1
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Hu KKY, Suri A, Dumsday G, Haritos VS. Cross-feeding promotes heterogeneity within yeast cell populations. Nat Commun 2024; 15:418. [PMID: 38200012 PMCID: PMC10781747 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44623-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Cellular heterogeneity in cell populations of isogenic origin is driven by intrinsic factors such as stochastic gene expression, as well as external factors like nutrient availability and interactions with neighbouring cells. Heterogeneity promotes population fitness and thus has important implications in antimicrobial and anticancer treatments, where stress tolerance plays a significant role. Here, we study plasmid retention dynamics within a population of plasmid-complemented ura3∆0 yeast cells, and show that the exchange of complementary metabolites between plasmid-carrying prototrophs and plasmid-free auxotrophs allows the latter to survive and proliferate in selective environments. This process also affects plasmid copy number in plasmid-carrying prototrophs, further promoting cellular functional heterogeneity. Finally, we show that targeted genetic engineering can be used to suppress cross-feeding and reduce the frequency of plasmid-free auxotrophs, or to exploit it for intentional population diversification and division of labour in co-culture systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K Y Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ankita Suri
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Geoff Dumsday
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Clayton, VIC, 3169, Australia
| | - Victoria S Haritos
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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2
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Broccoli Myrosinase cDNA Expression in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12020233. [PMID: 35204734 PMCID: PMC8961631 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Myrosinases (EC 3.2.1.147) are enzymes known for the generation of hydrolysis products that have a potential beneficial effect on human health. Their reaction mechanisms are widely studied, in order to improve and optimize secondary metabolite production processes. In this work, kinetic and biochemical properties of the broccoli myrosinase enzyme produced from its cDNA cloned in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were investigated. The results revealed that the thermal stability of the enzyme produced in S. cerevisiae was slightly higher (30 to 60 °C) than that of myrosinase produced in E. coli (20 to 50 °C). The effect of pH on the enzymatic activity was similar in both enzymes, with pH 3 being the optimum value under the reaction conditions used. The kinetic behavior of both enzymes was adjusted to the Michaelis–Menten model. The catalytic efficiency was up to 4 times higher in myrosinase produced in S. cerevisiae, compared to myrosinase produced in E. coli. The glycosylations present in the enzyme would be related to the formation of a dimeric quaternary structure and would not play an essential role in enzymatic activity, since both enzymes were biologically active. These results will probably allow the development of strategies for the production of bioactive metabolites of medical interest.
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3
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Siewers V. An Overview on Selection Marker Genes for Transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Methods Mol Biol 2022; 2513:1-13. [PMID: 35781196 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2399-2_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
For genetic manipulation of yeast, numerous selection marker genes have been employed. These include prototrophic markers, markers conferring drug resistance, autoselection markers, and counterselectable markers. This chapter describes the different classes of selection markers and provides a number of examples for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Siewers
- Division of Systems and Synthetic Biology, Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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4
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Höler S, Bertl A, Degreif D. Novel auto-selection systems for transformation selection of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in rich complex media. FEMS Yeast Res 2021; 21:6316778. [PMID: 34232310 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foab039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The most widely used strategy for selection of yeast transformed with episomal plasmids comprises the use of auxotrophic yeast strains in combination with vectors containing complementing prototrophic marker genes. Another approach uses heterologous genes or cassettes which, if present in the vector, render the otherwise sensitive yeast strain resistant to antibiotics. In addition, auto-selection systems for Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been developed that eliminate the requirement for synthetic drop-out media or the use of antibiotics for transformation selection and subsequent plasmid maintenance in expression cultures. Here we describe a combination of host strain and vector system introducing a novel concept of auto-selection systems that allows for easy and robust propagation of host cells deleted in essential genes in supplemented media before being transformed with rescuing plasmids. With that, our approach is favorable over commonly used selection strategies and has major advantage over other auto-selection systems. Our approach complements the auto-selection toolbox already available for S. cerevisiae, thus contributing a novel system that enables the use of complex peptone-based media for protein expression and metabolic engineering approaches. We therefore expect that this new strategy will be of general interest to the yeast research community in academia and industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Höler
- Department of Biology, Yeast Membrane Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Adam Bertl
- Department of Biology, Yeast Membrane Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Daniel Degreif
- Department of Biology, Yeast Membrane Biology, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Schnittspahnstraße 4, 64287 Darmstadt, Germany
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5
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Rüthnick D, Vitale J, Neuner A, Schiebel E. The N-terminus of Sfi1 and yeast centrin Cdc31 provide the assembly site for a new spindle pole body. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:211743. [PMID: 33523111 PMCID: PMC7852455 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202004196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The spindle pole body (SPB) provides microtubule-organizing functions in yeast and duplicates exactly once per cell cycle. The first step in SPB duplication is the half-bridge to bridge conversion via the antiparallel dimerization of the centrin (Cdc31)-binding protein Sfi1 in anaphase. The bridge, which is anchored to the old SPB on the proximal end, exposes free Sfi1 N-termini (N-Sfi1) at its distal end. These free N-Sfi1 promote in G1 the assembly of the daughter SPB (dSPB) in a yet unclear manner. This study shows that N-Sfi1 including the first three Cdc31 binding sites interacts with the SPB components Spc29 and Spc42, triggering the assembly of the dSPB. Cdc31 binding to N-Sfi1 promotes Spc29 recruitment and is essential for satellite formation. Furthermore, phosphorylation of N-Sfi1 has an inhibitory effect and delays dSPB biogenesis until G1. Taking these data together, we provide an understanding of the initial steps in SPB assembly and describe a new function of Cdc31 in the recruitment of dSPB components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rüthnick
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center-Center for Molecular Biology Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jlenia Vitale
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center-Center for Molecular Biology Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Annett Neuner
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center-Center for Molecular Biology Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Elmar Schiebel
- Center for Molecular Biology, University of Heidelberg, German Cancer Research Center-Center for Molecular Biology Alliance, Heidelberg, Germany
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6
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Panda P, Kovacs L, Dzhindzhev N, Fatalska A, Persico V, Geymonat M, Riparbelli MG, Callaini G, Glover DM. Tissue specific requirement of Drosophila Rcd4 for centriole duplication and ciliogenesis. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:151861. [PMID: 32543652 PMCID: PMC7401805 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201912154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rcd4 is a poorly characterized Drosophila centriole component whose mammalian counterpart, PPP1R35, is suggested to function in centriole elongation and conversion to centrosomes. Here, we show that rcd4 mutants exhibit fewer centrioles, aberrant mitoses, and reduced basal bodies in sensory organs. Rcd4 interacts with the C-terminal part of Ana3, which loads onto the procentriole during interphase, ahead of Rcd4 and before mitosis. Accordingly, depletion of Ana3 prevents Rcd4 recruitment but not vice versa. We find that neither Ana3 nor Rcd4 participates directly in the mitotic conversion of centrioles to centrosomes, but both are required to load Ana1, which is essential for such conversion. Whereas ana3 mutants are male sterile, reflecting a requirement for Ana3 for centriole development in the male germ line, rcd4 mutants are fertile and have male germ line centrioles of normal length. Thus, Rcd4 is essential in somatic cells but is not absolutely required in spermatogenesis, indicating tissue-specific roles in centriole and basal body formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pallavi Panda
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Levente Kovacs
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Agnieszka Fatalska
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Science, Warsaw, Poland.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
| | - Veronica Persico
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Department of Life Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Marco Geymonat
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | | | - David M Glover
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.,Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA
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7
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Gnügge R, Rudolf F. Saccharomyces cerevisiaeShuttle vectors. Yeast 2017; 34:205-221. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.3228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Gnügge
- D-BSSE; ETH Zurich and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; Zurich Switzerland
- Life Science Zurich PhD Program on Molecular and Translational Biomedicine; Zurich Switzerland
- Competence Centre for Personalized Medicine; Zurich Switzerland
| | - Fabian Rudolf
- D-BSSE; ETH Zurich and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics; Zurich Switzerland
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8
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Meitinger F, Palani S, Pereira G. Detection of Phosphorylation Status of Cytokinetic Components. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1369:219-37. [PMID: 26519316 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3145-3_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Yeast cells can be easily cultured, synchronized, and genetically modified making them a convenient model system to study molecular mechanisms underlying cytokinesis. Here, we describe simple methods that allow the analysis of the phosphorylation profile of cytokinetic proteins, both in vivo and in vitro, using standard laboratory equipment. In addition, we compare the ability of three different, standard, and optimized acrylamide gel conditions to separate phosphorylated forms, using the protein Inn1 as an example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Meitinger
- DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.,Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, 9500 Gilman Drive, CMM East, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Saravanan Palani
- Division of Biomedical Cell Biology, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Gibbet Hill Road, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Gislene Pereira
- DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 581, Heidelberg, 69120, Germany.
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9
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Fernández FJ, López-Estepa M, Querol-García J, Vega MC. Production of Protein Complexes in Non-methylotrophic and Methylotrophic Yeasts : Nonmethylotrophic and Methylotrophic Yeasts. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 896:137-53. [PMID: 27165323 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-27216-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Protein complexes can be produced in multimilligram quantities using nonmethylotrophic and methylotrophic yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Komagataella (Pichia) pastoris. Yeasts have distinct advantages as hosts for recombinant protein production owing to their cost efficiency, ease of cultivation and genetic manipulation, fast growth rates, capacity to introduce post-translational modifications, and high protein productivity (yield) of correctly folded protein products. Despite those advantages, yeasts have surprisingly lagged behind other eukaryotic hosts in their use for the production of multisubunit complexes. As our knowledge of the metabolic and genomic bottlenecks that yeast microorganisms face when overexpressing foreign proteins expands, new possibilities emerge for successfully engineering yeasts as superb expression hosts. In this chapter, we describe the current state of the art and discuss future possibilities for the development of yeast-based systems for the production of protein complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Fernández
- Center for Biological Research, Spanish National Research Council (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel López-Estepa
- Center for Biological Research, Spanish National Research Council (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Querol-García
- Center for Biological Research, Spanish National Research Council (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - M Cristina Vega
- Center for Biological Research, Spanish National Research Council (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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10
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Millson S, van Oosten-Hawle P, Alkuriji MA, Truman A, Siderius M, Piper PW. Cdc37 engages in stable, S14A mutation-reinforced association with the most atypical member of the yeast kinome, Cdk-activating kinase (Cak1). Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:695-703. [PMID: 24452458 PMCID: PMC4147075 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-014-0497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2013] [Revised: 01/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In most eukaryotes, Cdc37 is an essential chaperone, transiently associating with newly synthesised protein kinases in order to promote their stabilisation and activation. To determine whether the yeast Cdc37 participates in any stable protein interactions in vivo, genomic two-hybrid screens were conducted using baits that are functional as they preserve the integrity of the conserved N-terminal region of Cdc37, namely a Cdc37-Gal4 DNA binding domain (BD) fusion in both its wild type and its S14 nonphosphorylatable (Cdc37(S14A)) mutant forms. While this failed to identify the protein kinases previously identified as Cdc37 interactors in pull-down experiments, it did reveal Cdc37 engaging in a stable association with the most atypical member of the yeast kinome, cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk1)-activating kinase (Cak1). Phosphorylation of the conserved S14 of Cdc37 is normally crucial for the interaction with, and stabilisation of, those protein kinase targets of Cdc37, Cak1 is unusual in that the lack of this Cdc37 S14 phosphorylation both reinforces Cak1:Cdc37 interaction and does not compromise Cak1 expression in vivo. Thus, this is the first Cdc37 client kinase found to be excluded from S14 phosphorylation-dependent interaction. The unusual stability of this Cak1:Cdc37 association may partly reflect unique structural features of the fungal Cak1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Millson
- />Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN UK
| | - Patricija van Oosten-Hawle
- />Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, VU University, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- />Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Cell Biology, Northwestern University, 2205 Tech Drive, Hogan 2-100, Evanston, IL 60208-3500 USA
| | - Mohammed A. Alkuriji
- />Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN UK
| | - Andrew Truman
- />University of Chicago, 929 E 57th Street, GCIS Room W519H, Chicago, IL 60637 USA
| | - Marco Siderius
- />Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Science, VU University, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Peter W. Piper
- />Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, S10 2TN UK
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11
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Elserafy M, Šarić M, Neuner A, Lin TC, Zhang W, Seybold C, Sivashanmugam L, Schiebel E. Molecular Mechanisms that Restrict Yeast Centrosome Duplication to One Event per Cell Cycle. Curr Biol 2014; 24:1456-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2014.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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12
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Görgens JF, Bressler DC, van Rensburg E. EngineeringSaccharomyces cerevisiaefor direct conversion of raw, uncooked or granular starch to ethanol. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2014; 35:369-91. [DOI: 10.3109/07388551.2014.888048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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13
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Siewers V. An overview on selection marker genes for transformation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1152:3-15. [PMID: 24744024 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0563-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
For genetic manipulation of yeast, numerous selection marker genes have been employed. These include prototrophic markers, markers conferring drug resistance, autoselection markers, and counterselectable markers. This chapter describes the different classes of selection markers and provides a number of examples for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Siewers
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden,
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14
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Meitinger F, Palani S, Hub B, Pereira G. Dual function of the NDR-kinase Dbf2 in the regulation of the F-BAR protein Hof1 during cytokinesis. Mol Biol Cell 2013; 24:1290-304. [PMID: 23447700 PMCID: PMC3639042 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e12-08-0608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved NDR-kinase Dbf2 plays a critical role in cytokinesis in budding yeast. Among its cytokinesis-related substrates is the F-BAR protein Hof1. Hof1 colocalizes at the cell division site with the septin complex and, as mitotic exit progresses, moves to the actomyosin ring (AMR). Neither the function of Hof1 at the septin complex nor the mechanism by which Hof1 supports AMR constriction is understood. Here we establish that Dbf2 has a dual function in Hof1 regulation. First, we show that the coiled-coil region, which is adjacent to the conserved F-BAR domain, is required for the binding of Hof1 to septins. The Dbf2-dependent phosphorylation of Hof1 at a single serine residue (serine 313) in this region diminishes the recruitment of Hof1 to septins both in vitro and in vivo. Genetic and functional analysis indicates that the binding of Hof1 to septins is important for septin rearrangement and integrity during cytokinesis. Furthermore, Dbf2 phosphorylation of Hof1 at serines 533 and 563 promotes AMR constriction most likely by inhibiting the SH3-domain-dependent interactions of Hof1. Thus our data show that Dbf2 coordinates septin and AMR functions during cytokinesis through the regulation/control of Hof1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Meitinger
- Molecular Biology of Centrosomes and Cilia Unit, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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15
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Kazemi Seresht A, Nørgaard P, Palmqvist EA, Andersen AS, Olsson L. Modulating heterologous protein production in yeast: the applicability of truncated auxotrophic markers. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2012; 97:3939-48. [PMID: 22782252 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-012-4263-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Revised: 06/19/2012] [Accepted: 06/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of auxotrophic Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains for improved production of a heterologous protein was examined. Two different marker genes were investigated, encoding key enzymes in the metabolic pathways for amino acid (LEU2) and pyrimidine (URA3) biosynthesis, respectively. Expression plasmids, carrying the partly defective selection markers LEU2d and URA3d, were constructed. Two CEN.PK-derived strains were chosen and insulin analogue precursor was selected as a model protein. Different truncations of the LEU2 and URA3 promoters were used as the mean to titrate the plasmid copy number and thus the recombinant gene dosage in order to improve insulin productivity. Experiments were initially carried out in batch mode to examine the stability of yeast transformants and to select high yielding mutants. Next, chemostat cultivations were run at high cell density to address industrial applicability and long-term expression stability of the transformants. We found that the choice of auxotrophic marker is crucial for developing a yeast expression system with stable heterologous protein production. The incremental truncation of the URA3 promoter led to higher plasmid copy numbers and IAP yields, whereas the truncation of the LEU2 promoter caused low plasmid stability. We show that the modification of the level of the recombinant gene dosage by varying the degree of promoter truncation can be a strong tool for optimization of productivity. The application of the URA3d-based expression systems showed a high potential for industrial protein production and for further academic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kazemi Seresht
- Protein Expression, Novo Nordisk A/S, Novo Nordisk Park 1, 2760 Måløv, Denmark.
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16
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Chen Y, Partow S, Scalcinati G, Siewers V, Nielsen J. Enhancing the copy number of episomal plasmids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for improved protein production. FEMS Yeast Res 2012; 12:598-607. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1567-1364.2012.00809.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 04/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yun Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Göteborg; Sweden
| | - Siavash Partow
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Göteborg; Sweden
| | - Gionata Scalcinati
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Göteborg; Sweden
| | - Verena Siewers
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Göteborg; Sweden
| | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; Göteborg; Sweden
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17
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Meitinger F, Boehm ME, Hofmann A, Hub B, Zentgraf H, Lehmann WD, Pereira G. Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of the F-BAR protein Hof1 during cytokinesis. Genes Dev 2011; 25:875-88. [PMID: 21498574 DOI: 10.1101/gad.622411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spatial and timely coordination of cytokinesis is crucial for the maintenance of organelle inheritance and genome integrity. The mitotic exit network (MEN) pathway controls both the timely initiation of mitotic exit and cytokinesis in budding yeast. Here we identified the conserved F-BAR protein Hof1 as a substrate of the MEN kinase complex Dbf2-Mob1 during cytokinesis. We show that polo-like kinase Cdc5 first phosphorylates Hof1 to allow subsequent phosphorylation by Dbf2-Mob1. This releases Hof1 from the septin ring and facilitates Hof1 binding to the medial actomyosin ring (AMR), where Hof1 promotes AMR contraction and membrane ingression. Domain structure analysis established that the central, unstructured, region of Hof1, named the ring localization sequence (RLS), is sufficient to mediate Hof1's binding to the medial ring in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Genetic and functional data support a model in which Dbf2-Mob1 regulates Hof1 by inducing domain rearrangements, leading to the exposure of the Hof1 RLS domain during telophase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Meitinger
- Molecular Biology of Centrosomes and Cilia Unit, DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, German Cancer Research Center, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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18
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Geymonat M, Spanos A, Jensen S, Sedgwick SG. Phosphorylation of Lte1 by Cdk prevents polarized growth during mitotic arrest in S. cerevisiae. J Cell Biol 2010; 191:1097-112. [PMID: 21149565 PMCID: PMC3002025 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201005070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Lte1 is known as a regulator of mitotic progression in budding yeast. Here we demonstrate phosphorylation-dependent inhibition of polarized bud growth during G2/M by Lte1. Cla4 activity first localizes Lte1 to the polarity cap and thus specifically to the bud. This localization is a prerequisite for subsequent Clb-Cdk-dependent phosphorylation of Lte1 and its relocalization to the entire bud cortex. There, Lte1 interferes with activation of the small GTPases, Ras and Bud1. The inhibition of Bud1 prevents untimely polarization until mitosis is completed and Cdc14 phosphatase is released. Inhibition of Bud1 and Ras depends on Lte1's GEF-like domain, which unexpectedly inhibits these small G proteins. Thus, Lte1 has dual functions for regulation of mitotic progression: it both induces mitotic exit and prevents polarized growth during mitotic arrest, thereby coupling cell cycle progression and morphological development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Geymonat
- Division of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, MRC National Institute for Medical Research, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, England, UK.
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König C, Maekawa H, Schiebel E. Mutual regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase and the mitotic exit network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 188:351-68. [PMID: 20123997 PMCID: PMC2819678 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200911128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The mitotic exit network (MEN) is a spindle pole body (SPB)-associated, GTPase-driven signaling cascade that controls mitotic exit. The inhibitory Bfa1-Bub2 GTPase-activating protein (GAP) only associates with the daughter SPB (dSPB), raising the question as to how the MEN is regulated on the mother SPB (mSPB). Here, we show mutual regulation of cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) and the MEN. In early anaphase Cdk1 becomes recruited to the mSPB depending on the activity of the MEN kinase Cdc15. Conversely, Cdk1 negatively regulates binding of Cdc15 to the mSPB. In addition, Cdk1 phosphorylates the Mob1 protein to inhibit the activity of Dbf2-Mob1 kinase that regulates Cdc14 phosphatase. Our data revise the understanding of the spatial regulation of the MEN. Although MEN activity in the daughter cells is controlled by Bfa1-Bub2, Cdk1 inhibits MEN activity at the mSPB. Consistent with this model, only triple mutants that lack BUB2 and the Cdk1 phosphorylation sites in Mob1 and Cdc15 show mitotic exit defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia König
- Zentrum für Molekulare Biologie der Universität Heidelberg (ZMBH), ZMBH-DKFZ Alliance, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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Geymonat M, Spanos A, de Bettignies G, Sedgwick SG. Lte1 contributes to Bfa1 localization rather than stimulating nucleotide exchange by Tem1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 187:497-511. [PMID: 19948498 PMCID: PMC2779235 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200905114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lte1 is a mitotic regulator long envisaged as a guanosine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) for Tem1, the small guanosine triphosphatase governing activity of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitotic exit network. We demonstrate that this model requires reevaluation. No GEF activity was detectable in vitro, and mutational analysis of Lte1's putative GEF domain indicated that Lte1 activity relies on interaction with Ras for localization at the bud cortex rather than providing nucleotide exchange. Instead, we found that Lte1 can determine the subcellular localization of Bfa1 at spindle pole bodies (SPBs). Under conditions in which Lte1 is essential, Lte1 promoted the loss of Bfa1 from the maternal SPB. Moreover, in cells with a misaligned spindle, mislocalization of Lte1 in the mother cell promoted loss of Bfa1 from one SPB and allowed bypass of the spindle position checkpoint. We observed that lte1 mutants display aberrant localization of the polarity cap, which is the organizer of the actin cytoskeleton. We propose that Lte1's role in cell polarization underlies its contribution to mitotic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Geymonat
- Division of Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, National Institute for Medical Research, London NW7 1AA, England, UK.
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Production of mitotic regulators using an autoselection system for protein expression in budding yeast. Methods Mol Biol 2009; 545:63-80. [PMID: 19475382 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60327-993-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A novel protein expression system in budding yeast is described which has been used to express many yeast mitotic regulators as well as a wide range of other recombinant proteins from several different species. The expression system relies on autoselection with essential genes to maintain high copy numbers of expression plasmids. Autoselection permits expression cells to be grown in rich medium with no need for plasmid selection with drugs or nutritional conditions. This optimizes growth and expression of recombinant proteins. The use of the expression system is illustrated by purifying budding yeast mitotic regulators, Cdc14 and Net1, and recapitulating their activities in vitro.
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Prouzet-Mauléon V, Lefebvre F, Thoraval D, Crouzet M, Doignon F. Phosphoinositides affect both the cellular distribution and activity of the F-BAR-containing RhoGAP Rgd1p in yeast. J Biol Chem 2008; 283:33249-57. [PMID: 18845541 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m805161200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is a key element of development in most eukaryotes. The Rho GTPase-activating protein Rgd1p positively regulates the GTPase activity of Rho3p and Rho4p, which are involved in bud growth and cytokinesis, respectively, in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Rgd1p contains an F-BAR domain at its N-terminal end in addition to its RhoGAP domain at its C-terminal end. We demonstrate here that phospholipids discriminate between the GTPase activities of Rho3p and Rho4p through Rgd1p and specifically stimulate the RhoGAP activity on Rho4p. The central region of the protein contiguous to the F-BAR domain is required for this stimulation. The F-BAR region binds to phosphoinositides in vitro and also plays a key role in the localization of Rgd1p to the bud tip and neck during the cell cycle. Studies of heat-sensitive mutants lacking phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate suggested that Rgd1p initially binds to Golgi membranes via phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate and is then transported to the plasma membrane, where it binds phosphatidylinositol 4,5-biphosphate. We demonstrate here the dual effects of phosphoinositides on a RhoGTPase-activating protein. Phosphoinositides both regulate the recruitment and trafficking of Rgd1p to membranes via the F-BAR domain and specifically stimulate GTPase-activating protein activity, consistent with functional interplay between lipids, RhoGAP, and its related GTPases in yeast growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Prouzet-Mauléon
- Université de Bordeaux, Institut de Biochimie et de Génétique Cellulaires, Bordeaux, F-33076 France
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Current awareness on yeast. Yeast 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.1459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Papadopoulou K, Ng SS, Ohkura H, Geymonat M, Sedgwick SG, McInerny CJ. Regulation of gene expression during M-G1-phase in fission yeast through Plo1p and forkhead transcription factors. J Cell Sci 2008; 121:38-47. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.019489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In fission yeast the expression of several genes during M-G1 phase is controlled by binding of the PCB binding factor (PBF) transcription factor complex to Pombe cell cycle box (PCB) promoter motifs. Three components of PBF have been identified, including two forkhead-like proteins Sep1p and Fkh2p, and a MADS-box-like protein, Mbx1p. Here, we examine how PBF is controlled and reveal a role for the Polo kinase Plo1p. plo1+ shows genetic interactions with sep1+, fkh2+ and mbx1+, and overexpression of a kinase-domain mutant of plo1 abolishes M-G1-phase transcription. Plo1p binds to and directly phosphorylates Mbx1p, the first time a Polo kinase has been shown to phosphorylate a MADS box protein in any organism. Fkh2p and Sep1p interact in vivo and in vitro, and Fkh2p, Sep1p and Plo1p contact PCB promoters in vivo. However, strikingly, both Fkh2p and Plo1p bind to PCB promoters only when PCB-controlled genes are not expressed during S- and G2-phase, whereas by contrast Sep1p contacts PCBs coincident with M-G1-phase transcription. Thus, Plo1p, Fkh2p and Sep1p control M-G1-phase gene transcription through a combination of phosphorylation and cell-cycle-specific DNA binding to PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Papadopoulou
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Szu Shien Ng
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
| | - Hiroyuki Ohkura
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3JR, UK
| | - Marco Geymonat
- Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Steven G. Sedgwick
- Stem Cell Biology and Developmental Genetics, National Institute for Medical Research, The Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London, NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Christopher J. McInerny
- Division of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biomedical and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, UK
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