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Chen Y, Gao J, Xie J, Liang J, Zheng G, Xie L, Zhang R. Transcriptional regulation of the matrix protein Shematrin-2 during shell formation in pearl oyster. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:17803-17816. [PMID: 30282805 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The molluscan shell is a fascinating biomineral consisting of a highly organized calcium carbonate composite. Biomineralization is elaborately controlled and involves several macromolecules, especially matrix proteins, but little is known about the regulatory mechanisms. The matrix protein Shematrin-2, expression of which peaks in the mantle tissues and in the shell components of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata, has been suggested to be a key participant in biomineralization. Here, we expressed and purified Shematrin-2 from P. fucata and explored its function and transcriptional regulation. An in vitro functional assay revealed that Shematrin-2 binds the calcite, aragonite, and chitin components of the shell, decreases the rate of calcium carbonate deposition, and changes the morphology of the deposited crystal in the calcite crystallization system. Furthermore, we cloned the Shematrin-2 gene promoter, and analysis of its sequence revealed putative binding sites for the transcription factors CCAAT enhancer-binding proteins (Pf-C/EBPs) and nuclear factor-Y (NF-Y). Using transient co-transfection and reporter gene assays, we found that cloned and recombinantly expressed Pf-C/EBP-A and Pf-C/EBP-B greatly and dose-dependently up-regulate the promoter activity of the Shematrin-2 gene. Importantly, Pf-C/EBP-A and Pf-C/EBP-B knockdowns decreased Shematrin-2 gene expression and induced changes in the inner-surface structures in prismatic layers that were similar to those of antibody-based Shematrin-2 inhibition. Altogether, our data reveal that the transcription factors Pf-C/EBP-A and Pf-C/EBP-B up-regulate the expression of the matrix protein Shematrin-2 during shell formation in P. fucata, improving our understanding of the transcriptional regulation of molluscan shell development at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- From the Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084
| | - Jing Gao
- From the Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084
| | - Jun Xie
- From the Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084
| | - Jian Liang
- From the Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084
| | - Guilan Zheng
- From the Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084
| | - Liping Xie
- From the Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084.
| | - Rongqing Zhang
- From the Protein Science Laboratory of the Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084; Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Jiaxing 314006, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Zhang B, Li H, He L, Han Z, Zhou T, Zhi W, Lu X, Lu X, Weng J. Surface-decorated hydroxyapatite scaffold with on-demand delivery of dexamethasone and stromal cell derived factor-1 for enhanced osteogenesis. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 89:355-370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Yakar S, Werner H, Rosen CJ. Insulin-like growth factors: actions on the skeleton. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:T115-T137. [PMID: 29626053 PMCID: PMC5966339 DOI: 10.1530/jme-17-0298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of the growth hormone (GH)-mediated somatic factors (somatomedins), insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I and -II, has elicited an enormous interest primarily among endocrinologists who study growth and metabolism. The advancement of molecular endocrinology over the past four decades enables investigators to re-examine and refine the established somatomedin hypothesis. Specifically, gene deletions, transgene overexpression or more recently, cell-specific gene-ablations, have enabled investigators to study the effects of the Igf1 and Igf2 genes in temporal and spatial manners. The GH/IGF axis, acting in an endocrine and autocrine/paracrine fashion, is the major axis controlling skeletal growth. Studies in rodents have clearly shown that IGFs regulate bone length of the appendicular skeleton evidenced by changes in chondrocytes of the proliferative and hypertrophic zones of the growth plate. IGFs affect radial bone growth and regulate cortical and trabecular bone properties via their effects on osteoblast, osteocyte and osteoclast function. Interactions of the IGFs with sex steroid hormones and the parathyroid hormone demonstrate the significance and complexity of the IGF axis in the skeleton. Finally, IGFs have been implicated in skeletal aging. Decreases in serum IGFs during aging have been correlated with reductions in bone mineral density and increased fracture risk. This review highlights many of the most relevant studies in the IGF research landscape, focusing in particular on IGFs effects on the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoshana Yakar
- David B. Kriser Dental Center, Department of Basic Science and Craniofacial Biology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY 10010-4086, USA
| | - Haim Werner
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Clifford J Rosen
- Maine Medical Center Research Institute, Scarborough, Maine 04074, USA
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Tarapore RS, Lim J, Tian C, Pacios S, Xiao W, Reid D, Guan H, Mattos M, Yu B, Wang CY, Graves DT. NF-κB Has a Direct Role in Inhibiting Bmp- and Wnt-Induced Matrix Protein Expression. J Bone Miner Res 2016; 31:52-64. [PMID: 26179215 PMCID: PMC4713353 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.2592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The host response to pathogens through nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) is an essential defense mechanism for eukaryotic organisms. NF-κB-mediated host responses inhibit bone and other connective tissue synthesis and are thought to affect the transcription of matrix proteins through multiple indirect pathways. We demonstrate that inhibiting NF-κB in osteoblasts increases osteocalcin expression in vivo in mice with periodontal disease. Mutating NF-κB binding sites on osteocalcin (OC) or bone sialoprotein (Bsp) promoters rescues the negative impact of NF-κB on their transcription and that NF-κB can inhibit Wnt- and Bmp-induced OC and Bsp transcription, even when protein synthesis is inhibited, indicating a direct effect of NF-κB. This inhibition depends on p65-p50 NF-κB heterodimer formation and deacetylation by HDAC1 but is not affected by the noncanonical NF-κB pathway. Moreover, NF-κB reduces Runx2 and β-catenin binding to OC/Bsp promoters independently of their nuclear localization. Thus, inflammatory signals stimulate the direct interaction of NF-κB with response elements to inhibit binding of β-catenin and Runx2 binding to nearby consensus sites and reduce expression of matrix proteins. This direct mechanism provides a new explanation for the rapid decrease in new bone formation after inflammation-related NF-κB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohinton S Tarapore
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jason Lim
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chen Tian
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sandra Pacios
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Wenmei Xiao
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Periodontology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel Reid
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hancheng Guan
- Division of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marcelo Mattos
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Bo Yu
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Cun-Yu Wang
- Division of Oral Biology and Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dana T Graves
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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McCarthy TL, Centrella M. Androgen receptor activation integrates complex transcriptional effects in osteoblasts, involving the growth factors TGF-β and IGF-I, and transcription factor C/EBPδ. Gene 2015; 573:129-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Prostacyclin receptors: Transcriptional regulation and novel signalling mechanisms. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2015; 121:70-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2015.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Zhou X, Feng W, Qiu K, Chen L, Wang W, Nie W, Mo X, He C. BMP-2 Derived Peptide and Dexamethasone Incorporated Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Enhanced Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Mesenchymal Stem Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2015; 7:15777-15789. [PMID: 26133753 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b02636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2), a growth factor that induces osteoblast differentiation and promotes bone regeneration, has been extensively investigated in bone tissue engineering. The peptides of bioactive domains, corresponding to residues 73-92 of BMP-2 become an alternative to reduce adverse side effects caused by the use of high doses of BMP-2 protein. In this study, BMP-2 peptide functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs-pep) were synthesized by covalently grafting BMP-2 peptide on the surface of nanoparticles via an aminosilane linker, and dexamethasone (DEX) was then loaded into the channel of MSNs to construct nanoparticulate osteogenic delivery systems (DEX@MSNs-pep). The in vitro cell viability of MSNs-pep was tested with bone mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) exposure to different particle concentrations, revealing that the functionalized MSNs had better cytocompatibility than their bare counterparts, and the cellular uptake efficiency of MSNs-pep was remarkably larger than that of bare MSNs. The in vitro results also show that the MSNs-pep promoted osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs in terms of the levels of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, calcium deposition, and expression of bone-related protein. Moreover, the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs can be further enhanced by incorporating of DEX into MSNs-pep. After intramuscular implantation in rats for 3 weeks, the computed tomography (CT) images and histological examination indicate that this nanoparticulate osteogenic delivery system induces effective osteoblast differentiation and bone regeneration in vivo. Collectively, the BMP-2 peptide and DEX incorporated MSNs can act synergistically to enhance osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, which have potential applications in bone tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Zhou
- †College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- ‡College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wei Feng
- ‡College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Kexin Qiu
- †College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- ‡College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Liang Chen
- ‡College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Weizhong Wang
- ‡College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Wei Nie
- ‡College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xiumei Mo
- †College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- ‡College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chuanglong He
- †College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
- ‡College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China
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McCarthy TL, Centrella M. Prostaglandin dependent control of an endogenous estrogen receptor agonist by osteoblasts. J Cell Physiol 2014; 230:1104-14. [PMID: 25292157 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Estrogen receptor (ER) activation has complex effects on bone cells, and loss of circulating estradiol adversely affects skeletal status in women. Hormone replacement therapy effectively circumvents bone loss after menopause, but enhances disease risk in other tissues. Here we show that prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) augments the activity of an osteoblast-derived selective ER modulator, ObSERM. The stimulatory effect of PGE2 is replicated in part by either the PG receptor EP3 agonist 17-phenyl trinor PGE2 or by the PG receptor FP agonist PGF2α⋅ Whereas activation of the various PG receptors induces multiple downstream signals, the response to PGE2 was mimicked by activators of protein kinase C, and suppressed by inhibition of protein kinase C but not by inhibition of protein kinase A. Moreover, inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis and activation of the PTH and Wnt pathways increases ObSERM activity. Our studies therefore reveal that ObSERM activity is controlled in distinct ways and revise our understanding of ER activation within bone by agents or events associated with PG expression. They also predict ways to sustain or improve bone formation, fracture repair, and surgical healing without adding the risk of disease in other tissues where ER activation also has important biological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L McCarthy
- Departments of Pathology and Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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Lee B, Qiao L, Lu M, Yoo HS, Cheung W, Mak R, Schaack J, Feng GS, Chi NW, Olefsky JM, Shao J. C/EBPα regulates macrophage activation and systemic metabolism. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2014; 306:E1144-54. [PMID: 24691027 PMCID: PMC4025063 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00002.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Macrophage infiltration plays an important role in obesity-induced insulin resistance. CCAAT enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBPα) is a transcription factor that is highly expressed in macrophages. To examine the roles of C/EBPα in regulating macrophage functions and energy homeostasis, macrophage-specific C/EBPα knockout (MαKO) mice were created. Chow-fed MαKO mice exhibited higher body fat mass and decreased energy expenditure despite no change in food intake. However, the obese phenotype disappeared after high-fat (HF) diet feeding. Although there was a transient decrease in insulin sensitivity of chow-fed young MαKO mice, systemic insulin sensitivity was protected during HF-feeding due to preserved insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle. We also found that C/EBPα-deficient macrophages exhibited a blunted response of cytokine-induced expression of M1 and M2 macrophage markers, suggesting that C/EBPα controls both M1 and M2 polarization. Consistent with decreased exercise capacity, mitochondrial respiration rates and signal pathways for fatty acid oxidation were remarkably reduced in the skeletal muscle of chow-fed MαKO mice. Furthermore, expression levels of inflammatory cytokines were reduced in skeletal muscle of HF-fed MαKO mice. Together, these results imply that C/EBPα is required for macrophage activation, which plays an important role in maintaining skeletal muscle energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonggi Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Liping Qiao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Min Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Hyung Sun Yoo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Wai Cheung
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Robert Mak
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jerome Schaack
- Department of Microbiology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Gen-Sheng Feng
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Nai-Wen Chi
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare system, and Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jerrold M Olefsky
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jianhua Shao
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California;
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McCarthy TL, Yun Z, Madri JA, Centrella M. Stratified control of IGF-I expression by hypoxia and stress hormones in osteoblasts. Gene 2014; 539:141-51. [PMID: 24440782 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Bone cells respond to the integrated effects of local and systemic regulation. Here we show that hypoxia and the stress hormones PGE2 and glucocorticoid interact in complex ways in osteoblasts, converging on insulin like growth factor I (IGF-I) expression. Whereas hypoxia alone rapidly increased transcription factor HIF activity, it suppressed DNA synthesis, had no significant effects on protein synthesis or alkaline phosphatase activity, and drove discrete changes in a panel of osteoblast mRNAs. Notably, hypoxia increased expression of the acute phase response transcription factor C/EBPδ which can induce IGF-I in response to PGE2, but conversely prevented the stimulatory effect of PGE2 on IGF-I mRNA. However, unlike its effect on C/EBPδ, hypoxia suppressed expression of the obligate osteoblast transcription factor Runx2, which can activate an upstream response element in the IGF-I gene promoter. Hypoxic inhibition of IGF-I and Runx2 were enforced by glucocorticoid, and continued with prolonged exposure. Our studies thus reveal that IGF-I expression is stratified by two critical transcriptional elements in osteoblasts, which are resolved by the individual and combined effects of hypoxic stress and stress hormones. In so doing, hypoxia suppresses Runx2, limits the enhancing influence of PGE2, and interacts with glucocorticoid to reduce IGF-I expression by osteoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L McCarthy
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, New Haven, CT 06520-8041, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New Haven, CT 06520-8023, USA.
| | - Zhong Yun
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Therapeutic Radiology, New Haven, CT 06520-8040, USA
| | - Joseph A Madri
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New Haven, CT 06520-8023, USA
| | - Michael Centrella
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, New Haven, CT 06520-8041, USA; Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, New Haven, CT 06520-8023, USA.
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Mercado AE, Yang X, He X, Jabbari E. Effect of grafting BMP2-derived peptide to nanoparticles on osteogenic and vasculogenic expression of stromal cells. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2012; 8:15-28. [PMID: 22764116 DOI: 10.1002/term.1487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 01/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP2) plays a major role in initiating the cascade of osteogenesis. However, high doses of exogenous BMP2 coupled with diffusion away from the intended site cause adverse side-effects. An alternative is to use biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) grafted with peptides of the active domains of BMP2. NPs present a multivalent form of the peptide for stronger interaction with cell surface receptors, leading to a stronger activation of osteogenic signalling pathways. The objective of this work was to compare osteogenic activity of the BMP2 peptide (BMP2Pe), corresponding to residues 73-92 of BMP2 protein (BMP2Pr), grafted to biodegradable NPs with that of BMP2 protein (BMP2Pr). BMP2Pe was functionalized with a cysteine residue and grafted to poly(lactide fumarate) and poly(lactide-co-ethylene oxide fumarate) (PLAF/PLEOF) NPs via a thioether link. The calcium content of bone marrow stromal (BMS) cells cultured in osteogenic medium supplemented with BMP2 peptide/protein-grafted NPs (BMP2Pe-gNP and BMP2Pr-gNP) was slightly higher than other BMP2-treated groups, but all osteogenic groups showed similar levels of mineralization after 21 days. The expression pattern of master transcription factors Dlx5 and Runx2 indicated that BMP2 protein induced faster osteogenic signalling than the BMP peptide. The expression level of Osteopontin (OP), Osteocalcin (OC) and PECAM-1 in the NP-grafted BMP2 groups was significantly higher than those of ungrafted BMP2Pr and BMP2Pe groups, which may be due to a more effective presentation of the peptide/protein to cell surface receptors, thus leading to a stronger interaction of the peptide/protein with clustered cell surface receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angel E Mercado
- Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA
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Keating GL, Turner EC, Kinsella BT. Regulation of the human prostacyclin receptor gene in megakaryocytes: Major roles for C/EBPδ and PU.1. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2012; 1819:428-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2011] [Revised: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Centrella M, McCarthy TL. Estrogen receptor dependent gene expression by osteoblasts - direct, indirect, circumspect, and speculative effects. Steroids 2012; 77:174-84. [PMID: 22093482 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hormone activated estrogen receptors (ERs) have long been appreciated as potent mediators of gene expression in female reproductive tissues. These highly targeted responses likely evolved from more elemental roles in lower organisms, in agreement with their widespread effects in the cardiovascular, immunological, central nervous, and skeletal tissue systems. Still, despite intense investigation, the multiple and often perplexing roles of ERs retain significant attention. In the skeleton, this in part derives from apparently opposing effects by ER agonists on bone growth versus bone remodeling, and in younger versus older individuals. The complexity associated with ER activation can also derive from their interactions with other hormone and growth factor systems, and their direct and indirect effects on gene expression. We propose that part of this complexity results from essential interactions between ERs and other transcription factors, each with their own biochemical and molecular intricacies. Solving some of the many questions that persist may help to achieve better, or better directed, use of agents that can drive ER activation in focused and possibly tissue restricted ways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Centrella
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, 310 Cedar Street, New Haven, CT 06520-8041, United States.
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Tsukada J, Yoshida Y, Kominato Y, Auron PE. The CCAAT/enhancer (C/EBP) family of basic-leucine zipper (bZIP) transcription factors is a multifaceted highly-regulated system for gene regulation. Cytokine 2011; 54:6-19. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2010] [Revised: 12/19/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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McCarthy TL, Kallen CB, Centrella M. β-Catenin independent cross-control between the estradiol and Wnt pathways in osteoblasts. Gene 2011; 479:16-28. [PMID: 21335072 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2011.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoblasts are controlled by the individual and combined effects of systemic and local growth regulators. Here we show functional and physical interactions between estradiol (17βE) and Wnt activated pathways in osteoblasts. 17βE increased gene promoter activity by the Wnt pathway transcriptional effector T cell factor (TCF) in an estrogen receptor (ER) dependent way. This occurred independently of its activity through traditional estrogen response elements and was not replicated by androgen receptor activation. 17βE also increased the stimulatory effect of LiCl on TCF activity, LiCl increased the stimulatory effect of 17βE through estrogen response elements, and both were further enhanced by a noncanonical Wnt receptor agonist (WAg) that functions independently of β-catenin stabilization. In contrast to LiCl, WAg increased DNA synthesis and reduced relative collagen synthesis and alkaline phosphatase activity in otherwise untreated or 17βE stimulated cells. In addition, WAg suppressed Runx2, osterix, and alkaline phosphatase mRNA levels, and potently induced osteoprotegerin mRNA, whereas LiCl was ineffective alone and inhibitory in combination with 17βE. A definitive intersection between the 17βE and Wnt pathways occurred at the protein level, where ERα physically associated with TCF-4 independently of its β-catenin binding domain. This interaction required ligand-dependent exposure of a TCF binding region that mapped to ERα domain E and was further enhanced by Wnt pathway activation. Our studies reveal highly focused co-regulatory effects between the 17βE and Wnt pathways in osteoblasts that involve activated ERα and TCF-4 and downstream changes in gene expression, osteoblast proliferation, and differentiated cell function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas L McCarthy
- Yale University School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, New Haven, CT, 06520-8041, USA.
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Svoboda M, Hamilton G, Thalhammer T. Steroid hormone metabolizing enzymes in benign and malignant human bone tumors. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2010; 6:427-37. [PMID: 20102288 DOI: 10.1517/17425251003592129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED IMPORTANCE IN THE FIELD: Primary bone tumors are considered as (sex steroid) hormone-dependent tumors. Osteosarcoma, osteoblastoma and bone cysts are preferentially found in males, while giant cell tumors are more common in females. Indeed, bone tumor development and progression are influenced by sex steroid hormones derived from in situ synthesis in bone cells. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review describes intracrine mechanisms for local formation of the biologically most active estrogen, 17beta-estradiol (E2), from circulating steroid precursors through the 'aromatase' (aromatization of androgens) and the 'sulfatase' (conversion of inactive estrone-sulfate) pathway. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN The reader gains knowledge on both pathways and the enzymes, which contribute to the in situ availability of active hormones, namely 3beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, aromatase, steroid sulfatases and sulfotransferases. An overview is given and the expression and function of these enzymes in bone tumors are discussed. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Knowledge on pathways for the in situ formation of E2 in bone cells may allow the identification of potential targets for i) novel endocrine therapeutic options in primary bone tumors and ii) future preventive interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Svoboda
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Guertel 18-20, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
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Teplyuk NM, Zhang Y, Lou Y, Hawse JR, Hassan MQ, Teplyuk VI, Pratap J, Galindo M, Stein JL, Stein GS, Lian JB, van Wijnen AJ. The osteogenic transcription factor runx2 controls genes involved in sterol/steroid metabolism, including CYP11A1 in osteoblasts. Mol Endocrinol 2009; 23:849-61. [PMID: 19342447 DOI: 10.1210/me.2008-0270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones including (1,25)-dihydroxyvitamin D3, estrogens, and glucocorticoids control bone development and homeostasis. We show here that the osteogenic transcription factor Runx2 controls genes involved in sterol/steroid metabolism, including Cyp11a1, Cyp39a1, Cyp51, Lss, and Dhcr7 in murine osteoprogenitor cells. Cyp11a1 (P450scc) encodes an approximately 55-kDa mitochondrial enzyme that catalyzes side-chain cleavage of cholesterol and is rate limiting for steroid hormone biosynthesis. Runx2 is coexpressed with Cyp11a1 in osteoblasts as well as nonosseous cell types (e.g. testis and breast cancer cells), suggesting a broad biological role for Runx2 in sterol/steroid metabolism. Notably, osteoblasts and breast cancer cells express an approximately 32-kDa truncated isoform of Cyp11a1 that is nonmitochondrial and localized in both the cytoplasm and the nucleus. Chromatin immunoprecipitation analyses and gel shift assays show that Runx2 binds to the Cyp11a1 gene promoter in osteoblasts, indicating that Cyp11a1 is a direct target of Runx2. Specific Cyp11a1 knockdown with short hairpin RNA increases cell proliferation, indicating that Cyp11a1 normally suppresses osteoblast proliferation. We conclude that Runx2 regulates enzymes involved in sterol/steroid-related metabolic pathways and that activation of Cyp11a1 by Runx2 may contribute to attenuation of osteoblast growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadiya M Teplyuk
- Department of Cell Biology, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655-0106, USA
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18
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Cardiotrophin-1 is an osteoclast-derived stimulus of bone formation required for normal bone remodeling. J Bone Miner Res 2008; 23:2025-32. [PMID: 18665789 DOI: 10.1359/jbmr.080706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Cardiotrophin (CT-1) signals through gp130 and the LIF receptor (LIFR) and plays a major role in cardiac, neurological, and liver biology. We report here that CT-1 is also expressed within bone in osteoclasts and that CT-1 is capable of increasing osteoblast activity and mineralization both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, CT-1 stimulated CAAT/enhancer-binding protein-delta (C/EBP delta) expression and runt-related transcription factor 2 (runx2) activation. In neonate CT-1(-/-) mice, we detected low bone mass associated with reduced osteoblasts and many large osteoclasts, but increased cartilage remnants within the bone, suggesting impaired resorption. Cultured bone marrow (BM) from CT-1(-/-) mice generated many oversized osteoclasts and mineralized poorly compared with wildtype BM. As the CT-1(-/-) mice aged, the reduced osteoblast surface (ObS/BS) was no longer detected, but impaired bone resorption continued resulting in an osteopetrotic phenotype in adult bone. CT-1 may now be classed as an essential osteoclast-derived stimulus of both bone formation and resorption.
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Expression of an estrogen receptor agonist in differentiating osteoblast cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2008; 105:7022-7. [PMID: 18474857 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0800085105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Osteoblasts respond in direct and indirect ways to estrogens, and age-dependent changes in hormone levels and bone health can be limited by focused hormone replacement therapy. In this study, we report the release and isolation of an estrogen receptor agonist from osteoblast cultures. This entity reprises many aspects of estradiol activity in isolated osteoblasts, but differs from authentic estradiol by several biochemical and physical criteria. At levels that occur in conditioned medium from differentiating osteoblast cultures, the agonist directly drives gene expression through estrogen-sensitive response elements, activates the obligate osteoblast transcription factor Runx2, and potently enhances Smad-dependent gene expression in response to TGF-beta, but exhibits relatively lesser suppressive effects on gene expression through C/EBP and AP-1-binding protein transcription factors. Estrogen receptor agonist activity is resistant to heating at 100 degrees C and separable from the bulk of the remaining alcohol- and hexane-soluble molecules by C18 chromatography. MS and molecular fragmentation analyses predict a M(r) of 415.2 to 437.2. Therefore, in addition to earlier studies showing that osteoblasts readily respond to and metabolize various sex steroid-like substrates, we find that they also generate a potent estrogen receptor agonist during differentiation in vitro. Changes in the availability of a molecule like this within bone may relate to differences in skeletal integrity with aging or metabolic disease.
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20
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Marcinkowska E, Garay E, Gocek E, Chrobak A, Wang X, Studzinski GP. Regulation of C/EBPbeta isoforms by MAPK pathways in HL60 cells induced to differentiate by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312:2054-65. [PMID: 16624284 PMCID: PMC2814412 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2006.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2005] [Revised: 03/06/2006] [Accepted: 03/08/2006] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
C/EBPbeta is known to be important for monocytic differentiation and macrophage function. Here, we found that expression of all three C/EBPbeta isoforms induced in HL60 cells by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) was upregulated in a sustained manner that correlates with the appearance of monocytic phenotype and with the G1 phase cell cycle arrest. In 1,25D-resistant HL60-40AF cells, isoforms beta-1 and beta-3 were expressed at levels comparable to 1,25D-sensitive HL60-G cells, but isoform beta-2 was difficult to detect. Treatment of sensitive HL60 cells with 1,25D resulted in predominantly nuclear localization of C/EBP isoforms beta-2 and beta-3, while a large proportion of C/EBPbeta-1 remained in the cytoplasm. Attenuation of the MEK-ERK MAPK pathway by the inhibitor PD98059 markedly reduced the expression, 1,25D-induced phosphorylation and nuclear localization of C/EBPbeta-2 and C/EBPbeta-3. Interestingly, only the lower molecular mass isoforms of C/EBPbeta phosphorylated on Thr235 were found in the nuclei, while C/EBPbeta-1 was constitutively phosphorylated and was detected principally in the cytoplasmic fraction. Although the role of C/EBPbeta isoforms in 1,25D-induced differentiation is complex, our results taken together strongly suggest that the phosphorylation of C/EBPbeta isoforms on Thr235 takes place mainly via the MEK-ERK pathway and that C/EBPbeta-2 is the principal transcription factor in this cell system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Marcinkowska
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wroclaw, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Edward Garay
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - Elzbieta Gocek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Wroclaw, Tamka 2, 50-137 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Chrobak
- Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Rudolf Weigl St. 12, 53-114 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Xuening Wang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
| | - George P. Studzinski
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ 07103, USA
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21
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Abstract
Skin and bone - what comes to mind at hearing this phrase? While certainly a metaphor for disease, it also defines two very different tissues, one a flexible and contiguous outer covering, the other a morphologically diverse hard tissue distributed at over 200 sites in the body. As the accompanying series of Reviews highlights, these tissues are indeed diverse, but there are also surprising similarities. Skin is the interface between the internal organs and the environment, and as such plays a crucial role in the body's defense mechanism. The skin and its many appendages are responsible for functions as diverse as epidermal barrier and defense, immune surveillance, UV protection, thermoregulation, sweating, lubrication, pigmentation, the sensations of pain and touch, and, importantly, the protection of various stem cell niches in the skin. Bone serves a number of purposes: it provides protection for vital organs, a lever for locomotion, a reservoir for calcium, and the site of adult hematopoiesis. The tissue is composed of osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and their individual precursors plus a complex mixture of mesenchymal, myeloid, and lymphoid cells in the marrow space. Finally, the endothelial microenvironment provides nutrition and is a conduit for the influx and emigration of cells that impact bone biology in several important ways. This Review series guides the reader through these various facets of 2 diverse, yet interdependent, tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Patrick Ross
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Departments of Dermatology and Genetics and Development, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
| | - Angela M. Christiano
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA.
Departments of Dermatology and Genetics and Development, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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