapeutic approaches. The specific focuses are on the molecular mechanisms of the disease, identifications of drug resistance, establishment of immune escaping mechanisms as well as potential of targeting identified pathways in combinations with existing chemo-drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Johan Bourghardt Fagman
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Yunyun Ma
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jian Liu
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, PR China
| | - Caroline Vihav
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Engstrom
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg and Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Beidong Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Changyan Chen
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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