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Whitton A, Hyzy SL, Britt C, Williams JK, Boyan BD, Olivares-Navarrete R. Differential spatial regulation of BMP molecules is associated with single-suture craniosynostosis. J Neurosurg Pediatr 2016; 18:83-91. [PMID: 27035551 DOI: 10.3171/2015.12.peds15414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) ligands, receptors, and soluble inhibitors in cells isolated from single-suture synostoses from fused coronal, metopic, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures. METHODS Cells were isolated from bone collected from patients undergoing craniotomies at Children's Healthcare of Atlanta. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to examine mRNA levels in cells isolated from fused sutures or patent sutures in comparison with levels in normal bone from the same patient. RESULTS Cells isolated from fused sutures in cases of sagittal and coronal synostosis highly expressed BMP2, while cells isolated from fused metopic or lambdoid synostosis expressed high BMP4. Noggin, a BMP inhibitor, was lower in fused sutures and had high expression in patent sutures. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that BMPs and inhibitors play a significant role in the regulation of suture fusion as well in the maintenance of patency in the normal suture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaina Whitton
- School of Biology, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sharon L Hyzy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia
| | - Chelsea Britt
- Medical College of Georgia, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, Georgia
| | | | - Barbara D Boyan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia;,Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
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Characterization of Reversibly Immortalized Calvarial Mesenchymal Progenitor Cells. J Craniofac Surg 2016; 26:1207-13. [PMID: 26080159 DOI: 10.1097/scs.0000000000001717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play a sentinel role in osteoblastic differentiation, and their implementation into clinical practice can revolutionize cranial reconstruction. Preliminary data suggest a therapeutic role of adenoviral gene delivery of BMPs in murine calvarial defect healing. Poor transgene expression inherent in direct adenoviral therapy prompted investigation of cell-based strategies. OBJECTIVE To isolate and immortalize calvarial cells as a potential progenitor source for osseous tissue engineering. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cells were isolated from murine skulls, cultured, and transduced with a retroviral vector bearing the loxP-flanked SV40 large T antigen. Immortalized calvarial cells (iCALs) were evaluated via light microscopy, immunohistochemistry, and flow cytometry to determine whether the immortalization process altered cell morphology or progenitor cell profile. Immortalized calvarial cells were then infected with adenoviral vectors encoding BMP-2 or GFP and assessed for early and late stages of osteogenic differentiation. RESULTS Immortalization of calvarial cells did not alter cell morphology as demonstrated by phase contrast microscopy. Mesenchymal progenitor cell markers CD166, CD73, CD44, and CD105 were detected at varying levels in both primary cells and iCALs. Significant elevations in alkaline phosphatase activity, osteocalcin mRNA transcription, and matrix mineralization were detected in BMP-2 treated iCALs compared with GFP-treated cells. Gross and histological analyses revealed ectopic bone production from treated cells compared with controls in an in vivo stem cell implantation assay. CONCLUSION We have established an immortalized osteoprogenitor cell line from juvenile calvarial cells that retain a progenitor cell phenotype and can successfully undergo osteogenic differentiation upon BMP-2 stimulation. These cells provide a valuable platform to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying intramembranous bone formation and to screen for factors/small molecules that can facilitate the healing of osseous defects in the craniofacial skeleton.
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Park SS, Beyer RP, Smyth MD, Clarke CM, Timms AE, Bammler TK, Stamper BD, Mecham BH, Gustafson JA, Cunningham ML. Osteoblast differentiation profiles define sex specific gene expression patterns in craniosynostosis. Bone 2015; 76:169-76. [PMID: 25753363 PMCID: PMC4546839 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Single suture craniosynostosis (SSC) is the premature fusion of one calvarial suture and occurs in 1-1700-2500 live births. Congenital fusion of either the sagittal, metopic, or coronal sutures represents 95% of all cases of SSC. Sagittal and metopic synostosis have a male preponderance (3:1) while premature fusion of the coronal suture has a female preponderance (2:1). Although environmental and genetic factors contribute to SSC, the etiology of the majority of SSC cases remains unclear. In this study, 227 primary calvarial osteoblast cell lines from patients with coronal, metopic, or sagittal synostosis and unaffected controls were established and assayed for ALP activity and BrdU incorporation (n = 226) as respective measures of early stage osteoblast differentiation and proliferation. Primary osteoblast cell lines from individuals with sagittal synostosis demonstrated higher levels of ALP activity and reduced proliferation when compared to control lines. In order to address the sex differences in SSC types, the data was further stratified by sex. Osteoblasts from males and females with sagittal synostosis as well as males with metopic synostosis demonstrated higher levels of ALP activity when compared to sex matched controls, and males with sagittal or metopic synostosis demonstrated reduced levels of proliferation. In order to elucidate genes and pathways involved in these observed phenotypes, correlation analyses comparing ALP activity and proliferation to global gene expression was performed. Transcripts related to osteoblast differentiation were identified both differentially up and downregulated, correlated with ALP activity when compared to controls, and demonstrated a striking sex specific gene expression pattern. These data support that the dysregulation of osteoblast differentiation plays a role in the development of SSC and that genetic factors contribute to the observed sex related differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah S Park
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Richard P Beyer
- University of Washington, Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew D Smyth
- Washington University, Department of Neurosurgery and St. Louis Children's Hospital, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christine M Clarke
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Andrew E Timms
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Theo K Bammler
- University of Washington, Center for Ecogenetics and Environmental Health, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | | | - Jennifer A Gustafson
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael L Cunningham
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA; Seattle Children's Craniofacial Center, Seattle, WA, USA.
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Teven CM, Rossi MT, Shenaq DS, Ameer GA, Reid RR. Bone morphogenetic protein-9 effectively induces osteogenic differentiation of reversibly immortalized calvarial mesenchymal progenitor cells. Genes Dis 2015; 2:268-275. [PMID: 30258869 PMCID: PMC6147177 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Critical-sized craniofacial defect repair represents a significant challenge to reconstructive surgeons. Many strategies have been employed in an effort to achieve both a functionally and cosmetically acceptable outcome. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) provide a robust osteoinductive cue to stimulate bony growth and remodeling. Previous studies have suggested that the BMP-9 isoform is particularly effective in promoting osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal progenitor cells. The aim of this study is to characterize the osteogenic capacity of BMP-9 on calvarial mesenchymal progenitor cell differentiation. Reversibly immortalized murine calvarial progenitor cells (iCALs) were infected with adenoviral vectors encoding BMP-9 or GFP and assessed for early and late stages of osteogenic differentiation in vitro and for osteogenic differentiation via in vivo stem cell implantation studies. Significant elevations in alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, osteocalcin (OCN) mRNA transcription, osteopontin (OPN) protein expression, and matrix mineralization were detected in BMP-treated cells compared to control. Specifically, ALP activity was elevated on days 3, 7, 9, 11, and 13 post-infection and OCN mRNA expression was elevated on days 8, 10, and 14 in treated cells. Additionally, treatment groups demonstrated increased OPN protein expression on day 10 and matrix mineralization on day 14 post-infection relative to control groups. BMP-9 also facilitated the formation of new bone in vivo as detailed by gross, microcomputed tomography, and histological analyses. Therefore, we concluded that BMP-9 significantly stimulates osteogenic differentiation in iCALs, and should be considered an effective agent for calvarial tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Teven
- The Laboratory of Craniofacial Development and Biology, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Michael T Rossi
- The Laboratory of Craniofacial Development and Biology, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Deana S Shenaq
- The Laboratory of Craniofacial Development and Biology, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Guillermo A Ameer
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Department of Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Russell R Reid
- The Laboratory of Craniofacial Development and Biology, Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Chicago Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
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Duench K, Franz-Odendaal TA. BMP and Hedgehog signaling during the development of scleral ossicles. Dev Biol 2012; 365:251-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2012.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Qian YY, Wang HJ, Ma D. [Study progress of special AT-rich sequence binding protein 2]. YI CHUAN = HEREDITAS 2011; 33:947-52. [PMID: 21951795 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1005.2011.00947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
SATB2 is a transcription factor, which plays an important role in transcriptional regulation and chromatin recombinant by combining with matrix attachment regions. SATB2 is a key regulatory molecule in the progress of osteoblast differentiation and bone matrix formation. Mutations in this gene are associated with congenital craniofacial malformation. In addition, SATB2 is involved in the development of central nervous system, especially the corpus callosum and the pons. At the same time, SATB2 may participate in the process of tumor formation. In malignant tumors, such as breast cancer, the expression level of SATB2 is higher than normal. The literatures of SATB2 were reviewed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Qian
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
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Clarke CJ, Mediwala K, Jenkins RW, Sutton CA, Tholanikunnel BG, Hannun YA. Neutral sphingomyelinase-2 mediates growth arrest by retinoic acid through modulation of ribosomal S6 kinase. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:21565-76. [PMID: 21536668 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.193375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
All-trans-retinoic acid (ATRA) induces growth arrest of many cell types. Previous studies have reported that ATRA can modulate cellular sphingolipids, but the role of sphingolipids in the ATRA response is not clear. Using MCF-7 cells as a model system, we show that ATRA stimulates an increase in ceramide levels followed by G(0)/G(1) growth arrest. Notably, induction of nSMase2 was the primary effect of ATRA on the sphingolipid network and was both time- and dose-dependent. Importantly, pretreatment with nSMase2 siRNA significantly inhibited ATRA effects on ceramide levels and growth arrest. In contrast, nSMase2 overexpression was sufficient to increase ceramide levels and induce G(0)/G(1) growth arrest of asynchronous MCF-7 cells. Surprisingly, neither ATRA stimulation nor nSMase2 overexpression had significant effects on classical cell cycle regulators such as p21/WAF1 or retinoblastoma. In contrast, ATRA suppressed phosphorylation of ribosomal S6 kinase (S6K) and its downstream targets S6 and eIF4B. Importantly, these effects were significantly inhibited by nSMase2 siRNA. Reciprocally, nSMase2 overexpression was sufficient to suppress S6K phosphorylation and signaling. Notably, neither ATRA effects nor nSMase2 effects on S6K phosphorylation required the ceramide-activated protein phosphatase PP2A, previously identified as important for S6K regulation. Finally, nSMase2 overexpression was sufficient to decrease translation as measured by methionine incorporation and analysis of polyribosome profiles. Taken together, these results implicate nSMase2 as a major component of ATRA-induced growth arrest of MCF-7 cells and identify S6K as a novel downstream target of nSMase2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Clarke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Detsch R, Hagmeyer D, Neumann M, Schaefer S, Vortkamp A, Wuelling M, Ziegler G, Epple M. The resorption of nanocrystalline calcium phosphates by osteoclast-like cells. Acta Biomater 2010; 6:3223-33. [PMID: 20206720 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2010.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 02/24/2010] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nanocrystalline calcium phosphates containing carbonate have a high similarity to bone mineral. The reactions of bone cells (primary osteoblasts and osteoclast-like cells) on these materials as well as on sintered beta-tricalcium phosphate and hydroxyapatite (HA) confirmed a good biocompatibility of the nanocrystalline samples. However, osteoclastic differentiation was constrained on the carbonate-rich samples, leading to a small number of osteoclast-like cells on the materials and few resorption pits. The grain size of the calcium phosphate ceramics (nano vs. micro) was less important than expected from to physico-chemical considerations. When comparing the nanocrystalline samples, the highest resorption rate was found for nano-HA with a low carbonate content, which strongly stimulated the differentiation of osteoclast-like cells on its surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Detsch
- BioCer EntwicklungsGmbH, Ludwig-Thoma-Str. 36c, 95447 Bayreuth, Germany.
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Id Boufker H, Lagneaux L, Najar M, Piccart M, Ghanem G, Body JJ, Journé F. The Src inhibitor dasatinib accelerates the differentiation of human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells into osteoblasts. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:298. [PMID: 20565769 PMCID: PMC3087319 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2009] [Accepted: 06/17/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The proto-oncogene Src is an important non-receptor protein tyrosine kinase involved in signaling pathways that control cell adhesion, growth, migration and differentiation. It negatively regulates osteoblast activity, and, as such, its inhibition is a potential means to prevent bone loss. Dasatinib is a new dual Src/Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitor initially developed for the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. It has also shown promising results in preclinical studies in various solid tumors. However, its effects on the differentiation of human osteoblasts have never been examined. Methods We evaluated the effects of dasatinib on bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) differentiation into osteoblasts, in the presence or absence of a mixture of dexamethasone, ascorbic acid and β-glycerophosphate (DAG) for up to 21 days. The differentiation kinetics was assessed by evaluating mineralization of the extracellular matrix, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity, and expression of osteoblastic markers (receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand [RANKL], bone sialoprotein [BSP], osteopontin [OPN]). Results Dasatinib significantly increased the activity of ALP and the level of calcium deposition in MSC cultured with DAG after, respectively, 7 and 14 days; it upregulated the expression of BSP and OPN genes independently of DAG; and it markedly downregulated the expression of RANKL gene and protein (decrease in RANKL/OPG ratio), the key factor that stimulates osteoclast differentiation and activity. Conclusions Our results suggest a dual role for dasatinib in both (i) stimulating osteoblast differentiation leading to a direct increase in bone formation, and (ii) downregulating RANKL synthesis by osteoblasts leading to an indirect inhibition of osteoclastogenesis. Thus, dasatinib is a potentially interesting candidate drug for the treatment of osteolysis through its dual effect on bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichame Id Boufker
- Laboratoire d'Hematologie Experimentale, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
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Simon S, Smith AJ, Lumley PJ, Berdal A, Smith G, Finney S, Cooper PR. Molecular characterization of young and mature odontoblasts. Bone 2009; 45:693-703. [PMID: 19555781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The odontoblast is the secretory cell responsible for primary, secondary and tertiary reactionary dentinogenesis. We provide evidence that the changes in secretory activity of odontoblasts reflect differential transcriptional control and that common regulatory processes may exist between dentine and bone. INTRODUCTION Based on the hypothesis that differential dentine secretion (primary and secondary dentinogenesis) is associated with changes in the transcriptional control within the cell, we have investigated the transcriptome of odontoblasts at young and mature stages and subsequently used this information to identify key regulatory intracellular pathways involved in this process. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used microarray analysis to compare the transcriptome of early stage (primary dentinogenesis) and late stage (secondary dentinogenesis) odontoblasts from 30 month old bovine teeth. Secondarily, we used post-array sqRT-PCR to confirm the differential expression of 23 genes in both populations of odontoblasts. Finally, immunohistochemistry was performed on bovine and murine tissues with antibodies to DMP1 and anti-phospho p38 proteins. RESULTS DMP-1 and osteocalcin gene expression were up-regulated in the mature odontoblasts, whereas collagen I, DSPP, TGF-beta1 and TGF-beta1R gene expression were down-regulated. Microarray analysis highlighted 574 differentially regulated genes (fold change>2 - p<0.05). This study supports further existing similarities between pulp cells and bone cells. Using post-array Sq-RT-PCR we characterized transcript levels of genes involved in the p38 MAP kinase pathway (PTPRR, NTRKK2, MAPK13, MAP2K6, MKK3). Differential p38 gene activation was confirmed by immunohistochemistry for p38 protein in murine teeth. Finally, immunohistochemistry for DMP1 indicated that odontoblasts involved in primary and secondary dentinogenesis may coexist in the same tooth. CONCLUSION As established in bone cells, the transcriptome of the odontoblast was shown here to evolve with their stage and functional maturity. Identification of the involved signalling pathways, as highlighted for p38, will enable the deciphering of physiology and pathology of mineralised tissue formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Simon
- INSERM, UMR S 872, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.
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Paic F, Igwe JC, Ravi N, Kronenberg MS, Franceschetti T, Harrington P, Kuo L, Shin DG, Rowe DW, Harris SE, Kalajzic I. Identification of differentially expressed genes between osteoblasts and osteocytes. Bone 2009; 45:682-92. [PMID: 19539797 PMCID: PMC2731004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2009] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Osteocytes represent the most abundant cellular component of mammalian bones with important functions in bone mass maintenance and remodeling. To elucidate the differential gene expression between osteoblasts and osteocytes we completed a comprehensive analysis of their gene profiles. Selective identification of these two mature populations was achieved by utilization of visual markers of bone lineage cells. We have utilized dual GFP reporter mice in which osteocytes are expressing GFP (topaz) directed by the DMP1 promoter, while osteoblasts are identified by expression of GFP (cyan) driven by 2.3 kb of the Col1a1 promoter. Histological analysis of 7-day-old neonatal calvaria confirmed the expression pattern of DMP1GFP in osteocytes and Col2.3 in osteoblasts and osteocytes. To isolate distinct populations of cells we utilized fluorescent activated cell sorting (FACS). Cell suspensions were subjected to RNA extraction, in vitro transcription and labeling of cDNA and gene expression was analyzed using the Illumina WG-6v1 BeadChip. Following normalization of raw data from four biological replicates, 3444 genes were called present in all three sorted cell populations: GFP negative, Col2.3cyan(+) (osteoblasts), and DMP1topaz(+) (preosteocytes and osteocytes). We present the genes that showed in excess of a 2-fold change for gene expression between DMP1topaz(+) and Col2.3cyan(+) cells. The selected genes were classified and grouped according to their associated gene ontology terms. Genes clustered to osteogenesis and skeletal development such as Bmp4, Bmp8a, Dmp1, Enpp1, Phex and Ank were highly expressed in DMP1topaz(+)cells. Most of the genes encoding extracellular matrix components and secreted proteins had lower expression in DMP1topaz(+) cells, while most of the genes encoding plasma membrane proteins were increased. Interestingly a large number of genes associated with muscle development and function and with neuronal phenotype were increased in DMP1topaz(+) cells, indicating some new aspects of osteocyte biology. Although a large number of genes differentially expressed in DMP1topaz(+) and Col2.3cyan(+) cells in our study have already been assigned to bone development and physiology, for most of them we still lack any substantial data. Therefore, isolation of osteocyte and osteoblast cell populations and their subsequent microarray analysis allowed us to identify a number or genes and pathways with potential roles in regulation of bone mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frane Paic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Biology, School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - John C. Igwe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nori Ravi
- Department of Computer Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Mark S. Kronenberg
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Tiziana Franceschetti
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | - Patrick Harrington
- Dept. of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Lynn Kuo
- Dept. of Statistics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - Don-Guk Shin
- Department of Computer Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, USA
| | - David W. Rowe
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Ivo Kalajzic
- Department of Reconstructive Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, Connecticut, USA
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Cho YD, Yoon WJ, Woo KM, Baek JH, Lee G, Cho JY, Ryoo HM. Molecular regulation of matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein expression by bone morphogenetic protein-2. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:25230-40. [PMID: 19617624 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.008391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix extracellular phosphoglycoprotein (MEPE) is mainly expressed in mineralizing tissues, and its C-terminal proteolytic cleavage product is an acidic-serine-asparate-rich-MEPE-associated motif (ASARM) that is a strong regulator of body phosphate metabolism and mineralization. There is sufficient data supporting a role for MEPE protein function in mineralization, however, little is known about the regulation of MEPE gene expression. As bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) is one of the most important signals for calvarial mineralization and MEPE expression is higher in mineralized tissues, we attempted to uncover a regulatory circuit between BMP-2 and MEPE expression. Mepe expression is very low in proliferating MC3T3-E1 cells, but is dramatically increased in the mineralization stage and is strongly stimulated by treatment with BMP-2, even in proliferating cells. Overexpression and knock-down experiments of Smads, Dlx5, and Runx2 indicated that they are indispensable mediators of BMP-2-induced Mepe expression. In contrast, Msx2 showed strong inhibition of Mepe transcription. PHEX is an enzyme that prevents the release of the ASARM motif, a mineralization inhibitor, from the MEPE molecule. Thus, the MEPE/PHEX ratio may be a good indicator of mineralization progression because we found that the mRNA ratio and protein levels were low when osteoblasts were actively differentiating to the mineralization stage and the ratio was high when the cells reached the mineralization stage when it is assumed that osteocytes may protect themselves and make a space to survive from the mineralized matrix by releasing the ASARM motif. Collectively, MEPE expression is bone cell-specific and induced by the BMP-2 signaling pathway. In addition, the MEPE/PHEX ratio of the cell could be a very important barometer indicating the progression of tissue mineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Dan Cho
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, BK21 Program, Seoul National University, Seoul 110-749, Korea
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Zhang P, Turner CH, Yokota H. Joint loading-driven bone formation and signaling pathways predicted from genome-wide expression profiles. Bone 2009; 44:989-98. [PMID: 19442616 PMCID: PMC2700035 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2009.01.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2008] [Revised: 01/07/2009] [Accepted: 01/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Joint loading is a recently developed loading modality that induces anabolic responses by lateral loads applied to a synovial joint such as an elbow and a knee. The present study extended this loading modality to an ankle and addressed a question: does ankle loading promote bone formation in the tibia? If so, what signaling pathways are involved in the anabolic responses? Using C57BL/6 female mice as a model system, lateral loads of 0.5 N were applied to the ankle at 5 Hz for 3 min/day for 3 consecutive days and load-driven bone formation was evaluated at three tibial cross-sections (the proximal, middle, and distal diaphysis). Furthermore, total RNA was isolated for 3 pairs of microarray experiments as well as quantitative real-time PCR analyses. The histomorphometric results revealed that in all cross-sections ankle loading elevated the cortical area and thickness as well as the calcein-labeled surface. Signaling pathway analysis from microarray-derived whole-genome mRNA expression profiles and quantitative real-time PCR predicted that molecules in phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K), ECM-receptor interactions, TGFbeta signaling, and Wnt signaling were involved in the joint-loading driven responses. Since ankle loading stimulates bone formation throughout the tibia both in the endosteum and the periosteum, it may provide a non-pharmacological approach to effectively activate molecular signaling necessary for preventing bone loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Charles H. Turner
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis
- Orthopaedic Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
| | - Hiroki Yokota
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202
- Corresponding Author: Hiroki Yokota, PhD, Indiana University - Purdue University Indianapolis, Fesler Hall 115, 1120 South Drive, Indianapolis, IN 46202, Phone: (317) 274-2448, Fax: (317) 278-9568, E-mail:
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Chae YM, Heo SH, Kim JY, Lee JM, Ryoo HM, Cho JY. Upregulation of smpd3 via BMP2 stimulation and Runx2. BMB Rep 2009; 42:86-90. [PMID: 19250608 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2009.42.2.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Deletion of smpd3 induces osteogenesis and dentinogenesis imperfecta in mice. smpd3 is highly elevated in the parietal bones of developing mouse calvaria, but not in sutural mesenchymes. Here, we examine the mechanism of smpd3 regulation, which involves BMP2 stimulation of Runx2. smpd3 mRNA expression increased in response to BMP2 treatment and Runx2 transfection in C2C12 cells. The Runx2-responsive element (RRE) encoded within the -562 to -557 region is important for activation of the smpd3 promoter by Runx2. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that Runx2 binds strongly to the -355 to -350 RRE and less strongly to the -562 to -557 site. Thus, the smpd3 promoter is activated by BMP2 and is directly regulated by the Runx2 transcription factor. This novel description of smpd3 regulation will aid further studies of bone development and osteogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Mi Chae
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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16
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Buxton PG, Bitar M, Gellynck K, Parkar M, Brown RA, Young AM, Knowles JC, Nazhat SN. Dense collagen matrix accelerates osteogenic differentiation and rescues the apoptotic response to MMP inhibition. Bone 2008; 43:377-385. [PMID: 18502716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2008.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2007] [Revised: 02/28/2008] [Accepted: 03/25/2008] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bone is distinguished from other tissues by its mechanical properties, in particular stiffness. However, we know little of how osteoblasts react to the stiffness of their microenvironment; in this study we describe their response to a dense (>10 wt.%) collagenous 3D environment. Primary pre-osteoblasts were seeded within a novel form of native collagen, dense collagen, and cultured for up to 14 days in the presence and absence of osteogenic supplements: analysis was via Q-PCR, histology, fluorescent in situ zymography, MMP loss-of-function and tensile testing. Differentiation as measured through the up-regulation of Bsp (247-fold), Alp (14.2-fold), Col1A1 (4.5-fold), Mmp-13 (8.0-fold) and Runx2 (1.2-fold) transcripts was greatly accelerated compared to 2D plastic at 7 and 14 days in the same medium. The scale of this enhancement was confirmed through the use of growth factor stimulation on 2D via the addition of BMP-6 and the Hedgehog agonist purmorphamine. In concert, these molecules were capable of the same level of osteo-induction (measured by Bsp and Alp expression) as the dense collagen alone. Mineralisation was initially localised to remodelled pericellular regions, but by 14 days embedded cells were discernible within regions of apatite (confirmed by MicroRaman). Tensile testing of the matrices showed that this had resulted in a significant increase in Young's modulus at low strain values, consistent with a stiffening of the matrix. To determine the need for matrix remodelling in the mineralisation event the broad spectrum MMP Inhibitor Ilomastat was used. It was found that in its presence mineralisation could still occur (though serum-specific) and the apoptosis associated with MMP inhibition in hydrated collagen gels was abrogated. Analysis of gene expression indicated that this was due to the up-regulation of Mmp-13 in the presence of Ilomastat in dense collagen (400-fold), demonstrating a powerful feedback loop and a potential mechanism for the rescue from apoptosis. Osteoid-like matrix (dense collagen) is therefore a potent stimulant of osteoblast differentiation in vitro and provides an environment that enables survival and differentiation in the presence of MMP inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- P G Buxton
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London, WC1X 8LD, UK.
| | - M Bitar
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London, WC1X 8LD, UK; Materials Biology Interactions Group, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research (EMPA), Lerchenfeldstr 5, CH-9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - K Gellynck
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London, WC1X 8LD, UK.
| | - M Parkar
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London, WC1X 8LD, UK.
| | - R A Brown
- UCL Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, London, UK.
| | - A M Young
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London, WC1X 8LD, UK.
| | - J C Knowles
- Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, UCL Eastman Dental Institute, 256 Gray's Inn Road, London, WC1X 8LD, UK.
| | - S N Nazhat
- Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B2.
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17
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Coussens AK, Hughes IP, Wilkinson CR, Morris CP, Anderson PJ, Powell BC, van Daal A. Identification of genes differentially expressed by prematurely fused human sutures using a novel in vivo – in vitro approach. Differentiation 2008; 76:531-45. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-0436.2007.00244.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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18
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Guo Y, Yang TL, Pan F, Xu XH, Dong SS, Deng HW. Molecular genetic studies of gene identification for osteoporosis. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2008; 3:223-267. [PMID: 30764094 DOI: 10.1586/17446651.3.2.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This review comprehensively summarizes the most important and representative molecular genetics studies of gene identification for osteoporosis published up to the end of September 2007. It is intended to constitute a sequential update of our previously published reviews covering the available data up to the end of 2004. Evidence from candidate gene-association studies, genome-wide linkage and association studies, as well as functional genomic studies (including gene-expression microarray and proteomics) on osteogenesis and osteoporosis, are reviewed separately. Studies of transgenic and knockout mice models relevant to osteoporosis are summarized. The major results of all studies are tabulated for comparison and ease of reference. Comments are made on the most notable findings and representative studies for their potential influence and implications on our present understanding of genetics of osteoporosis. The format adopted by this review should be ideal for accommodating future new advances and studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Guo
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Tie-Lin Yang
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Feng Pan
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Xiang-Hong Xu
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Shan-Shan Dong
- a The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- b The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education and Institute of Molecular Genetics, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, PR China and Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Basic Medical Sciences, University of Missouri - Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA.
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19
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Handrigan GR, Buchtová M, Richman JM. Gene discovery in craniofacial development and disease--cashing in your chips. Clin Genet 2007; 71:109-19. [PMID: 17250659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2007.00761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
An unbiased, polygenic approach is needed to unravel the complex molecular bases of craniofacial development and disease. DNA microarrays, the current paradigm of genome-wide analysis, permit the simultaneous study of many thousands of genes, the ready identification of candidate molecules and pathways, and the compilation of gene expression profiles for whole systems--pathologic and embryonic alike. We survey the existing literature applying microarrays to craniofacial biology and highlight the value of animal models, particularly mice and chickens, to understanding molecular regulation in the craniofacial complex. We also emphasize the importance of functional studies and high-throughput assays to extracting useful data from microarray output. It is our goal to help put researchers and clinicians on the same page as microarray technology moves into the forefront of craniofacial biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Handrigan
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Life Sciences Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, B.C., Canada
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