1
|
Lino-López GJ, Ruiz-May E, Elizalde-Contreras JM, Jiménez-Vargas JM, Rodríguez-Vázquez A, González-Carrillo G, Bojórquez-Velázquez E, García-Villalvazo PE, Bermúdez-Guzmán MDJ, Zatarain-Palacios R, Vázquez-Vuelvas OF, Valdez-Velázquez LL, Corzo G. Proteomic Analysis of Heloderma horridum horridum Venom: Assessment to Its Transcriptome and Newfound Proteins. J Proteome Res 2024; 23:3638-3648. [PMID: 39038168 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.4c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Heloderma horridum horridum, a venomous reptile native to America, has a venom with potential applications in treating type II diabetes. In this work, H. h. horridum venom was extracted, lyophilized, and characterized using enzymatic assays for hyaluronidase, phospholipase, and protease. Proteomic analysis of the venom was conducted employing bottom-up/shotgun approaches, SDS-PAGE, high-pH reversed-phase chromatography, and fractionation of tryptic peptides using nano-LC-MS/MS. The proteins found in H. h. horridum venom were reviewed according to the classification of the transcriptome previously reported. The proteomic approach identified 101 enzymes, 36 other proteins, 15 protein inhibitors, 11 host defense proteins, and 1 toxin, including novel venom components such as calcium-binding proteins, phospholipase A2 inhibitors, serpins, cathepsin, subtilases, carboxypeptidase-like, aminopeptidases, glycoside hydrolases, thioredoxin transferases, acid ceramidase-like, enolase, multicopper oxidases, phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI), fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase class 1, pentraxin-related, peptidylglycine α-hydroxylating monooxygenase/peptidyl-hydroxyglycine α-amidating lyase, carbonic anhydrase, acetylcholinesterase, dipeptidylpeptidase, and lysozymes. These findings contribute to understanding the venomous nature of H. h. horridum and highlight its potential as a source of bioactive compounds. Data are available via PRoteomeXchange with the identifier PXD052417.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisela J Lino-López
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad de Colima, 28400 Coquimatlan, Colima, México
- Departamento de Control Biológico, CNRF-DGSV-SENASICA-SADER, Km 1.5 Carretera Tecomán-Estación FFCC, Col. Tepeyac, 28110 Tecomán, Colima, México
| | - Eliel Ruiz-May
- Instituto de Ecología, Carretera antigua a Coatepec 351, El Haya, 91073 Xalapa, Veracruz,México
| | | | | | - Armando Rodríguez-Vázquez
- Centro de Conservación de Vida Silvestre El Palapo, Parcela No. 75 Z-1 P2/2, Predio Las Cuevas del Ejido Agua Zarca, 28400 Coquimatlan, Colima, México
| | - Gabino González-Carrillo
- Tecnológico Nacional de México/ITJMMPyH, U.A. Tamazula. Carretera Tamazula Santa Rosa No. 329, 49650 Tamazula de Gordiano, Jalisco, México
| | | | | | - Manuel de J Bermúdez-Guzmán
- Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales Agrícolas y Pecuarias (INIFAP), 28100 Tecomán, Colima, México
| | | | | | | | - Gerardo Corzo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 62210 Cuernavaca, Morelos, México
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Godoi KSD, Guidolin FR, Portaro FCV, Spencer PJ, da Silva WD. Anti-Metalloproteases: Production and Characterization of Polyclonal IgG Anti-F2 Fraction Antibodies Purified from the Venom of the Snake Bitis arietans. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:toxins15040264. [PMID: 37104202 PMCID: PMC10145261 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15040264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bitis arietans is a medically important snake found in Sub-Saharan Africa. The envenomation is characterized by local and systemic effects, and the lack of antivenoms aggravates the treatment. This study aimed to identify venom toxins and develop antitoxins. The F2 fraction obtained from Bitis arietans venom (BaV) demonstrated the presence of several proteins in its composition, including metalloproteases. Titration assays carried out together with the immunization of mice demonstrated the development of anti-F2 fraction antibodies by the animals. The determination of the affinity of antibodies against different Bitis venoms was evaluated, revealing that only BaV had peptides recognized by anti-F2 fraction antibodies. In vivo analyses demonstrated the hemorrhagic capacity of the venom and the effectiveness of the antibodies in inhibiting up to 80% of the hemorrhage and 0% of the lethality caused by BaV. Together, the data indicate: (1) the prevalence of proteins that influence hemostasis and envenomation; (2) the effectiveness of antibodies in inhibiting specific activities of BaV; and (3) isolation and characterization of toxins can become crucial steps in the development of new alternative treatments. Thus, the results obtained help in understanding the envenoming mechanism and may be useful for the study of new complementary therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Patrick Jack Spencer
- Biotechnology Center, Nuclear and Energy Research Institute, São Paulo 05508-000, Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Silva de França F, Tambourgi DV. Hyaluronan breakdown by snake venom hyaluronidases: From toxins delivery to immunopathology. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1125899. [PMID: 37006255 PMCID: PMC10064005 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1125899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Snake venom enzymes have a broad range of molecular targets in plasma, tissues, and cells, among which hyaluronan (HA) is outstanding. HA is encountered in the extracellular matrix of diverse tissues and in the bloodstream, and its different chemical configurations dictate the diverse morphophysiological processes in which it participates. Hyaluronidases are highlighted among the enzymes involved in HA metabolism. This enzyme has been detected along the phylogenetic tree, suggesting that hyaluronidases exert multiple biological effects on different organisms. Hyaluronidases have been described in tissues, blood and snake venoms. Snake venom hyaluronidases (SVHYA) contribute to tissue destruction in envenomations and are called spreading factors since their action potentiates venom toxin delivery. Interestingly, SVHYA are clustered in Enzyme Class 3.2.1.35 together with mammalian hyaluronidases (HYAL). Both HYAL and SVHYA of Class 3.2.1.35 act upon HA, generating low molecular weight HA fragments (LMW-HA). LMW-HA generated by HYAL becomes a damage-associated molecular pattern that is recognized by Toll-like receptors 2 and 4, triggering cell signaling cascades culminating in innate and adaptive immune responses that are characterized by lipid mediator generation, interleukin production, chemokine upregulation, dendritic cell activation and T cell proliferation. In this review, aspects of the structures and functions of HA and hyaluronidases in both snake venoms and mammals are presented, and their activities are compared. In addition, the potential immunopathological consequences of HA degradation products generated after snakebite envenoming and their use as adjuvant to enhance venom toxin immunogenicity for antivenom production as well as envenomation prognostic biomarker are also discussed.
Collapse
|
4
|
Venom gland transcriptome from Heloderma horridum horridum by high-throughput sequencing. Toxicon 2020; 180:62-78. [PMID: 32283106 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
|
5
|
Vivas-Ruiz DE, Gonzalez-Kozlova EE, Delgadillo J, Palermo PM, Sandoval GA, Lazo F, Rodríguez E, Chávez-Olórtegui C, Yarlequé A, Sanchez EF. Biochemical and molecular characterization of the hyaluronidase from Bothrops atrox Peruvian snake venom. Biochimie 2019; 162:33-45. [PMID: 30946947 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Snake venoms are a rich source of enzymes such as metalloproteinases, serine proteinases phospholipases A2 and myotoxins, that have been well characterized structurally and functionally. However, hyaluronidases (E.C.3.2.1.35) have not been studied extensively. In this study, we describe the biochemical and molecular features of a hyaluronidase (Hyal-Ba) isolated from the venom of the Peruvian snake Bothrops atrox. Hyal-Ba was purified by a combination of ion-exchange and gel filtration chromatography. Purified Hyal-Ba is a 69-kDa (SDS-PAGE) monomeric glycoprotein with an N-terminal amino acid sequence sharing high identity with homologous snake venom hyaluronidases. Detected associated carbohydrates were hexoses (16.38%), hexosamines (2.7%) and sialic acid (0.69%). Hyal-Ba selectively hydrolyzed only hyaluronic acid (HA; specific activity = 437.5 U/mg) but it did not hydrolyze chondroitin sulfate or heparin. The optimal pH and temperature for maximum activity were 6.0 and 40 °C, respectively, and its Km was 0.31 μM. Its activity was inhibited by EDTA, iodoacetate, 2-mercaptoethanol, TLCK and dexamethasone. Na+ and K+ (0.2 M) positively affect hyaluronidase activity; while Mg2+, Br2+, Ba2+, Cu2+, Zn2+, and Cd2+ reduced catalytic activity. Hyal-Ba potentiates the hemorrhagic and hemolytic activity of whole venom, but decreased subplantar edema caused by an l-amino acid oxidase (LAAO). The Hyal-Ba cDNA sequence (2020 bp) encodes 449 amino acid residues, including the catalytic site residues (Glu135, Asp133, Tyr206, Tyr253 and Trp328) and three functional motifs for N-linked glycosylation, which are conserved with other snake hyaluronidases. Spatial modeling of Hyal-Ba displayed a TIM-Barrel (α/β) fold and an EGF-like domain in the C-terminal portion. The phylogenetic analysis of Hyal-Ba with other homologous Hyals showed the monophyly of viperids. Further, Hyal-Ba studies may extend our knowledge of B. atrox toxinology and provides insight to improve the neutralizing strategies of therapeutic antivenoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan E Vivas-Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru.
| | | | - Julio Delgadillo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru
| | - Pedro M Palermo
- Department of Biological Sciences and Border Biomedical Research Center, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79968, USA
| | - Gustavo A Sandoval
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru
| | - Fanny Lazo
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru
| | - Edith Rodríguez
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru
| | - Carlos Chávez-Olórtegui
- Departamento de Bioquímica-Inmunología, Instituto de Ciências Biologicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Armando Yarlequé
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular-Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Venezuela Cdra 34 S/N, Ciudad Universitaria, Lima 01, Lima, Peru
| | - Eladio F Sanchez
- Research and Development Center, Ezequiel Dias Foundation, 30510-010, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Siigur J, Aaspõllu A, Siigur E. Biochemistry and pharmacology of proteins and peptides purified from the venoms of the snakes Macrovipera lebetina subspecies. Toxicon 2019; 158:16-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2018.11.294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
7
|
Baumann K, Dashevsky D, Sunagar K, Fry B. Scratching the Surface of an Itch: Molecular Evolution of Aculeata Venom Allergens. J Mol Evol 2018; 86:484-500. [DOI: 10.1007/s00239-018-9860-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
8
|
New findings from the first transcriptome of the Bothrops moojeni snake venom gland. Toxicon 2017; 140:105-117. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
9
|
Modahl CM, Mackessy SP. Full-Length Venom Protein cDNA Sequences from Venom-Derived mRNA: Exploring Compositional Variation and Adaptive Multigene Evolution. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2016; 10:e0004587. [PMID: 27280639 PMCID: PMC4900637 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0004587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Envenomation of humans by snakes is a complex and continuously evolving medical emergency, and treatment is made that much more difficult by the diverse biochemical composition of many venoms. Venomous snakes and their venoms also provide models for the study of molecular evolutionary processes leading to adaptation and genotype-phenotype relationships. To compare venom complexity and protein sequences, venom gland transcriptomes are assembled, which usually requires the sacrifice of snakes for tissue. However, toxin transcripts are also present in venoms, offering the possibility of obtaining cDNA sequences directly from venom. This study provides evidence that unknown full-length venom protein transcripts can be obtained from the venoms of multiple species from all major venomous snake families. These unknown venom protein cDNAs are obtained by the use of primers designed from conserved signal peptide sequences within each venom protein superfamily. This technique was used to assemble a partial venom gland transcriptome for the Middle American Rattlesnake (Crotalus simus tzabcan) by amplifying sequences for phospholipases A2, serine proteases, C-lectins, and metalloproteinases from within venom. Phospholipase A2 sequences were also recovered from the venoms of several rattlesnakes and an elapid snake (Pseudechis porphyriacus), and three-finger toxin sequences were recovered from multiple rear-fanged snake species, demonstrating that the three major clades of advanced snakes (Elapidae, Viperidae, Colubridae) have stable mRNA present in their venoms. These cDNA sequences from venom were then used to explore potential activities derived from protein sequence similarities and evolutionary histories within these large multigene superfamilies. Venom-derived sequences can also be used to aid in characterizing venoms that lack proteomic profiles and identify sequence characteristics indicating specific envenomation profiles. This approach, requiring only venom, provides access to cDNA sequences in the absence of living specimens, even from commercial venom sources, to evaluate important regional differences in venom composition and to study snake venom protein evolution. This work demonstrates that full-length venom protein messenger RNAs are present in secreted venoms and can be used to acquire full-length protein sequences of toxins from both front-fanged (Elapidae, Viperidae) and rear-fanged (Colubridae) snake venoms, eliminating the need to use venom glands. Full-length transcripts were obtained from venom samples that were fresh, newly lyophilized, old, field desiccated or commercially prepared, representing a significant advance over previous attempts which produced only partial sequence transcripts. Transcripts for all major venom protein families (metalloproteinases, serine proteases, C-type lectins, phospholipases A2 and three-finger toxins) responsible for clinically significant snakebite symptoms were obtained from venoms. These sequences aid in the identification and characterization of venom proteome profiles, allowing for the identification of peptide sequences, specific isoforms, and novel venom proteins. The application of this technique will help to provide venom protein sequences for many snake species, including understudied rear-fanged snakes. Venom protein transcripts offer important insights into potential snakebite envenomation profiles and the molecular evolution of venom protein multigene families. By requiring only venom to obtain venom protein cDNAs, the approach detailed here will provide access to cDNA-based protein sequences from commercial and other venom sources, facilitating study of snake venom protein composition and evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra M. Modahl
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stephen P. Mackessy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Northern Colorado, Greeley, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Bhavya J, Vineetha MS, Sundaram PM, Veena SM, Dhananjaya BL, More SS. Low-molecular weight hyaluronidase from the venom of Bungarus caeruleus (Indian common krait) snake: Isolation and partial characterization. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2016.1144203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Bhavya
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Post Graduate Studies, Jain University, Bangalore, India
| | - M. S. Vineetha
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Post Graduate Studies, Jain University, Bangalore, India
| | | | - S. M. Veena
- P. G. Department of Biochemistry, Karnatak University, Dharwad, India
| | - B. L. Dhananjaya
- Toxinology/Toxicology and Drug Discovery Unit, Centre for Emerging Technologies, Jain University, Karnataka, India
| | - Sunil S. More
- School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Department of Life Sciences, Dayananda Sagar University, Bangalore, India
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bharathi AC, Yadav PK, Syed Ibrahim B. Sequence diversity and ligand-induced structural rearrangements of viper hyaluronidase. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2016; 12:1128-38. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00786k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The study focuses on ligand-induced structural changes of viper hyaluronidase and also provides insight into structure-based drug design for eukaryotic hyaluronidases, which could be future drug targets in cancer treatment, and venom spreading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - B. Syed Ibrahim
- Centre for Bioinformatics
- Pondicherry University
- Pondicherry
- India
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Venomics of the Australian eastern brown snake ( Pseudonaja textilis ): Detection of new venom proteins and splicing variants. Toxicon 2015; 107:252-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 06/08/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
|
13
|
Wiezel GA, dos Santos PK, Cordeiro FA, Bordon KCF, Selistre-de-Araújo HS, Ueberheide B, Arantes EC. Identification of hyaluronidase and phospholipase B in Lachesis muta rhombeata venom. Toxicon 2015; 107:359-68. [PMID: 26335358 PMCID: PMC6166653 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2015.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronidases contribute to local and systemic damages after envenoming, since they act as spreading factors cleaving the hyaluronan presents in the connective tissues of the victim, facilitating the diffusion of venom components. Although hyaluronidases are ubiquitous in snake venoms, they still have not been detected in transcriptomic analysis of the Lachesis venom gland and neither in the proteome of its venom performed previously. This work purified a hyaluronidase from Lachesis muta rhombeata venom whose molecular mass was estimated by SDS-PAGE to be 60 kDa. The hyaluronidase was more active at pH 6 and 37 °C when salt concentration was kept constant and more active in the presence of 0.15 M monovalent ions when the pH was kept at 6. Venom was fractionated by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC). Edman sequencing after RPLC failed to detect hyaluronidase, but identified a new serine proteinase isoform. The hyaluronidase was identified by mass spectrometry analysis of the protein bands in SDS-PAGE. Additionally, phospholipase B was identified for the first time in Lachesis genus venom. The discovery of new bioactive molecules might contribute to the design of novel drugs and biotechnology products as well as to development of more effective treatments against the envenoming.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gisele A Wiezel
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Patty K dos Santos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Francielle A Cordeiro
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Karla C F Bordon
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| | - Heloisa S Selistre-de-Araújo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of São Carlos, Rod. Washington Luís, km 235, 13565-905, São Carlos, SP, Brazil.
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Proteomics Resource Center, Langone Medical Center, New York University, 430 East 29th St., 8th Floor, 10016, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Eliane C Arantes
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Av. do Café, s/n, 14040-903, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Progressive Hemorrhage and Myotoxicity Induced by Echis carinatus Venom in Murine Model: Neutralization by Inhibitor Cocktail of N,N,N',N'-Tetrakis (2-Pyridylmethyl) Ethane-1,2-Diamine and Silymarin. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135843. [PMID: 26274501 PMCID: PMC4537139 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Viperbite is often associated with severe local toxicity, including progressive hemorrhage and myotoxicity, persistent even after the administration of anti-snake venom (ASV). In the recent past, investigations have revealed the orchestrated actions of Zn2+ metalloproteases (Zn2+MPs), phospholipase A2s (PLA2s) and hyaluronidases (HYs) in the onset and progression of local toxicity from the bitten site. As a consequence, venom researchers and medical practitioners are in deliberate quest of potent molecules alongside ASV to tackle the brutal local manifestations induced by aforesaid venom toxins. Based on these facts, we have demonstrated the protective efficacy of inhibitor cocktail containing equal ratios of N,N,N’,N’-tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethane-1,2-diamine (TPEN) and silymarin (SLN) against progressive local toxicity induced by Echis carinatus venom (ECV). In our previous study we have shown the inhibitory potentials of TPEN towards Zn2+MPs of ECV (IC50: 6.7 μM). In this study we have evaluated in vitro inhibitory potentials of SLN towards PLA2s (IC50: 12.5 μM) and HYs (IC50: 8 μM) of ECV in addition to docking studies. Further, we have demonstrated the protection of ECV induced local toxicity with 10 mM inhibitor cocktail following 15, 30 min (for hemorrhage and myotoxicity); 60 min (for hemorrhage alone) of ECV injection in murine model. The histological examination of skin and thigh muscle sections taken out from the site of ECV injection substantiated the overall protection offered by inhibitor cocktail. In conclusion, the protective efficacy of inhibitor cocktail is of high interest and can be administered locally alongside ASV to treat severe local toxicity.
Collapse
|
15
|
Hargreaves AD, Swain MT, Logan DW, Mulley JF. Testing the Toxicofera: comparative transcriptomics casts doubt on the single, early evolution of the reptile venom system. Toxicon 2014; 92:140-56. [PMID: 25449103 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The identification of apparently conserved gene complements in the venom and salivary glands of a diverse set of reptiles led to the development of the Toxicofera hypothesis - the single, early evolution of the venom system in reptiles. However, this hypothesis is based largely on relatively small scale EST-based studies of only venom or salivary glands and toxic effects have been assigned to only some putative Toxicoferan toxins in some species. We set out to examine the distribution of these proposed venom toxin transcripts in order to investigate to what extent conservation of gene complements may reflect a bias in previous sampling efforts. Our quantitative transcriptomic analyses of venom and salivary glands and other body tissues in five species of reptile, together with the use of available RNA-Seq datasets for additional species, shows that the majority of genes used to support the establishment and expansion of the Toxicofera are in fact expressed in multiple body tissues and most likely represent general maintenance or "housekeeping" genes. The apparent conservation of gene complements across the Toxicofera therefore reflects an artefact of incomplete tissue sampling. We therefore conclude that venom has evolved multiple times in reptiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam D Hargreaves
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Brambell Building, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom.
| | - Martin T Swain
- Institute of Biological, Environmental & Rural Sciences, Aberystwyth University, Penglais, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3DA, United Kingdom.
| | - Darren W Logan
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1HH, United Kingdom.
| | - John F Mulley
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Brambell Building, Deiniol Road, Bangor, Gwynedd LL57 2UW, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Brahma RK, McCleary RJR, Kini RM, Doley R. Venom gland transcriptomics for identifying, cataloging, and characterizing venom proteins in snakes. Toxicon 2014; 93:1-10. [PMID: 25448392 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2014.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Snake venoms are cocktails of protein toxins that play important roles in capture and digestion of prey. Significant qualitative and quantitative variation in snake venom composition has been observed among and within species. Understanding these variations in protein components is instrumental in interpreting clinical symptoms during human envenomation and in searching for novel venom proteins with potential therapeutic applications. In the last decade, transcriptomic analyses of venom glands have helped in understanding the composition of various snake venoms in great detail. Here we review transcriptomic analysis as a powerful tool for understanding venom profile, variation and evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajeev Kungur Brahma
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, Assam, India
| | - Ryan J R McCleary
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - R Manjunatha Kini
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore; Department of Biochemistry, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA; University of South Australia, School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Adelaide, South Australia 5001, Australia
| | - Robin Doley
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Tezpur University, Tezpur 784 028, Assam, India.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xia X, Liu R, Li Y, Xue S, Liu Q, Jiang X, Zhang W, Ding K. Cloning and molecular characterization of scorpion Buthus martensi venom hyaluronidases: a novel full-length and diversiform noncoding isoforms. Gene 2014; 547:338-45. [PMID: 24973698 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2014.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronidase is a common component of scorpion venom and has been considered as "spreading factor" that promotes a fast penetration of the venom in the anaphylactic reaction. In the current study, a novel full-length of hyaluronidase BmHYI and three noncoding isoforms of BmHYII, BmHYIII and BmHYIV were cloned by using a combined strategy based on peptide sequencing and Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE). BmHYI has 410 amino acid residues containing the catalytic, positional and five potential N-glycosylation sites. The deduced protein sequence of BmHYI shares significant identity with venom hyaluronidases from bees and snakes. The phylogenetic analysis showed early divergence and independent evolution of BmHYI from other hyaluronidases. An extraordinarily high level of sequence similarity was detected among four sequences. But, BmHYII, BmHYIII and BmHYIV were short of stop-codon in the open reading frame and poly(A) signal in the 3' end.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xichao Xia
- Basal Medical College of Nanyang Medical University, Nanyang, 473041 Henan Province, China.
| | - Rongzhi Liu
- Basal Medical College of Nanyang Medical University, Nanyang, 473041 Henan Province, China
| | - Yi Li
- Basal Medical College of Nanyang Medical University, Nanyang, 473041 Henan Province, China
| | - Shipeng Xue
- Basal Medical College of Nanyang Medical University, Nanyang, 473041 Henan Province, China
| | - Qingchun Liu
- Basal Medical College of Nanyang Medical University, Nanyang, 473041 Henan Province, China
| | - Xiao Jiang
- Basal Medical College of Nanyang Medical University, Nanyang, 473041 Henan Province, China
| | - Wenjuan Zhang
- Basal Medical College of Nanyang Medical University, Nanyang, 473041 Henan Province, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Basal Medical College of Nanyang Medical University, Nanyang, 473041 Henan Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Castanheira LE, Rodrigues RS, Boldrini-França J, Fonseca FP, Henrique-Silva F, Homsi-Brandeburgo MI, Rodrigues VM. Molecular cloning of a hyaluronidase from Bothrops pauloensis venom gland. J Venom Anim Toxins Incl Trop Dis 2014; 20:25. [PMID: 24987408 PMCID: PMC4077683 DOI: 10.1186/1678-9199-20-25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hyaluronate is one of the major components of extracellular matrix from vertebrates whose breakdown is catalyzed by the enzyme hyaluronidase. These enzymes are widely described in snake venoms, in which they facilitate the spreading of the main toxins in the victim’s body during the envenoming. Snake venoms also present some variants (hyaluronidases-like substances) that are probably originated by alternative splicing, even though their relevance in envenomation is still under investigation. Hyaluronidases-like proteins have not yet been purified from any snake venom, but the cDNA that encodes these toxins was already identified in snake venom glands by transcriptomic analysis. Herein, we report the cloning and in silico analysis of the first hyaluronidase-like proteins from a Brazilian snake venom. Methods The cDNA sequence of hyaluronidase was cloned from the transcriptome of Bothrops pauloensis venom glands. This sequence was submitted to multiple alignment with other related sequences by ClustalW. A phylogenetic analysis was performed using MEGA 4 software by the neighbor joining (NJ) method. Results The cDNA from Bothrops pauloensis venom gland that corresponds to hyaluronidase comprises 1175 bp and codifies a protein containing 194 amino acid residues. The sequence, denominated BpHyase, was identified as hyaluronidase-like since it shows high sequence identities (above 83%) with other described snake venom hyaluronidase-like sequences. Hyaluronidases-like proteins are thought to be products of alternative splicing implicated in deletions of central amino acids, including the catalytic residues. Structure-based sequence alignment of BpHyase to human hyaluronidase hHyal-1 demonstrates a loss of some key secondary structures. The phylogenetic analysis indicates an independent evolution of BpHyal when compared to other hyaluronidases. However, these toxins might share a common ancestor, thus suggesting a broad hyaluronidase-like distribution among venomous snakes. Conclusions This work is the first report of a cDNA sequence of hyaluronidase from Brazilian snake venoms. Moreover, the in silico analysis of its deduced amino acid sequence opens new perspectives about the biological function of hyaluronidases-like proteins and may direct further studies comprising their isolation and/or recombinant production, as well as their structural and functional characterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Eulalio Castanheira
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG CEP 384000-902, Brasil ; National Institute of Sciences and Technology on Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Renata Santos Rodrigues
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG CEP 384000-902, Brasil ; National Institute of Sciences and Technology on Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| | - Johara Boldrini-França
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Fernando Pp Fonseca
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Flávio Henrique-Silva
- Department of Genetics and Evolution, Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos, São Paulo State, Brazil
| | - Maria I Homsi-Brandeburgo
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG CEP 384000-902, Brasil
| | - Veridiana M Rodrigues
- Instituto de Genética e Bioquímica, Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Uberlândia, MG CEP 384000-902, Brasil ; National Institute of Sciences and Technology on Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT), Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Bordon KC, Perino MG, Giglio JR, Arantes EC. Isolation, enzymatic characterization and antiedematogenic activity of the first reported rattlesnake hyaluronidase from Crotalus durissus terrificus venom. Biochimie 2012; 94:2740-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
20
|
Fox JW. A brief review of the scientific history of several lesser-known snake venom proteins: l-amino acid oxidases, hyaluronidases and phosphodiesterases. Toxicon 2012; 62:75-82. [PMID: 23010165 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
When considering the proteins and toxins in snake venom one's thoughts generally migrate to the proteinases, neurotoxins and phospholipases since these families of proteins are comprised by many of the toxins found in venom. However as modern proteomic and transcriptomic venom research has abundantly shown snake venoms are complex and containing numerous families of protein beyond the "big three". In this brief review we will discuss three of the lesser discussed proteins typically found in snake venoms: l-amino acid oxidases (LAAO); hyaluronidases and phosphodiesterases. These proteins have long been known to be part of many venoms' proteomes with reports appearing in the literature as early as 1944 for LAAO, 1947 for hyaluronidase (spreading factor), and 1932 for venom phosphodiesterase. These are more or less contemporary with the first reports (circa 1950) on snake venom proteases. Thus, the relatively modest literature on these snake venom proteins stems not from lack of early discovery but rather more likely to their ostensibly minor role in snake venom pathophysiology. In this review we will provide an overview of the experimental history of these venom proteins, their biochemical and structural features and their role in snake venom toxinology with the aim of bringing a fuller, more comprehensive, understanding of the history of laboratory research on snake venoms. In addition, there are some comments on these proteins from investigators who were actively engaged in their investigation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jay W Fox
- University of Virginia, School of Medicine, PO Box 800734, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rokyta DR, Lemmon AR, Margres MJ, Aronow K. The venom-gland transcriptome of the eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus). BMC Genomics 2012; 13:312. [PMID: 23025625 PMCID: PMC3472243 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-13-312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Snake venoms have significant impacts on human populations through the morbidity and mortality associated with snakebites and as sources of drugs, drug leads, and physiological research tools. Genes expressed by venom-gland tissue, including those encoding toxic proteins, have therefore been sequenced but only with relatively sparse coverage resulting from the low-throughput sequencing approaches available. High-throughput approaches based on 454 pyrosequencing have recently been applied to the study of snake venoms to give the most complete characterizations to date of the genes expressed in active venom glands, but such approaches are costly and still provide a far-from-complete characterization of the genes expressed during venom production. Results We describe the de novo assembly and analysis of the venom-gland transcriptome of an eastern diamondback rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) based on 95,643,958 pairs of quality-filtered, 100-base-pair Illumina reads. We identified 123 unique, full-length toxin-coding sequences, which cluster into 78 groups with less than 1% nucleotide divergence, and 2,879 unique, full-length nontoxin coding sequences. The toxin sequences accounted for 35.4% of the total reads, and the nontoxin sequences for an additional 27.5%. The most highly expressed toxin was a small myotoxin related to crotamine, which accounted for 5.9% of the total reads. Snake-venom metalloproteinases accounted for the highest percentage of reads mapping to a toxin class (24.4%), followed by C-type lectins (22.2%) and serine proteinases (20.0%). The most diverse toxin classes were the C-type lectins (21 clusters), the snake-venom metalloproteinases (16 clusters), and the serine proteinases (14 clusters). The high-abundance nontoxin transcripts were predominantly those involved in protein folding and translation, consistent with the protein-secretory function of the tissue. Conclusions We have provided the most complete characterization of the genes expressed in an active snake venom gland to date, producing insights into snakebite pathology and guidance for snakebite treatment for the largest rattlesnake species and arguably the most dangerous snake native to the United States of America, C. adamanteus. We have more than doubled the number of sequenced toxins for this species and created extensive genomic resources for snakes based entirely on de novo assembly of Illumina sequence data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darin R Rokyta
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fry BG, Scheib H, Junqueira de Azevedo IDL, Silva DA, Casewell NR. Novel transcripts in the maxillary venom glands of advanced snakes. Toxicon 2012; 59:696-708. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2011] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/06/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
23
|
Recruitment of glycosyl hydrolase proteins in a cone snail venomous arsenal: further insights into biomolecular features of Conus venoms. Mar Drugs 2012; 10:258-280. [PMID: 22412800 PMCID: PMC3296996 DOI: 10.3390/md10020258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cone snail venoms are considered an untapped reservoir of extremely diverse peptides, named conopeptides, displaying a wide array of pharmacological activities. We report here for the first time, the presence of high molecular weight compounds that participate in the envenomation cocktail used by these marine snails. Using a combination of proteomic and transcriptomic approaches, we identified glycosyl hydrolase proteins, of the hyaluronidase type (Hyal), from the dissected and injectable venoms (“injectable venom” stands for the venom variety obtained by milking of the snails. This is in contrast to the “dissected venom”, which was obtained from dissected snails by extraction of the venom glands) of a fish-hunting cone snail, Conus consors (Pionoconus clade). The major Hyal isoform, Conohyal-Cn1, is expressed as a mixture of numerous glycosylated proteins in the 50 kDa molecular mass range, as observed in 2D gel and mass spectrometry analyses. Further proteomic analysis and venom duct mRNA sequencing allowed full sequence determination. Additionally, unambiguous segment location of at least three glycosylation sites could be determined, with glycans corresponding to multiple hexose (Hex) and N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc) moieties. With respect to other known Hyals, Conohyal-Cn1 clearly belongs to the hydrolase-type of Hyals, with strictly conserved consensus catalytic donor and positioning residues. Potent biological activity of the native Conohyals could be confirmed in degrading hyaluronic acid. A similar Hyal sequence was also found in the venom duct transcriptome of C. adamsonii (Textilia clade), implying a possible widespread recruitment of this enzyme family in fish-hunting cone snail venoms. These results provide the first detailed Hyal sequence characterized from a cone snail venom, and to a larger extent in the Mollusca phylum, thus extending our knowledge on this protein family and its evolutionary selection in marine snail venoms.
Collapse
|
24
|
Terrat Y, Biass D, Dutertre S, Favreau P, Remm M, Stöcklin R, Piquemal D, Ducancel F. High-resolution picture of a venom gland transcriptome: Case study with the marine snail Conus consors. Toxicon 2012; 59:34-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 09/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
|
25
|
Rokyta DR, Wray KP, Lemmon AR, Lemmon EM, Caudle SB. A high-throughput venom-gland transcriptome for the Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) and evidence for pervasive positive selection across toxin classes. Toxicon 2011; 57:657-71. [PMID: 21255598 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 01/05/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite causing considerable human mortality and morbidity, animal toxins represent a valuable source of pharmacologically active macromolecules, a unique system for studying molecular adaptation, and a powerful framework for examining structure-function relationships in proteins. Snake venoms are particularly useful in the latter regard as they consist primarily of a moderate number of proteins and peptides that have been found to belong to just a handful of protein families. As these proteins and peptides are produced in dedicated glands, transcriptome sequencing has proven to be an effective approach to identifying the expressed toxin genes. We generated a venom-gland transcriptome for the Eastern Diamondback Rattlesnake (Crotalus adamanteus) using Roche 454 sequencing technology. In the current work, we focus on transcripts encoding toxins. We identified 40 unique toxin transcripts, 30 of which have full-length coding sequences, and 10 have only partial coding sequences. These toxins account for 24% of the total sequencing reads. We found toxins from 11 previously described families of snake-venom toxins and have discovered two putative, previously undescribed toxin classes. The most diverse and highly expressed toxin classes in the C. adamanteus venom-gland transcriptome are the serine proteinases, metalloproteinases, and C-type lectins. The serine proteinases are the most abundant class, accounting for 35% of the toxin sequencing reads. Metalloproteinases are the most diverse; 11 different forms have been identified. Using our sequences and those available in public databases, we detected positive selection in seven of the eight toxin families for which sufficient sequences were available for the analysis. We find that the vast majority of the genes that contribute directly to this vertebrate trait show evidence for a role for positive selection in their evolutionary history.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darin R Rokyta
- Department of Biological Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4295, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Fry BG, Winter K, Norman JA, Roelants K, Nabuurs RJA, van Osch MJP, Teeuwisse WM, van der Weerd L, McNaughtan JE, Kwok HF, Scheib H, Greisman L, Kochva E, Miller LJ, Gao F, Karas J, Scanlon D, Lin F, Kuruppu S, Shaw C, Wong L, Hodgson WC. Functional and structural diversification of the Anguimorpha lizard venom system. Mol Cell Proteomics 2010; 9:2369-90. [PMID: 20631207 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Venom has only been recently discovered to be a basal trait of the Anguimorpha lizards. Consequently, very little is known about the timings of toxin recruitment events, venom protein molecular evolution, or even the relative physical diversifications of the venom system itself. A multidisciplinary approach was used to examine the evolution across the full taxonomical range of this ∼130 million-year-old clade. Analysis of cDNA libraries revealed complex venom transcriptomes. Most notably, three new cardioactive peptide toxin types were discovered (celestoxin, cholecystokinin, and YY peptides). The latter two represent additional examples of convergent use of genes in toxic arsenals, both having previously been documented as components of frog skin defensive chemical secretions. Two other novel venom gland-overexpressed modified versions of other protein frameworks were also recovered from the libraries (epididymal secretory protein and ribonuclease). Lectin, hyaluronidase, and veficolin toxin types were sequenced for the first time from lizard venoms and shown to be homologous to the snake venom forms. In contrast, phylogenetic analyses demonstrated that the lizard natriuretic peptide toxins were recruited independently of the form in snake venoms. The de novo evolution of helokinestatin peptide toxin encoding domains within the lizard venom natriuretic gene was revealed to be exclusive to the helodermatid/anguid subclade. New isoforms were sequenced for cysteine-rich secretory protein, kallikrein, and phospholipase A(2) toxins. Venom gland morphological analysis revealed extensive evolutionary tinkering. Anguid glands are characterized by thin capsules and mixed glands, serous at the bottom of the lobule and mucous toward the apex. Twice, independently this arrangement was segregated into specialized serous protein-secreting glands with thick capsules with the mucous lobules now distinct (Heloderma and the Lanthanotus/Varanus clade). The results obtained highlight the importance of utilizing evolution-based search strategies for biodiscovery and emphasize the largely untapped drug design and development potential of lizard venoms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan G Fry
- Venomics Research Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Feng L, Gao R, Meng J, Gopalakrishnakone P. Cloning and molecular characterization of BmHYA1, a novel hyaluronidase from the venom of Chinese red scorpion Buthus martensi Karsch. Toxicon 2010; 56:474-9. [PMID: 20417653 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2010.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2010] [Accepted: 04/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In this communication, the full protein sequence of a novel venom hyaluronidase BmHYA1 was reported. It is the first full hyaluronidase amino acid sequence from scorpion venom. It was deduced from nucleotide sequence by 3' Rapid Amplification of cDNA Ends (RACE) PCR cloning, followed by alignment with the N-terminal amino acid sequence, which was obtained by Edman degradation. BmHYA1 has 385 amino acid residues containing five potential N-glycosylation sites. The phylogenetic analysis indicates early divergence and independent evolution of BmHYA1 from other hyaluronidases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luo Feng
- Venom and Toxin Research Programme, Department of Anatomy, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117597 Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Kwok HF, Ivanyi C, Morris A, Shaw C. Proteomic and Genomic Studies on Lizard Venoms in the Last Decade. PROTEOMICS INSIGHTS 2010. [DOI: 10.4137/pri.s3693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Traditionally man has looked to nature to provide cures for diseases. This approach still exists today in the form of ‘bio-prospecting’ for therapeutically-active compounds in venoms. For example, the venoms of many reptiles offer a spectacular laboratory of bioactive molecules, including peptides and proteins. In the last 10–15 years, there have been a number of major proteomic and genomic research breakthroughs on lizard venoms. In this current review, the key findings from these proteomic and genomic studies will be critically discussed and suggestions will be offered for future focused investigations. It is our intention that this article will not only provide a comprehensive picture of the state of current knowledge of the components of lizard venoms, but also engender awareness in readers of the need to protect and conserve such uniquely precious natural resources for several reasons, including the potential benefit of humankind.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Fai Kwok
- Molecular Therapeutics Research, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, U.K
| | - Craig Ivanyi
- Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum, 2021 North Kinney Road, Tucson, Arizona 85743 U.S.A
| | - Andrew Morris
- School of Pharmacy, University of Nottingham Malaysia Campus, Jalan Broga, 43500 Semenyih, Malaysia
| | - Chris Shaw
- Molecular Therapeutics Research, School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Northern Ireland BT9 7BL, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Casewell NR, Harrison RA, Wüster W, Wagstaff SC. Comparative venom gland transcriptome surveys of the saw-scaled vipers (Viperidae: Echis) reveal substantial intra-family gene diversity and novel venom transcripts. BMC Genomics 2009; 10:564. [PMID: 19948012 PMCID: PMC2790475 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-10-564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Venom variation occurs at all taxonomical levels and can impact significantly upon the clinical manifestations and efficacy of antivenom therapy following snakebite. Variation in snake venom composition is thought to be subject to strong natural selection as a result of adaptation towards specific diets. Members of the medically important genus Echis exhibit considerable variation in venom composition, which has been demonstrated to co-evolve with evolutionary shifts in diet. We adopt a venom gland transcriptome approach in order to investigate the diversity of toxins in the genus and elucidate the mechanisms which result in prey-specific adaptations of venom composition. Results Venom gland transcriptomes were created for E. pyramidum leakeyi, E. coloratus and E. carinatus sochureki by sequencing ~1000 expressed sequence tags from venom gland cDNA libraries. A standardised methodology allowed a comprehensive intra-genus comparison of the venom gland profiles to be undertaken, including the previously described E. ocellatus transcriptome. Blast annotation revealed the presence of snake venom metalloproteinases, C-type lectins, group II phopholipases A2, serine proteases, L-amino oxidases and growth factors in all transcriptomes throughout the genus. Transcripts encoding disintegrins, cysteine-rich secretory proteins and hyaluronidases were obtained from at least one, but not all, species. A representative group of novel venom transcripts exhibiting similarity to lysosomal acid lipase were identified from the E. coloratus transcriptome, whilst novel metallopeptidases exhibiting similarity to neprilysin and dipeptidyl peptidase III were identified from E. p. leakeyi and E. coloratus respectively. Conclusion The comparison of Echis venom gland transcriptomes revealed substantial intrageneric venom variation in representations and cluster numbers of the most abundant venom toxin families. The expression profiles of established toxin groups exhibit little obvious association with venom-related adaptations to diet described from this genus. We suggest therefore that alterations in isoform diversity or transcript expression levels within the major venom protein families are likely to be responsible for prey specificity, rather than differences in the representation of entire toxin families or the recruitment of novel toxin families, although the recruitment of lysosomal acid lipase as a response to vertebrate feeding cannot be excluded. Evidence of marked intrageneric venom variation within the medically important genus Echis strongly advocates further investigations into the medical significance of venom variation in this genus and its impact upon antivenom therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas R Casewell
- School of Biological Sciences, Bangor University, Environment Centre Wales, Bangor, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fry BG, Roelants K, Champagne DE, Scheib H, Tyndall JD, King GF, Nevalainen TJ, Norman JA, Lewis RJ, Norton RS, Renjifo C, de la Vega RCR. The Toxicogenomic Multiverse: Convergent Recruitment of Proteins Into Animal Venoms. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2009; 10:483-511. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genom.9.081307.164356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Throughout evolution, numerous proteins have been convergently recruited into the venoms of various animals, including centipedes, cephalopods, cone snails, fish, insects (several independent venom systems), platypus, scorpions, shrews, spiders, toxicoferan reptiles (lizards and snakes), and sea anemones. The protein scaffolds utilized convergently have included AVIT/colipase/prokineticin, CAP, chitinase, cystatin, defensins, hyaluronidase, Kunitz, lectin, lipocalin, natriuretic peptide, peptidase S1, phospholipase A2, sphingomyelinase D, and SPRY. Many of these same venom protein types have also been convergently recruited for use in the hematophagous gland secretions of invertebrates (e.g., fleas, leeches, kissing bugs, mosquitoes, and ticks) and vertebrates (e.g., vampire bats). Here, we discuss a number of overarching structural, functional, and evolutionary generalities of the protein families from which these toxins have been frequently recruited and propose a revised and expanded working definition for venom. Given the large number of striking similarities between the protein compositions of conventional venoms and hematophagous secretions, we argue that the latter should also fall under the same definition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan G. Fry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3010 Australia
| | - Kim Roelants
- Unit of Ecology and Systematics, Vrije Universiteit Brussels, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Donald E. Champagne
- Department of Entomology and Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
| | | | - Joel D.A. Tyndall
- National School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
| | - Glenn F. King
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | | | - Janette A. Norman
- Sciences Department, Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Victoria 3001, Australia
| | - Richard J. Lewis
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Raymond S. Norton
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville 3050, Victoria, Australia
| | - Camila Renjifo
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Ricardo C. Rodríguez de la Vega
- Structural and Computational Biology/Gene Expression Units, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Chu CW, Tsai TS, Tsai IH, Lin YS, Tu MC. Prey envenomation does not improve digestive performance in Taiwanese pit vipers (Trimeresurus gracilis and T. stejnegeri stejnegeri). Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2009; 152:579-85. [PMID: 19256079 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2009.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It has been a common belief that snake venom may help in the digestion of its prey, although direct examples and supporting evidence have not been sufficient. To address this, the present study examined whether preinjecting natural amounts of pit viper venom into experimental mice may accelerate their digestion by the snakes or gain energy benefit as compared to the control without the envenomation. Live adults of two Asian pit viper species Trimeresurus gracilis and T. stejnegeri stejnegeri, which inhabit the cold and warm environment respectively, were the subjects studied herein. A natural dose of 1.2 mg of each of the pit viper venom in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) was injected into the mouse (about 10% of the snake mass) before it was being fed to the same species of vipers, while the pit vipers in control group were given mouse injected with sterile PBS. The snakes were kept at 14 degrees C or 24 degrees C, and parameters of gut passage time, costs of digestion, and/or digestive efficiency were measured. The results did not support the hypotheses that envenomation facilitates prey digestion. The venom in fact caused longer first defecation time and lower assimilation energy at 14 degrees C. Besides, the time to reach the oxygen consumption peak, and the first defecation time of T. s. stejnegeri were longer than that of T. gracilis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Wei Chu
- Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Wagstaff SC, Sanz L, Juárez P, Harrison RA, Calvete JJ. Combined snake venomics and venom gland transcriptomic analysis of the ocellated carpet viper, Echis ocellatus. J Proteomics 2009; 71:609-23. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2008] [Revised: 10/16/2008] [Accepted: 10/16/2008] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
|
33
|
Fry BG, Scheib H, van der Weerd L, Young B, McNaughtan J, Ramjan SFR, Vidal N, Poelmann RE, Norman JA. Evolution of an Arsenal. Mol Cell Proteomics 2008; 7:215-46. [PMID: 17855442 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m700094-mcp200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Venom is a key innovation underlying the evolution of advanced snakes (Caenophidia). Despite this, very little is known about venom system structural diversification, toxin recruitment event timings, or toxin molecular evolution. A multidisciplinary approach was used to examine the diversification of the venom system and associated toxins across the full range of the approximately 100 million-year-old advanced snake clade with a particular emphasis upon families that have not secondarily evolved a front-fanged venom system ( approximately 80% of the 2500 species). Analysis of cDNA libraries revealed complex venom transcriptomes containing multiple toxin types including three finger toxins, cobra venom factor, cysteine-rich secretory protein, hyaluronidase, kallikrein, kunitz, lectin, matrix metalloprotease, phospholipase A(2), snake venom metalloprotease/a disintegrin and metalloprotease, and waprin. High levels of sequence diversity were observed, including mutations in structural and functional residues, changes in cysteine spacing, and major deletions/truncations. Morphological analysis comprising gross dissection, histology, and magnetic resonance imaging also demonstrated extensive modification of the venom system architecture in non-front-fanged snakes in contrast to the conserved structure of the venom system within the independently evolved front-fanged elapid or viperid snakes. Further, a reduction in the size and complexity of the venom system was observed in species in which constriction has been secondarily evolved as the preferred method of prey capture or dietary preference has switched from live prey to eggs or to slugs/snails. Investigation of the timing of toxin recruitment events across the entire advanced snake radiation indicates that the evolution of advanced venom systems in three front-fanged lineages is associated with recruitment of new toxin types or explosive diversification of existing toxin types. These results support the role of venom as a key evolutionary innovation in the diversification of advanced snakes and identify a potential role for non-front-fanged venom toxins as a rich source for lead compounds for drug design and development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bryan G Fry
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|