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Krishnan M, Tham HY, Wan Nur Ismah WAK, Yusoff K, Song AAL. Effect of Domain Manipulation in the Staphylococcal Phage Endolysin, Endo88, on Lytic Efficiency and Host Range. Mol Biotechnol 2024:10.1007/s12033-024-01216-4. [PMID: 38904894 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-024-01216-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The bacteriophage endolysin Endo88 targeting Staphylococcus aureus PS88 consists of the CHAP and Amidase-2 enzymatic domains and one SH3b targeting domain. In this study, the effects of domain manipulations on Endo88 functionality were determined. Three truncated mutants of Endo88 (CHAP, CHAPAmidase and CHAPSH3) and two chimeras (CHAPAmidase-Cpl7Cpl7 and Endo88-Cpl7Cpl7) containing the Cpl7Cpl7 targeting domains of the streptococcal LambdaSa2-ECC endolysin were cloned in E. coli (pET28a), expressed, and then purified. Lytic efficiency and host range were assessed through plate lysis assays and turbidity reduction assays. Endo88 required all domains for maximum functionality, with activity detected against Staphylococcus aureus PS88 (host strain), S. aureus Mu50 (VISA), CoNS (Staphylococcus epidermidis and Staphylococcus hominis), and Enterococcus faecalis. The truncated constructs maintained the original host range but with reduced lytic efficiency. The Amidase-2 and SH3b domains are interdependent in maximizing functionality. The chimera constructs demonstrated reduced functionality, without activity against Streptococcus agalactiae in both assays. This study provides insights into domain function in a staphylococcal endolysin, which could enable the development of prospective engineered antimicrobials against multidrug-resistant pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvina Krishnan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hong Yun Tham
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wan Ahmad Kamil Wan Nur Ismah
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Khatijah Yusoff
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Malaysia Genome and Vaccine Institute, National Institutes of Biotechnology Malaysia, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Adelene Ai-Lian Song
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
- Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
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2
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Vander Elst N. Bacteriophage-derived endolysins as innovative antimicrobials against bovine mastitis-causing streptococci and staphylococci: a state-of-the-art review. Acta Vet Scand 2024; 66:20. [PMID: 38769566 PMCID: PMC11106882 DOI: 10.1186/s13028-024-00740-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage-encoded endolysins, peptidoglycan hydrolases breaking down the Gram-positive bacterial cell wall, represent a groundbreaking class of novel antimicrobials to revolutionize the veterinary medicine field. Wild-type endolysins exhibit a modular structure, consisting of enzymatically active and cell wall-binding domains, that enable genetic engineering strategies for the creation of chimeric fusion proteins or so-called 'engineered endolysins'. This biotechnological approach has yielded variants with modified lytic spectrums, introducing new possibilities in antimicrobial development. However, the discovery of highly similar endolysins by different groups has occasionally resulted in the assignment of different names that complicate a straightforward comparison. The aim of this review was to perform a homology-based comparison of the wild-type and engineered endolysins that have been characterized in the context of bovine mastitis-causing streptococci and staphylococci, grouping homologous endolysins with ≥ 95.0% protein sequence similarity. Literature is explored by homologous groups for the wild-type endolysins, followed by a chronological examination of engineered endolysins according to their year of publication. This review concludes that the wild-type endolysins encountered persistent challenges in raw milk and in vivo settings, causing a notable shift in the field towards the engineering of endolysins. Lead candidates that display robust lytic activity are nowadays selected from screening assays that are performed under these challenging conditions, often utilizing advanced high-throughput protein engineering methods. Overall, these recent advancements suggest that endolysins will integrate into the antibiotic arsenal over the next decade, thereby innovating antimicrobial treatment against bovine mastitis-causing streptococci and staphylococci.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Vander Elst
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Biomedicum 7D, Solnavägen 9, 17165, Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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3
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Turchi B, Campobasso C, Nardinocchi A, Wagemans J, Torracca B, Lood C, Di Giuseppe G, Nieri P, Bertelloni F, Turini L, Ruffo V, Lavigne R, Di Luca M. Isolation and characterization of novel Staphylococcus aureus bacteriophage Hesat from dairy origin. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 108:299. [PMID: 38619619 PMCID: PMC11018700 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-024-13129-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
A novel temperate phage, named Hesat, was isolated by the incubation of a dairy strain of Staphylococcus aureus belonging to spa-type t127 with either bovine or ovine milk. Hesat represents a new species of temperate phage within the Phietavirus genus of the Azeredovirinae subfamily. Its genome has a length of 43,129 bp and a GC content of 35.11% and contains 75 predicted ORFs, some of which linked to virulence. This includes (i) a pathogenicity island (SaPln2), homologous to the type II toxin-antitoxin system PemK/MazF family toxin; (ii) a DUF3113 protein (gp30) that is putatively involved in the derepression of the global repressor Stl; and (iii) a cluster coding for a PVL. Genomic analysis of the host strain indicates Hesat is a resident prophage. Interestingly, its induction was obtained by exposing the bacterium to milk, while the conventional mitomycin C-based approach failed. The host range of phage Hesat appears to be broad, as it was able to lyse 24 out of 30 tested S. aureus isolates. Furthermore, when tested at high titer (108 PFU/ml), Hesat phage was also able to lyse a Staphylococcus muscae isolate, a coagulase-negative staphylococcal strain. KEY POINTS: • A new phage species was isolated from a Staphylococcus aureus bovine strain. • Pathogenicity island and PVL genes are encoded within phage genome. • The phage is active against most of S. aureus strains from both animal and human origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Turchi
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Campobasso
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56127, Pisa, Italy
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, Box 2462, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Arianna Nardinocchi
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56127, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jeroen Wagemans
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, Box 2462, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Beatrice Torracca
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Cédric Lood
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, Box 2462, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
- Department of Microbial and Molecular Systems, Centre for Microbial and Plant Genetics, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Box 2460, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | - Paola Nieri
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno Pisano 6, 56126, Pisa, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Bertelloni
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Luca Turini
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Valeria Ruffo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, Viale Delle Piagge 2, 56124, Pisa, Italy
| | - Rob Lavigne
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 21, Box 2462, 3001, Louvain, Belgium
| | - Mariagrazia Di Luca
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno 37, 56127, Pisa, Italy.
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4
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Roehrig C, Huemer M, Lorgé D, Arn F, Heinrich N, Selvakumar L, Gasser L, Hauswirth P, Chang CC, Schweizer TA, Eichenseher F, Lehmann S, Zinkernagel AS, Schmelcher M. MEndoB, a chimeric lysin featuring a novel domain architecture and superior activity for the treatment of staphylococcal infections. mBio 2024; 15:e0254023. [PMID: 38275913 PMCID: PMC10865858 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02540-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacterial infections are a growing global healthcare concern, as an estimated annual 4.95 million deaths are associated with antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is one of the deadliest pathogens and a high-priority pathogen according to the World Health Organization. Peptidoglycan hydrolases (PGHs) of phage origin have been postulated as a new class of antimicrobials for the treatment of bacterial infections, with a novel mechanism of action and no known resistances. The modular architecture of PGHs permits the creation of chimeric PGH libraries. In this study, the chimeric enzyme MEndoB was selected from a library of staphylococcal PGHs based on its rapid and sustained activity against staphylococci in human serum. The benefit of the presented screening approach was illustrated by the superiority of MEndoB in a head-to-head comparison with other PGHs intended for use against staphylococcal bacteremia. MEndoB displayed synergy with antibiotics and rapid killing in human whole blood with complete inhibition of re-growth over 24 h at low doses. Successful treatment of S. aureus-infected zebrafish larvae with MEndoB provided evidence for its in vivo effectiveness. This was further confirmed in a lethal systemic mouse infection model in which MEndoB significantly reduced S. aureus loads and tumor necrosis factor alpha levels in blood in a dose-dependent manner, which led to increased survival of the animals. Thus, the thorough lead candidate selection of MEndoB resulted in an outstanding second-generation PGH with in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo results supporting further development.IMPORTANCEOne of the most pressing challenges of our era is the rising occurrence of bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics. Staphylococci are prominent pathogens in humans, which have developed multiple strategies to evade the effects of antibiotics. Infections caused by these bacteria have resulted in a high burden on the health care system and a significant loss of lives. In this study, we have successfully engineered lytic enzymes that exhibit an extraordinary ability to eradicate staphylococci. Our findings substantiate the importance of meticulous lead candidate selection to identify therapeutically promising peptidoglycan hydrolases with unprecedented activity. Hence, they offer a promising new avenue for treating staphylococcal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Roehrig
- Micreos Pharmaceuticals AG, Baar, Zug, Switzerland
- Micreos GmbH, Wädenswil, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Lynn Gasser
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Wädenswil, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hauswirth
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Wädenswil, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chun-Chi Chang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tiziano A. Schweizer
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Steffi Lehmann
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW), Wädenswil, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annelies S. Zinkernagel
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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5
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Carratalá JV, Arís A, Garcia-Fruitós E, Ferrer-Miralles N. Design strategies for positively charged endolysins: Insights into Artilysin development. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 69:108250. [PMID: 37678419 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Endolysins are bacteriophage-encoded enzymes that can specifically degrade the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell wall, making them an attractive tool for the development of novel antibacterial agents. The use of genetic engineering techniques for the production and modification of endolysins offers the opportunity to customize their properties and activity against specific bacterial targets, paving the way for the development of personalized therapies for bacterial infections. Gram-negative bacteria possess an outer membrane that can hinder the action of recombinantly produced endolysins. However, certain endolysins are capable of crossing the outer membrane by virtue of segments that share properties resembling those of cationic peptides. These regions increase the affinity of the endolysin towards the bacterial surface and assist in the permeabilization of the membrane. In order to improve the bactericidal effectiveness of endolysins, approaches have been implemented to increase their net charge, including the development of Artilysins containing positively charged amino acids at one end. At present, there are no specific guidelines outlining the steps for implementing these modifications. There is an ongoing debate surrounding the optimal location of positive charge, the need for a linker region, and the specific amino acid composition of peptides for modifying endolysins. The aim of this study is to provide clarity on these topics by analyzing and comparing the most effective modifications found in previous literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Vicente Carratalá
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140 Barcelona, Spain; Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Anna Arís
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Garcia-Fruitós
- Department of Ruminant Production, Institute of Agriculture and Agrifood Research and Technology (IRTA), Caldes de Montbui, 08140 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Neus Ferrer-Miralles
- Institute for Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine Networking Biomedical Research Centre (CIBER-BBN), C/Monforte de Lemos 3-5, 28029 Madrid, Spain
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6
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Khan FM, Chen JH, Zhang R, Liu B. A comprehensive review of the applications of bacteriophage-derived endolysins for foodborne bacterial pathogens and food safety: recent advances, challenges, and future perspective. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1259210. [PMID: 37869651 PMCID: PMC10588457 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1259210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Foodborne diseases are caused by food contaminated by pathogenic bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Campylobacter, and Clostridium, a critical threat to human health. As a novel antibacterial agent against foodborne pathogens, endolysins are peptidoglycan hydrolases encoded by bacteriophages that lyse bacterial cells by targeting their cell wall, notably in Gram-positive bacteria due to their naturally exposed peptidoglycan layer. These lytic enzymes have gained scientists' interest in recent years due to their selectivity, mode of action, engineering potential, and lack of resistance mechanisms. The use of endolysins for food safety has undergone significant improvements, which are summarized and discussed in this review. Endolysins can remove bacterial biofilms of foodborne pathogens and their cell wall-binding domain can be employed as a tool for quick detection of foodborne pathogens. We explained the applications of endolysin for eliminating pathogenic bacteria in livestock and various food matrices, as well as the limitations and challenges in use as a dietary supplement. We also highlight the novel techniques of the development of engineering endolysin for targeting Gram-negative bacterial pathogens. In conclusion, endolysin is safe and effective against foodborne pathogens and has no adverse effect on human cells and beneficial microbiota. As a result, endolysin could be employed as a functional bio-preservative agent to improve food stability and safety and maintain the natural taste of food quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fazal Mehmood Khan
- College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jie-Hua Chen
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute for Innovative Development of Food Industry, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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7
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Liu B, Guo Q, Li Z, Guo X, Liu X. Bacteriophage Endolysin: A Powerful Weapon to Control Bacterial Biofilms. Protein J 2023; 42:463-476. [PMID: 37490161 DOI: 10.1007/s10930-023-10139-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are widespread in the environment, and bacteria in the biofilm are highly resistant to antibiotics and possess host immune defense mechanisms, which can lead to serious clinical and environmental health problems. The increasing problem of bacterial resistance caused by the irrational use of traditional antimicrobial drugs has prompted the search for better and novel antimicrobial substances. In this paper, we review the effects of phage endolysins, modified phage endolysins, and their combination with other substances on bacterial biofilms and provide an outlook on their practical applications. Phage endolysins can specifically and efficiently hydrolyze the cell walls of bacteria, causing bacterial lysis and death. Phage endolysins have shown superior bactericidal effects in vitro and in vivo, and no direct toxicity in humans has been reported to date. The properties of phage endolysins make them promising for the prevention and treatment of bacterial infections. Meanwhile, endolysins have been genetically engineered to exert a stronger scavenging effect on biological membranes when used in combination with antibiotics and drugs. Phage endolysins are powerful weapons for controlling bacterial biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Qiucui Guo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zong Li
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinchun Liu
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
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8
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Liu H, Hu Z, Li M, Yang Y, Lu S, Rao X. Therapeutic potential of bacteriophage endolysins for infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. J Biomed Sci 2023; 30:29. [PMID: 37101261 PMCID: PMC10131408 DOI: 10.1186/s12929-023-00919-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Gram-positive (G+) bacterial infection is a great burden to both healthcare and community medical resources. As a result of the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant G+ bacteria such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), novel antimicrobial agents must urgently be developed for the treatment of infections caused by G+ bacteria. Endolysins are bacteriophage (phage)-encoded enzymes that can specifically hydrolyze the bacterial cell wall and quickly kill bacteria. Bacterial resistance to endolysins is low. Therefore, endolysins are considered promising alternatives for solving the mounting resistance problem. In this review, endolysins derived from phages targeting G+ bacteria were classified based on their structural characteristics. The active mechanisms, efficacy, and advantages of endolysins as antibacterial drug candidates were summarized. Moreover, the remarkable potential of phage endolysins in the treatment of G+ bacterial infections was described. In addition, the safety of endolysins, challenges, and possible solutions were addressed. Notwithstanding the limitations of endolysins, the trends in development indicate that endolysin-based drugs will be approved in the near future. Overall, this review presents crucial information of the current progress involving endolysins as potential therapeutic agents, and it provides a guideline for biomaterial researchers who are devoting themselves to fighting against bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Liu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhen Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Mengyang Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Shuguang Lu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Xiancai Rao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering Under the Educational Committee in Chongqing, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China.
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9
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Kim H, Seo J. A Novel Strategy to Identify Endolysins with Lytic Activity against Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24065772. [PMID: 36982851 PMCID: PMC10059956 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24065772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the dairy industry has become a fundamental concern. Endolysins are bacteriophage-derived peptidoglycan hydrolases that induce the rapid lysis of host bacteria. Herein, we evaluated the lytic activity of endolysin candidates against S. aureus and MRSA. To identify endolysins, we used a bioinformatical strategy with the following steps: (1) retrieval of genetic information, (2) annotation, (3) selection of MRSA, (4) selection of endolysin candidates, and (5) evaluation of protein solubility. We then characterized the endolysin candidates under various conditions. Approximately 67% of S. aureus was detected as MRSA, and 114 putative endolysins were found. These 114 putative endolysins were divided into three groups based on their combinations of conserved domains. Considering protein solubility, we selected putative endolysins 117 and 177. Putative endolysin 117 was the only successfully overexpressed endolysin, and it was renamed LyJH1892. LyJH1892 showed potent lytic activity against both methicillin-susceptible S. aureus and MRSA and showed broad lytic activity against coagulase-negative staphylococci. In conclusion, this study demonstrates a rapid strategy for the development of endolysin against MRSA. This strategy could also be used to combat other antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
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10
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Yan J, Lyu X, Jiang Y, Ng KR, Yang R, Zhang F, Zhao W. Precise Photothermal Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant S. aureus Infection via Phage Lysin-Cell Binding Domain-Modified Gold Nanosheets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:6514-6525. [PMID: 36695173 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The increasing spread of antibiotic resistance in bacterial pathogens poses a huge threat to global human health. Precise targeting of bacterial pathogens while avoiding collateral damage to healthy tissues has become the overriding goal for bacterial infection treatment. Inspired by the host specificity of bacteriophages, a biomimetic intelligent platform was designed for highly precise photothermal treatment herein. As proof-of-concept, the lysin cell-binding domain (CBD) from a newly discovered virulent methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) phage Z was applied to the functionalization of gold nanosheets. Our results demonstrated that the bionanocomposite gold particles (Au@PEG-CBDz) could be effectively delivered directly to MRSA and kill them effectively under near infrared irradiation in vitro, while displaying good in vivo biocompatibility. This work is the first to report the combination of phage lysin navigatory function with photothermal effect-induced bactericidal activity from Au nanosheets, providing a novel therapeutic mode for the precision treatment of antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiai Yan
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Lyu
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Yiming Jiang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Kuan Rei Ng
- Food Science and Technology Programme, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637459, Singapore
| | - Ruijin Yang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, 1000 Hefeng Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhao
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, 1800 Lihu Avenue, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
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11
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Liu P, Dong X, Cao X, Xie Q, Huang X, Jiang J, Dai H, Tang Z, Lin Y, Feng S, Luo K. Identification of Three Campylobacter Lysins and Enhancement of Their Anti-Escherichia coli Efficacy Using Colicin-Based Translocation and Receptor-Binding Domain Fusion. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0451522. [PMID: 36749047 PMCID: PMC10100823 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04515-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli, which poses a major threat to public health, has motivated the development of numerous alternative antimicrobials. Lysins are bacteriophage- and bacterium-derived peptidoglycan hydrolases that represent a new antibiotic treatment targeting bacterial cell walls. However, the bactericidal effect of native lysins on Gram-negative bacteria is restricted by the presence of an outer membrane. Here, we first evaluated the antibacterial activity of three Campylobacter-derived lysins (Clysins) against E. coli. To improve their transmembrane ability and antibacterial activities, six engineered Clysins were constructed by fusing with the translocation and receptor-binding (TRB) domains from two types of colicins (colicin A [TRBA] and colicin K [TRBK]), and their biological activities were determined. Notably, engineered lysin TRBK-Cly02 exhibited the highest bactericidal activity against the E. coli BL21 strain, with a reduction of 6.22 ± 0.34 log units of cells at a concentration of 60.1 μg/mL, and formed an observable inhibition zone even at a dose of 6.01 μg. Moreover, TRBK-Cly02 killed E. coli dose dependently and exhibited the strongest bactericidal activity at pH 6. It also exhibited potential bioactivity against multidrug-resistant E. coli clinical isolates. In summary, this study identified three lysins from Campylobacter strains against E. coli, and the enhancement of their antibacterial activities by TRB domains fusion may allow them to be developed as potential alternatives to antibiotics. IMPORTANCE Three lysins from Campylobacter, namely, Clysins, were investigated, and their antibacterial activities against E. coli were determined for the first time. To overcome the restriction of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, we combined the TRB domains of colicins with these Clysins. Moreover, we discovered that the Clysins fused with TRB domains from colicin K (TRBK) killed E. coli more effectively, and this provides a new foundation for the development of novel bioengineered lysins by employing TRBK constructs that target outer membrane receptor/transport systems. One of the designed lysins, TRBK-Cly02, exhibited potent bactericidal efficacy against E. coli strains and may be used for control of multidrug-resistant clinical isolates. The results suggest that TRBK-Cly02 can be considered a potential antibacterial agent against pathogenic E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiqi Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinying Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuewei Cao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianmei Xie
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiuqin Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinfei Jiang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huilin Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yizhen Lin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Saixiang Feng
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaijian Luo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Zha J, Li J, Su Z, Akimbekov N, Wu X. Lysostaphin: Engineering and Potentiation toward Better Applications. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2022; 70:11441-11457. [PMID: 36082619 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.2c03459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lysostaphin is a potent bacteriolytic enzyme with endopeptidase activity against the common pathogen Staphylococcus aureus. By digesting the pentaglycine crossbridge in the cell wall peptidoglycan of S. aureus including the methicillin-resistant strains, lysostaphin initiates rapid lysis of planktonic and sessile cells (biofilms) and has great potential for use in agriculture, food industries, and pharmaceutical industries. In the past few decades, there have been tremendous efforts in potentiating lysostaphin for better applications in these fields, including engineering of the enzyme for higher potency and lower immunogenicity with longer-lasting effects, formulation and immobilization of the enzyme for higher stability and better durability, and recombinant expression for low-cost industrial production and in situ biocontrol. These achievements are extensively reviewed in this article focusing on applications in disease control, food preservation, surface decontamination, and pathogen detection. In addition, some basic properties of lysostaphin that have been controversial and only elucidated recently are summarized, including the substrate-binding properties, the number of zinc-binding sites, the substrate range, and the cleavage site in the pentaglycine crossbridge. Resistance to lysostaphin is also highlighted with a focus on various mechanisms. This article is concluded with a discussion on the limitations and future perspectives for the actual applications of lysostaphin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zha
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jingyuan Li
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Zheng Su
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Nuraly Akimbekov
- Department of Biotechnology, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Almaty 050040, Kazakhstan
| | - Xia Wu
- School of Food and Biological Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
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13
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Influence of NaCl and pH on lysostaphin catalytic activity, cell binding, and bacteriolytic activity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 106:6519-6534. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-022-12173-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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14
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Costa SP, Nogueira CL, Cunha AP, Lisac A, Carvalho CM. Potential of bacteriophage proteins as recognition molecules for pathogen detection. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2022:1-18. [PMID: 35848817 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2022.2071671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial pathogens are leading causes of infections with high mortality worldwide having a great impact on healthcare systems and the food industry. Gold standard methods for bacterial detection mainly rely on culture-based technologies and biochemical tests which are laborious and time-consuming. Regardless of several developments in existing methods, the goal of achieving high sensitivity and specificity, as well as a low detection limit, remains unaccomplished. In past years, various biorecognition elements, such as antibodies, enzymes, aptamers, or nucleic acids, have been widely used, being crucial for the pathogens detection in different complex matrices. However, these molecules are usually associated with high detection limits, demand laborious and costly production, and usually present cross-reactivity. (Bacterio)phage-encoded proteins, especially the receptor binding proteins (RBPs) and cell-wall binding domains (CBDs) of endolysins, are responsible for the phage binding to the bacterial surface receptors in different stages of the phage lytic cycle. Due to their remarkable properties, such as high specificity, sensitivity, stability, and ability to be easily engineered, they are appointed as excellent candidates to replace conventional recognition molecules, thereby contributing to the improvement of the detection methods. Moreover, they offer several possibilities of application in a variety of detection systems, such as magnetic, optical, and electrochemical. Herein we provide a review of phage-derived bacterial binding proteins, namely the RBPs and CBDs, with the prospect to be employed as recognition elements for bacteria. Moreover, we summarize and discuss the various existing methods based on these proteins for the detection of nosocomial and foodborne pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P Costa
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores-Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnolnology, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Catarina L Nogueira
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.,Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores-Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN), IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnolnology, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Alexandra P Cunha
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal.,International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Ana Lisac
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Carla M Carvalho
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
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15
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Eichenseher F, Herpers BL, Badoux P, Leyva-Castillo JM, Geha RS, van der Zwart M, McKellar J, Janssen F, de Rooij B, Selvakumar L, Röhrig C, Frieling J, Offerhaus M, Loessner MJ, Schmelcher M. Linker-Improved Chimeric Endolysin Selectively Kills Staphylococcus aureus In Vitro, on Reconstituted Human Epidermis, and in a Murine Model of Skin Infection. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2022; 66:e0227321. [PMID: 35416713 PMCID: PMC9112974 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02273-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes a broad spectrum of diseases in humans and animals. It is frequently associated with inflammatory skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis, where it aggravates symptoms. Treatment of S. aureus-associated skin infections with antibiotics is discouraged due to their broad-range deleterious effect on healthy skin microbiota and their ability to promote the development of resistance. Thus, novel S. aureus-specific antibacterial agents are desirable. We constructed two chimeric cell wall-lytic enzymes, Staphefekt SA.100 and XZ.700, which are composed of functional domains from the bacteriophage endolysin Ply2638 and the bacteriocin lysostaphin. Both enzymes specifically killed S. aureus and were inactive against commensal skin bacteria such as Staphylococcus epidermidis, with XZ.700 proving more active than SA.100 in multiple in vitro activity assays. When surface-attached mixed staphylococcal cultures were exposed to XZ.700 in a simplified microbiome model, the enzyme selectively removed S. aureus and retained S. epidermidis. Furthermore, XZ.700 did not induce resistance in S. aureus during repeated rounds of exposure to sublethal concentrations. Finally, we demonstrated that XZ.700 formulated as a cream is effective at killing S. aureus on reconstituted human epidermis and that an XZ.700-containing gel significantly reduces bacterial numbers compared to an untreated control in a mouse model of S. aureus-induced skin infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Eichenseher
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Micreos GmbH, Wädenswil, Switzerland
| | - Bjorn L. Herpers
- Regional Public Health Laboratory Kennemerland, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Paul Badoux
- Regional Public Health Laboratory Kennemerland, Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | | | - Raif S. Geha
- Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - Ferd Janssen
- Micreos Human Health B.V., Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bob de Rooij
- Micreos Human Health B.V., Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin J. Loessner
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mathias Schmelcher
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Micreos GmbH, Wädenswil, Switzerland
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16
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Lee C, Kim H, Ryu S. Bacteriophage and endolysin engineering for biocontrol of food pathogens/pathogens in the food: recent advances and future trends. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 63:8919-8938. [PMID: 35400249 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2022.2059442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Despite advances in modern technologies, various foodborne outbreaks have continuously threatened the food safety. The overuse of and abuse/misuse of antibiotics have escalated this threat due to the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Therefore, the development of new methodologies for controlling microbial contamination is extremely important to ensure the food safety. As an alternative to antibiotics, bacteriophages(phages) and derived endolysins have been proposed as novel, effective, and safe antimicrobial agents and applied for the prevention and/or eradication of bacterial contaminants even in foods and food processing facilities. In this review, we describe recent genetic and protein engineering tools for phages and endolysins. The major aim of engineering is to overcome limitations such as a narrow host range, low antimicrobial activity, and low stability of phages and endolysins. Phage engineering also aims to deter the emergence of phage resistance. In the case of endolysin engineering, enhanced antibacterial ability against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria is another important goal. Here, we summarize the successful studies of phages and endolysins treatment in different types of food. Moreover, this review highlights the recent advances in engineering techniques for phages and endolysins, discusses existing challenges, and suggests technical opportunities for further development, especially in terms of antimicrobial agents in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyoung Lee
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeongsoon Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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17
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Comparative Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Differentially Expressed Genes Related to Antimicrobial Properties of Lysostaphin in Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2022; 11:antibiotics11020125. [PMID: 35203727 PMCID: PMC8868216 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics11020125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Comparative transcriptome analysis and de novo short-read assembly of S. aureus Newman strains revealed significant transcriptional changes in response to the exposure to triple-acting staphylolytic peptidoglycan hydrolase (PGH) 1801. Most altered transcriptions were associated with the membrane, cell wall, and related genes, including amidase, peptidase, holin, and phospholipase D/transphosphatidylase. The differential expression of genes obtained from RNA-seq was confirmed by reverse transcription quantitative PCR. Moreover, some of these gene expression changes were consistent with the observed structural perturbations at the DNA and RNA levels. These structural changes in the genes encoding membrane/cell surface proteins and altered gene expressions are the candidates for resistance to these novel antimicrobials. The findings in this study could provide insight into the design of new antimicrobial agents.
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18
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Wysocka A, Jagielska E, Łężniak Ł, Sabała I. Two New M23 Peptidoglycan Hydrolases With Distinct Net Charge. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:719689. [PMID: 34630350 PMCID: PMC8498115 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.719689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial peptidoglycan hydrolases play an essential role in cell wall metabolism during bacterial growth, division, and elongation (autolysins) or in the elimination of closely related species from the same ecological niche (bacteriocins). Most studies concerning the peptidoglycan hydrolases present in Gram-positive bacteria have focused on clinically relevant Staphylococcus aureus or the model organism Bacillus subtilis, while knowledge relating to other species remains limited. Here, we report two new peptidoglycan hydrolases from the M23 family of metallopeptidases derived from the same staphylococcal species, Staphylococcus pettenkoferi. They share modular architecture, significant sequence identity (60%), catalytic and binding residue conservation, and similar modes of activation, but differ in gene distribution, putative biological role, and, strikingly, in their isoelectric points (pIs). One of the peptides has a high pI, similar to that reported for all M23 peptidases evaluated to date, whereas the other displays a low pI, a unique feature among M23 peptidases. Consequently, we named them SpM23_B (Staphylococcus pettenkoferi M23 "Basic") and SpM23_A (Staphylococcus pettenkoferi M23 "Acidic"). Using genetic and biochemical approaches, we have characterized these two novel lytic enzymes, both in vitro and in their physiological context. Our study presents a detailed characterization of two novel and clearly distinct peptidoglycan hydrolases to understand their role in bacterial physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Wysocka
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Jagielska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Łukasz Łężniak
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Sabała
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Fermentative production of alternative antimicrobial peptides and enzymes. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2021.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Lee C, Kim J, Son B, Ryu S. Development of Advanced Chimeric Endolysin to Control Multidrug-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus through Domain Shuffling. ACS Infect Dis 2021; 7:2081-2092. [PMID: 34047546 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.0c00812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The increase in the prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Staphylococcus aureus with strong biofilm-forming capacity poses a serious public health concern. Endolysins derived from bacteriophages are a promising solution for antibiotic resistance problems. However, some natural staphylococcal endolysins have several shortcomings, such as low solubility and high sequence homology among domains. To overcome these limitations, we constructed a hybrid endolysin library by swapping an enzymatically active domain (EAD) and a cell wall binding domain (CBD) of 12 natural staphylococcal endolysins. We found a novel chimeric endolysin, ClyC, which showed enhanced lytic activity against S. aureus compared to its parental endolysin forms. ClyC also exhibited strong antibacterial activity against S. aureus in various biomatrices, such as milk and blood. Moreover, the treatment of chimeric endolysin effectively eradicated biofilms of multidrug-resistant bacteria, including methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), S. epidermidis (MRSE), and S. aureus clinical isolates. In an in vivo mouse infection model, ClyC showed effective protection capability against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) without any toxic effects. Taken together, our data suggest that the chimeric endolysin ClyC can be considered a potential antibacterial agent against multidrug-resistant S. aureus and may have clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chanyoung Lee
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Kim
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bokyung Son
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
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21
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Xu Y. Phage and phage lysins: New era of bio-preservatives and food safety agents. J Food Sci 2021; 86:3349-3373. [PMID: 34302296 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increase in the search and application of new antimicrobial agents as alternatives to use of chemical preservatives and antibiotic-like compounds by the food industry. The massive use of antibiotic has created a reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria that find their way from farm to humans. Thus, there exists an imperative need to explore new antibacterial options and bacteriophages perfectly fit into the class of safe and potent antimicrobials. Phage bio-control has come a long way owing to advances with use of phage cocktails, recombinant phages, and phage lysins; however, there still exists unmet challenges that restrict the number of phage-based products reaching the market. Hence, further studies are required to explore for more efficient phage-based bio-control strategies that can become an integral part of food safety protocols. This review thus aims to highlight the recent developments made in the application of phages and phage enzymes covering pre-harvest as well as post-harvest usage. It further focuses on the major issues in both phage and phage lysin research hindering their optimum use while detailing out the advances made by researchers lately in this direction for full exploitation of phages and phage lysins in the food sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingmin Xu
- Food Technology College Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, China
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22
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Arroyo-Moreno S, Begley M, Dembicka K, Coffey A. Engineering of the CHAPk Staphylococcal Phage Endolysin to Enhance Antibacterial Activity against Stationary-Phase Cells. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060722. [PMID: 34208478 PMCID: PMC8235606 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage endolysins and their derivatives have strong potential as antibacterial agents considering the increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance in common bacterial pathogens. The peptidoglycan degrading peptidase CHAPk, a truncated derivate of staphylococcal phage K endolysin (LysK), has proven efficacy in preventing and disrupting staphylococcal biofilms. Nevertheless, the concentration of CHAPk required to eliminate populations of stationary-phase cells was previously found to be four-fold higher than that for log-phase cells. Moreover, CHAPk-mediated lysis of stationary-phase cells was observed to be slower than for log-phase cultures. In the present study, we report the fusion of a 165 amino acid fragment containing CHAPk with a 136 amino acid fragment containing the cell-binding domain of the bacteriocin lysostaphin to create a chimeric enzyme designated CHAPk-SH3blys in the vector pET28a. The chimeric protein was employed in concentrations as low as 5 μg/mL, producing a reduction in turbidity in 7-day-old cultures, whereas the original CHAPk required at least 20 μg/mL to achieve this. Where 7-day old liquid cultures were used, the chimeric enzyme exhibited a 16-fold lower MIC than CHAPk. In terms of biofilm prevention, a concentration of 1 μg/mL of the chimeric enzyme was sufficient, whereas for CHAPk, 125 μg/mL was needed. Moreover, the chimeric enzyme exhibited total biofilm disruption when 5 μg/mL was employed in 4-h assays, whereas CHAPk could only partially disrupt the biofilms at this concentration. This study demonstrates that the cell-binding domain from lysostaphin can make the phage endolysin CHAPk more effective against sessile staphylococcal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Arroyo-Moreno
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork T12 P928, Ireland; (S.A.-M.); (M.B.); (K.D.)
| | - Máire Begley
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork T12 P928, Ireland; (S.A.-M.); (M.B.); (K.D.)
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
| | - Kornelia Dembicka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork T12 P928, Ireland; (S.A.-M.); (M.B.); (K.D.)
| | - Aidan Coffey
- Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University, Cork T12 P928, Ireland; (S.A.-M.); (M.B.); (K.D.)
- APC Microbiome Institute, University College, Cork T12 YT20, Ireland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-214-335-486
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23
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Sharma N, Chhillar AK, Dahiya S, Punia A, Choudhary P, Gulia P, Behl A, Dangi M. Chemotherapeutic Strategies for Combating Staphylococcus aureus Infections. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:26-42. [PMID: 33797362 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210402150325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is a prominent human pathogen that causes nosocomial and community acquired infections. The accelerating emergence and prevalence of staphylococcal infections have grotesque health consequences which are mostly due to its anomalous capability to acquire drug resistance and scarcity of novel classes of antibacterials. Many combating therapies are centered on primary targets of S. aureus which are cell envelope, ribosomes and nucleic acids. This review describes various chemotherapeutic strategies for combating S. aureus infections which includes monotherapy, combination drug therapy, phage endolysin therapy, lysostaphins and antibacterial drones. Monotherapy has dwindled in due course of time but combination therapy, endolysin therapy, lysostaphin and antibacterial drones are emerging alternatives which efficiently conquer the shortcomings of monotherapy. Combinations of more than one antibiotic agents or combination of adjuvant with antibiotics provide a synergistic approach to combat infections causing pathogenic strains. Phage endolysin therapy and lysostaphin are also presents as possible alternatives to conventional antibiotic therapies. Antibacterial Drones goes a step further by specifically targeting the virulence genes in bacteria giving them a certain advantage over existing antibacterial strategies. But the challenge remains on the better understanding of these strategies for executing and implementing them in health sector. In this day and age, most of the S. aureus strains are resistant to ample number of antibiotics, so there is an urgent need to overcome such multidrug resistant strains for the welfare of our community.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aruna Punia
- Centre for Biotechnology, MDU, Rohtak 124001. India
| | | | - Prity Gulia
- Centre for Biotechnology, MDU, Rohtak 124001. India
| | | | - Mehak Dangi
- Centre for Bioinformatics, MDU, Rohtak 124001. India
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Grabowski Ł, Łepek K, Stasiłojć M, Kosznik-Kwaśnicka K, Zdrojewska K, Maciąg-Dorszyńska M, Węgrzyn G, Węgrzyn A. Bacteriophage-encoded enzymes destroying bacterial cell membranes and walls, and their potential use as antimicrobial agents. Microbiol Res 2021; 248:126746. [PMID: 33773329 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Appearance of pathogenic bacteria resistant to most, if not all, known antibiotics is currently one of the most significant medical problems. Therefore, development of novel antibacterial therapies is crucial for efficient treatment of bacterial infections in the near future. One possible option is to employ enzymes, encoded by bacteriophages, which cause destruction of bacterial cell membranes and walls. Bacteriophages use such enzymes to destroy bacterial host cells at the final stage of their lytic development, in order to ensure effective liberation of progeny virions. Nevertheless, to use such bacteriophage-encoded proteins in medicine and/or biotechnology, it is crucial to understand details of their biological functions and biochemical properties. Therefore, in this review article, we will present and discuss our current knowledge on the processes of bacteriophage-mediated bacterial cell lysis, with special emphasis on enzymes involved in them. Regulation of timing of the lysis is also discussed. Finally, possibilities of the practical use of these enzymes as antibacterial agents will be underlined and perspectives of this aspect will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Grabowski
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Krzysztof Łepek
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Stasiłojć
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kosznik-Kwaśnicka
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Karolina Zdrojewska
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Monika Maciąg-Dorszyńska
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Grzegorz Węgrzyn
- Department of Molecular Biology, University of Gdansk, Wita Stwosza 59, 80-308, Gdansk, Poland.
| | - Alicja Węgrzyn
- Laboratory of Phage Therapy, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kładki 24, 80-822, Gdansk, Poland.
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25
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Tay PKR, Lim PY, Ow DSW. A SH3_5 Cell Anchoring Domain for Non-recombinant Surface Display on Lactic Acid Bacteria. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 8:614498. [PMID: 33585415 PMCID: PMC7873443 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.614498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are a group of gut commensals increasingly recognized for their potential to deliver bioactive molecules in vivo. The delivery of therapeutic proteins, in particular, can be achieved by anchoring them to the bacterial surface, and various anchoring domains have been described for this application. Here, we investigated a new cell anchoring domain (CAD4a) isolated from a Lactobacillus protein, containing repeats of a SH3_5 motif that binds non-covalently to peptidoglycan in the LAB cell wall. Using a fluorescent reporter, we showed that C-terminal CAD4a bound Lactobacillus fermentum selectively out of a panel of LAB strains, and cell anchoring was uniform across the cell surface. Conditions affecting CAD4a anchoring were studied, including temperature, pH, salt concentration, and bacterial growth phase. Quantitative analysis showed that CAD4a allowed display of 105 molecules of monomeric protein per cell. We demonstrated the surface display of a functional protein with superoxide dismutase (SOD), an antioxidant enzyme potentially useful for treating gut inflammation. SOD displayed on cells could be protected from gastric digestion using a polymer matrix. Taken together, our results show the feasibility of using CAD4a as a novel cell anchor for protein surface display on LAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Kun Richie Tay
- Microbial Cells Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Pei Yu Lim
- Microbial Cells Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Dave Siak-Wei Ow
- Microbial Cells Group, Bioprocessing Technology Institute, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
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26
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Son B, Kong M, Lee Y, Ryu S. Development of a Novel Chimeric Endolysin, Lys109 With Enhanced Lytic Activity Against Staphylococcus aureus. Front Microbiol 2021; 11:615887. [PMID: 33519773 PMCID: PMC7843465 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.615887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
As the incidence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has become increased, phage endolysins are believed as one of the promising alternatives to antibiotics. However, the discovery of potent endolysin is still challenging because it is labor intensive and difficult to obtain a soluble form with high lytic activity. In this respect, the modular structures of Gram-positive endolysins can provide an opportunity to develop novel endolysins by domain rearrangement. In this study, a random domain swapping library of four different endolysins from phages infecting Staphylococcus aureus was constructed and screened to obtain engineered endolysins. The novel chimeric endolysin, Lys109 was selected and characterized for its staphylolytic activity. Lys109 exhibited greater bacterial cell lytic activity than its parental endolysins against staphylococcal planktonic cells and biofilms, showing highly improved activity in eliminating S. aureus from milk and on the surface of stainless steel. These results demonstrate that a novel chimeric endolysin with higher activity and solubility can be developed by random domain swapping and that this chimeric endolysin has a great potential as an antimicrobial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Son
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Minsuk Kong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoona Lee
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
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27
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Son B, Kong M, Cha Y, Bai J, Ryu S. Simultaneous Control of Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus Using a Hybrid Endolysin LysB4EAD-LysSA11. Antibiotics (Basel) 2020; 9:antibiotics9120906. [PMID: 33327470 PMCID: PMC7764928 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9120906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage endolysins have attracted attention as promising alternatives to antibiotics, and their modular structure facilitates endolysin engineering to develop novel endolysins with enhanced versatility. Here, we constructed hybrid proteins consisting of two different endolysins for simultaneous control of two critical foodborne pathogens, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus. The full-length or enzymatically active domain (EAD) of LysB4, an endolysin from the B. cereus-infecting phage B4, was fused to LysSA11, an endolysin of the S. aureus-infecting phage SA11, via a helical linker in both orientations. The hybrid proteins maintained the lytic activity of their parental endolysins against both S. aureus and B. cereus, but they showed an extended antimicrobial spectrum. Among them, the EAD of LysB4 fused with LysSA11 (LysB4EAD-LyaSA11) showed significantly increased thermal stability compared to its parental endolysins. LysB4EAD-LysSA11 exhibited high lytic activity at pH 8.0–9.0 against S. aureus and at pH 5.0–10.0 against B. cereus, but the lytic activity of the protein decreased in the presence of NaCl. In boiled rice, treatment with 3.0 µM of LysB4EAD-LysSA11 reduced the number of S. aureus and B. cereus to undetectable levels within 2 h and also showed superior antimicrobial activity to LyB4EAD and LysSA11 in combination. These results suggest that LysB4EAD-LysSA11 could be a potent antimicrobial agent for simultaneous control of S. aureus and B. cereus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Son
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Minsuk Kong
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul 01811, Korea
| | - Yoyeon Cha
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Jaewoo Bai
- Division of Applied Food System, Food Science & Technology, Seoul Women's University, Seoul 01797, Korea
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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28
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Santos SB, Cunha AP, Macedo M, Nogueira CL, Brandão A, Costa SP, Melo LDR, Azeredo J, Carvalho CM. Bacteriophage‐receptor binding proteins for multiplex detection of
Staphylococcus
and
Enterococcus
in blood. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 117:3286-3298. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.27489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sílvio B. Santos
- Centre of Biological Engineering University of Minho Braga Portugal
| | | | - Mariana Macedo
- Centre of Biological Engineering University of Minho Braga Portugal
| | - Catarina L. Nogueira
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory Braga Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores – Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN) and IN – Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnolnology Lisbon Portugal
| | - Ana Brandão
- Centre of Biological Engineering University of Minho Braga Portugal
| | - Susana P. Costa
- Centre of Biological Engineering University of Minho Braga Portugal
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory Braga Portugal
- Instituto de Engenharia de Sistemas e Computadores – Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias (INESC MN) and IN – Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnolnology Lisbon Portugal
| | - Luís D. R. Melo
- Centre of Biological Engineering University of Minho Braga Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- Centre of Biological Engineering University of Minho Braga Portugal
| | - Carla M. Carvalho
- Centre of Biological Engineering University of Minho Braga Portugal
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory Braga Portugal
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29
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Srinivasan R, Chaitanyakumar A, Subramanian P, Mageswari A, Gomathi A, Aswini V, Sankar AM, Ramya M, Gothandam KM. Recombinant engineered phage-derived enzybiotic in Pichia pastoris X-33 as whole cell biocatalyst for effective biocontrol of Vibrio parahaemolyticus in aquaculture. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 154:1576-1585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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30
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Costa SP, Dias NM, Melo LDR, Azeredo J, Santos SB, Carvalho CM. A novel flow cytometry assay based on bacteriophage-derived proteins for Staphylococcus detection in blood. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6260. [PMID: 32277078 PMCID: PMC7148305 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62533-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Bloodstream infections (BSIs) are considered a major cause of death worldwide. Staphylococcus spp. are one of the most BSIs prevalent bacteria, classified as high priority due to the increasing multidrug resistant strains. Thus, a fast, specific and sensitive method for detection of these pathogens is of extreme importance. In this study, we have designed a novel assay for detection of Staphylococcus in blood culture samples, which combines the advantages of a phage endolysin cell wall binding domain (CBD) as a specific probe with the accuracy and high-throughput of flow cytometry techniques. In order to select the biorecognition molecule, three different truncations of the C-terminus of Staphylococcus phage endolysin E-LM12, namely the amidase (AMI), SH3 and amidase+SH3 (AMI_SH3) were cloned fused with a green fluorescent protein. From these, a higher binding efficiency to Staphylococcus cells was observed for AMI_SH3, indicating that the amidase domain possibly contributes to a more efficient binding of the SH3 domain. The novel phage endolysin-based flow cytometry assay provided highly reliable and specific detection of 1-5 CFU of Staphylococcus in 10 mL of spiked blood, after 16 hours of enrichment culture. Overall, the method developed herein presents advantages over the standard BSIs diagnostic methods, potentially contributing to an early and effective treatment of BSIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susana P Costa
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nicolina M Dias
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Luís D R Melo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Joana Azeredo
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Sílvio B Santos
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Carla M Carvalho
- Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal.
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31
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Tham EH, Koh E, Common JEA, Hwang IY. Biotherapeutic Approaches in Atopic Dermatitis. Biotechnol J 2020; 15:e1900322. [PMID: 32176834 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201900322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The skin microbiome plays a central role in inflammatory skin disorders such as atopic dermatitis (AD). In AD patients, an imbalance between pathogenic Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and resident skin symbionts creates a state of dysbiosis which induces immune dysregulation and impairs skin barrier function. There are now exciting new prospects for microbiome-based interventions for AD prevention. In the hopes of achieving sustained control and management of disease in AD patients, current emerging biotherapeutic strategies aim to harness the skin microbiome associated with health by restoring a more diverse symbiotic skin microbiome, while selectively removing pathogenic S. aureus. Examples of such strategies are demonstrated in skin microbiome transplants, phage-derived anti-S. aureus endolysins, monoclonal antibodies, and quorum sensing (QS) inhibitors. However, further understanding of the skin microbiome and its role in AD pathogenesis is still needed to understand how these biotherapeutics alter the dynamics of the microbiome community; to optimize patient selection, drug delivery, and treatment duration; overcome rapid recolonization upon treatment cessation; and improve efficacy to allow these therapeutic options to eventually reach routine clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Huiwen Tham
- Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.,Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
| | - Elvin Koh
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.,NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
| | - John E A Common
- Skin Research Institute of Singapore, A*STAR, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - In Young Hwang
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore.,NUS Synthetic Biology for Clinical and Technological Innovation, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119228, Singapore
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32
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Shan Y, Yang N, Teng D, Wang X, Mao R, Hao Y, Ma X, Fan H, Wang J. Recombinant of the Staphylococcal Bacteriophage Lysin CHAP k and Its Elimination against Streptococcus agalactiae Biofilms. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8020216. [PMID: 32041118 PMCID: PMC7074704 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine mastitis is the most important infectious disease, causing significant losses in the dairy industry, in which Streptococcus agalactiae is a major pathogen. In this study, lysin CHAPk, derived from bacteriophage K, was expressed heterogeneously, and its antimicrobial and anti-biofilm effects against S. agalactiae isolated from bovine mastitis were further analyzed. CHAPk was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3), in which the purified yield of CHAPk was up to 14.6 mg/L with the purity of 95%. Time-killing kinetic curves showed that CHAPk fastly killed S. agalactiae in TSB medium and in milk within 25 min (by 3.3 log10 CFU/mL and 2.4 log10 CFU/mL, respectively). Observation of scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed cells wrinkled and ruptured after the treatment of CHAPk. CHAPk effectively inhibited early biofilms by 95% in 8 × MIC, and eradicated mature biofilms by 89.4% in 16 × MIC. Moreover, CHAPk killed 99% bacteria in mature biofilms. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) also demonstrated the potent antimicrobial and anti-biofilm action of CHAPk. It was firstly demonstrated CHAPk had the characters of inhibition/elimination of S. agalactiae biofilms and killing the bacteria in biofilms. CHAPk has the potential to develop a new antibacterial agent for mastitis treatment of S. agalactiae infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxue Shan
- Gene Engineering Labotory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.S.); (N.Y.); (D.T.); (X.W.); (R.M.); (Y.H.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and rural affairs, Beijing 100081, China
- Tianjin Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381, China
- College of Life Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Na Yang
- Gene Engineering Labotory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.S.); (N.Y.); (D.T.); (X.W.); (R.M.); (Y.H.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and rural affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Da Teng
- Gene Engineering Labotory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.S.); (N.Y.); (D.T.); (X.W.); (R.M.); (Y.H.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and rural affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Gene Engineering Labotory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.S.); (N.Y.); (D.T.); (X.W.); (R.M.); (Y.H.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and rural affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ruoyu Mao
- Gene Engineering Labotory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.S.); (N.Y.); (D.T.); (X.W.); (R.M.); (Y.H.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and rural affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ya Hao
- Gene Engineering Labotory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.S.); (N.Y.); (D.T.); (X.W.); (R.M.); (Y.H.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and rural affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xuanxuan Ma
- Gene Engineering Labotory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.S.); (N.Y.); (D.T.); (X.W.); (R.M.); (Y.H.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and rural affairs, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huan Fan
- Tianjin Animal Science and Veterinary Research Institute, Tianjin 300381, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (H.F.)
| | - Jianhua Wang
- Gene Engineering Labotory, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; (Y.S.); (N.Y.); (D.T.); (X.W.); (R.M.); (Y.H.); (X.M.)
- Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and rural affairs, Beijing 100081, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (H.F.)
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33
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Gutiérrez D, Garrido V, Fernández L, Portilla S, Rodríguez A, Grilló MJ, García P. Phage Lytic Protein LysRODI Prevents Staphylococcal Mastitis in Mice. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:7. [PMID: 32038593 PMCID: PMC6989612 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Phage lytic proteins are promising antimicrobials that could complement conventional antibiotics and help to combat multi-drug resistant bacteria that cause important human and animal infections. Here, we report the characterization of endolysin LysRODI (encoded by staphylophage phiIPLA-RODI) and its application as a prophylactic mastitis treatment. The main properties of LysRODI were compared with those of endolysin LysA72 (encoded by staphylophage phiIPLA35) and the chimeric protein CHAPSH3b (derived from the virion-associated peptidoglycan hydrolase HydH5 and lysostaphin). Time-kill experiments performed with Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis demonstrated that the killing rate of LysRODI and CHAPSH3b is higher than that of LysA72 (0.1 μM protein removed 107 CFU/ml of S. aureus in 30 min). Of note, all proteins failed to select resistant mutants as bacterial exposure to sub-lethal concentrations of the proteins did not alter the MIC values. Additionally, LysRODI and CHAPSH3b were non-toxic in a zebrafish embryo model at concentrations near the MIC (0.5 and 0.7 μM, respectively). Moreover, these two proteins significantly reduced mortality in a zebrafish model of systemic infection. In contrast to LysRODI, the efficacy of CHAPSH3b was dose-dependent in zebrafish, requiring higher-dose treatments to achieve the maximum survival rate. For this reason, LysRODI was selected for further analysis in mice, demonstrating great efficacy to prevent mammary infections by S. aureus and S. epidermidis. Our findings strongly support the use of phage lytic proteins as a new strategy to prevent staphylococcal mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gutiérrez
- DairySafe Group, Departamento de Tecnología y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Victoria Garrido
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Mutilva, Spain
| | - Lucía Fernández
- DairySafe Group, Departamento de Tecnología y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Silvia Portilla
- DairySafe Group, Departamento de Tecnología y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- DairySafe Group, Departamento de Tecnología y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
| | - María Jesús Grilló
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Instituto de Agrobiotecnología, CSIC-Gobierno de Navarra, Mutilva, Spain
| | - Pilar García
- DairySafe Group, Departamento de Tecnología y Biotecnología de Productos Lácteos, Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Spain
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34
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Zeman M, Bárdy P, Vrbovská V, Roudnický P, Zdráhal Z, Růžičková V, Doškař J, Pantůček R. New Genus Fibralongavirus in Siphoviridae Phages of Staphylococcus pseudintermedius. Viruses 2019; 11:E1143. [PMID: 31835553 PMCID: PMC6950010 DOI: 10.3390/v11121143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages of the significant veterinary pathogen Staphylococcus pseudintermedius are rarely described morphologically and genomically in detail, and mostly include phages of the Siphoviridae family. There is currently no taxonomical classification for phages of this bacterial species. Here we describe a new phage designated vB_SpsS_QT1, which is related to phage 2638A originally described as a Staphylococcus aureus phage. Propagating strain S. aureus 2854 of the latter was reclassified by rpoB gene sequencing as S. pseudintermedius 2854 in this work. Both phages have a narrow but different host range determined on 54 strains. Morphologically, both of them belong to the family Siphoviridae, share the B1 morphotype, and differ from other staphylococcal phage genera by a single long fibre at the terminus of the tail. The complete genome of phage vB_SpsS_QT1 was sequenced with the IonTorrent platform and expertly annotated. Its linear genome with cohesive ends is 43,029 bp long and encodes 60 predicted genes with the typical modular structure of staphylococcal siphophages. A global alignment found the genomes of vB_SpsS_QT1 and 2638A to share 84% nucleotide identity, but they have no significant similarity of nucleotide sequences with other phage genomes available in public databases. Based on the morphological, phylogenetic, and genomic analyses, a novel genus Fibralongavirus in the family Siphoviridae is described with phage species vB_SpsS_QT1 and 2638A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Zeman
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavol Bárdy
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Vrbovská
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Roudnický
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Zbyněk Zdráhal
- Central European Institute of Technology, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
- National Centre for Biomolecular Research, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladislava Růžičková
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Doškař
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Pantůček
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlářská 2, 611 37 Brno, Czech Republic
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35
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Gondil VS, Harjai K, Chhibber S. Endolysins as emerging alternative therapeutic agents to counter drug-resistant infections. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2019; 55:105844. [PMID: 31715257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2019.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endolysins are the lytic products of bacteriophages which play a specific role in the release of phage progeny by degrading the peptidoglycan of the host bacterium. In the light of antibiotic resistance, endolysins are being considered as alternative therapeutic agents because of their exceptional ability to target bacterial cells when applied externally. Endolysins have been studied against a number of drug-resistant pathogens to assess their therapeutic ability. This review focuses on the structure of endolysins in terms of cell binding and catalytic domains, lytic ability, resistance, safety, immunogenicity and future applications. It primarily reviews recent advancements made in evaluation of the therapeutic potential of endolysins, including their origin, host range, applications, and synergy with conventional and non-conventional antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Singh Gondil
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Kusum Harjai
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Sanjay Chhibber
- Department of Microbiology, Basic Medical Sciences, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India.
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36
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Swift SM, Waters JJ, Rowley DT, Oakley BB, Donovan DM. Characterization of two glycosyl hydrolases, putative prophage endolysins, that target Clostridium perfringens. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2019; 365:5053808. [PMID: 30010898 DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fny179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Clostridium perfringens, a spore-forming anaerobic bacterium, causes food poisoning and gas gangrene in humans and is an agent of necrotizing enteritis in poultry, swine and cattle. Endolysins are peptidoglycan hydrolases from bacteriophage that degrade the bacterial host cell wall causing lysis and thus harbor antimicrobial therapy potential. The genes for the PlyCP10 and PlyCP41 endolysins were found in prophage regions of the genomes from C. perfringens strains Cp10 and Cp41, respectively. The gene for PlyCP10 encodes a protein of 351 amino acids, while the gene for PlyCP41 encodes a protein of 335 amino acids. Both proteins harbor predicted glycosyl hydrolase domains. Recombinant PlyCP10 and PlyCP41 were expressed in E. coli with C-terminal His-tags, purified by nickel chromatography and characterized in vitro. PlyCP10 activity was greatest at pH 6.0, and between 50 and 100 mM NaCl. PlyCP41 activity was greatest between pH 6.5 and 7.0, and at 50 mM NaCl, with retention of activity as high as 600 mM NaCl. PlyCP10 lost most of its activity above 42°C, whereas PlyCP41 survived at 50°C for 30 min and still retained >60% activity. Both enzymes had lytic activity against 75 C. perfringens strains (isolates from poultry, swine and cattle) suggesting therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Swift
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, BARC, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Jerel J Waters
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, BARC, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - D Treva Rowley
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, BARC, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Brian B Oakley
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA, USA
| | - David M Donovan
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, BARC, USDA, 10300 Baltimore Ave., Beltsville, MD, USA
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37
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Shang X, Nelson DC. Contributions of Net Charge on the PlyC Endolysin CHAP Domain. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:antibiotics8020070. [PMID: 31142020 PMCID: PMC6628322 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8020070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage endolysins, enzymes that degrade the bacterial peptidoglycan (PG), have gained an increasing interest as alternative antimicrobial agents, due to their ability to kill antibiotic resistant pathogens efficiently when applied externally as purified proteins. Typical endolysins derived from bacteriophage that infect Gram-positive hosts consist of an N-terminal enzymatically-active domain (EAD) that cleaves covalent bonds in the PG, and a C-terminal cell-binding domain (CBD) that recognizes specific ligands on the surface of the PG. Although CBDs are usually essential for the EADs to access the PG substrate, some EADs possess activity in the absence of CBDs, and a few even display better activity profiles or an extended host spectrum than the full-length endolysin. A current hypothesis suggests a net positive charge on the EAD enables it to reach the negatively charged bacterial surface via ionic interactions in the absence of a CBD. Here, we used the PlyC CHAP domain as a model EAD to further test the hypothesis. We mutated negatively charged surface amino acids of the CHAP domain that are not involved in structured regions to neutral or positively charged amino acids in order to increase the net charge from -3 to a range from +1 to +7. The seven mutant candidates were successfully expressed and purified as soluble proteins. Contrary to the current hypothesis, none of the mutants were more active than wild-type CHAP. Analysis of electrostatic surface potential implies that the surface charge distribution may affect the activity of a positively charged EAD. Thus, we suggest that while charge should continue to be considered for future engineering efforts, it should not be the sole focus of such engineering efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoran Shang
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
| | - Daniel C Nelson
- Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD 20850, USA.
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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38
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Mitkowski P, Jagielska E, Nowak E, Bujnicki JM, Stefaniak F, Niedziałek D, Bochtler M, Sabała I. Structural bases of peptidoglycan recognition by lysostaphin SH3b domain. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5965. [PMID: 30979923 PMCID: PMC6461655 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42435-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus simulans lysostaphin cleaves pentaglycine cross-bridges between stem peptides in the peptidoglycan of susceptible staphylococci, including S. aureus. This enzyme consists of an N-terminal catalytic domain and a cell wall binding domain (SH3b), which anchors the protein to peptidoglycan. Although structures of SH3bs from lysostaphin are available, the binding modes of peptidoglycan to these domains are still unclear. We have solved the crystal structure of the lysostaphin SH3b domain in complex with a pentaglycine peptide representing the peptidoglycan cross-bridge. The structure identifies a groove between β1 and β2 strands as the pentaglycine binding site. The structure suggests that pentaglycine specificity of the SH3b arises partially directly by steric exclusion of Cβ atoms in the ligand and partially indirectly due to the selection of main chain conformations that are easily accessible for glycine, but not other amino acid residues. We have revealed further interactions of SH3b with the stem peptides with the support of bioinformatics tools. Based on the structural data we have attempted engineering of the domain specificity and have investigated the relevance of the introduced substitutions on the domain binding and specificity, also in the contexts of the mature lysostaphin and of its bacteriolytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Mitkowski
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Jagielska
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Nowak
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Janusz M Bujnicki
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
| | - Filip Stefaniak
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dorota Niedziałek
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Matthias Bochtler
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.,Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Izabela Sabała
- International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.
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Filatova L, Donovan D, Swift S, Pugachev V, Emelianov G, Chubar T, Klaychko N. Kinetics of inactivation of staphylolytic enzymes: Qualitative and quantitative description. Biochimie 2019; 162:77-87. [PMID: 30965078 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Lysin 2638aR and chimeric Ply187AN-KSH3b fusion protein are capable of lysing antibiotic-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and are promising alternatives to antibiotics. Studies on the stability and structure of lysins 2638aR and Ply187AN-KSH3b are important for assessing the feasibility of their practical use. Both lysins are highly active at physiological pH (7.5) and at low salt content (the concentration of NaCl in the reaction medium is not more than 250 mM). Lysins are inactivated by a monomolecular mechanism and have high stability at 4 °C (storage temperature). The maximum value of the half-inactivation time for lysin 2638aR is 190-200 days (500-1000 mM NaCl, pH 6.0-7.5), for lysin Ply187AN-KSH3b is 320-340 days (10-1000 mM NaCl, pH 6.0). The lysins are pretty stable in human blood serum (the half-inactivation time is 0.5-2 h) at 37 °C. The lysins undergo denaturation in large part due to the destruction of the α-helices at temperatures above 40 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyubov Filatova
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - David Donovan
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Steven Swift
- Animal Biosciences and Biotechnology Laboratory, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, NEA, ARS, USDA, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Vladimir Pugachev
- Federal Budget Institution of Science, State Research Center of Virology & Bioengineering "Vector", Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Georgy Emelianov
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Tatiana Chubar
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Klaychko
- Department of Chemical Enzymology, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
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40
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The Antistaphylococcal Lysin, CF-301, Activates Key Host Factors in Human Blood To Potentiate Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteriolysis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:AAC.02291-18. [PMID: 30670427 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02291-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophage-derived lysins are cell-wall-hydrolytic enzymes that represent a potential new class of antibacterial therapeutics in development to address burgeoning antimicrobial resistance. CF-301, the lead compound in this class, is in clinical development as an adjunctive treatment to potentially improve clinical cure rates of Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia and infective endocarditis (IE) when used in addition to antibiotics. In order to profile the activity of CF-301 in a clinically relevant milieu, we assessed its in vitro activity in human blood versus in a conventional testing medium (cation-adjusted Mueller-Hinton broth [caMHB]). CF-301 exhibited substantially greater potency (32 to ≥100-fold) in human blood versus caMHB in three standard microbiologic testing formats (e.g., broth dilution MICs, checkerboard synergy, and time-kill assays). We demonstrated that CF-301 acted synergistically with two key human blood factors, human serum lysozyme (HuLYZ) and human serum albumin (HSA), which normally have no nascent antistaphylococcal activity, against a prototypic methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strain (MW2). Similar in vitro enhancement of CF-301 activity was also observed in rabbit, horse, and dog (but not rat or mouse) blood. Two well-established MRSA IE models in rabbit and rat were used to validate these findings in vivo by demonstrating comparable synergistic efficacy with standard-of-care anti-MRSA antibiotics at >100-fold lower lysin doses in the rabbit than in the rat model. The unique properties of CF-301 that enable bactericidal potentiation of antimicrobial activity via activation of "latent" host factors in human blood may have important therapeutic implications for durable improvements in clinical outcomes of serious antibiotic-resistant staphylococcal infections.
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41
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Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogens that is responsible for a variety of diseases ranging from skin and soft tissue infections to endocarditis and sepsis. In recent decades, the treatment of staphylococcal infections has become increasingly difficult as the prevalence of multi-drug resistant strains continues to rise. With increasing mortality rates and medical costs associated with drug resistant strains, there is an urgent need for alternative therapeutic options. Many innovative strategies for alternative drug development are being pursued, including disruption of biofilms, inhibition of virulence factor production, bacteriophage-derived antimicrobials, anti-staphylococcal vaccines, and light-based therapies. While many compounds and methods still need further study to determine their feasibility, some are quickly approaching clinical application and may be available in the near future.
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42
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Cha Y, Chun J, Son B, Ryu S. Characterization and Genome Analysis of Staphylococcus aureus Podovirus CSA13 and Its Anti-Biofilm Capacity. Viruses 2019; 11:v11010054. [PMID: 30642091 PMCID: PMC6356323 DOI: 10.3390/v11010054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the notable human pathogens that can be easily encountered in both dietary and clinical surroundings. Among various countermeasures, bacteriophage therapy is recognized as an alternative method for resolving the issue of antibiotic resistance. In the current study, bacteriophage CSA13 was isolated from a chicken, and subsequently, its morphology, physiology, and genomics were characterized. This Podoviridae phage displayed an extended host inhibition effect of up to 23 h of persistence. Its broad host spectrum included methicillin susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA), local S. aureus isolates, as well as non-aureus staphylococci strains. Moreover, phage CSA13 could successfully remove over 78% and 93% of MSSA and MRSA biofilms in an experimental setting, respectively. Genomic analysis revealed a 17,034 bp chromosome containing 18 predicted open reading frames (ORFs) without tRNAs, representing a typical chromosomal structure of the staphylococcal Podoviridae family. The results presented here suggest that phage CSA13 can be applicable as an effective biocontrol agent against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoyeon Cha
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Jihwan Chun
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Bokyung Son
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence4, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Center for Food and Bioconvergence4, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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43
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Vázquez R, García E, García P. Phage Lysins for Fighting Bacterial Respiratory Infections: A New Generation of Antimicrobials. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2252. [PMID: 30459750 PMCID: PMC6232686 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lower respiratory tract infections and tuberculosis are responsible for the death of about 4.5 million people each year and are the main causes of mortality in children under 5 years of age. Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most common bacterial pathogen associated with severe pneumonia, although other Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria are involved in respiratory infections as well. The ability of these pathogens to persist and produce infection under the appropriate conditions is also associated with their capacity to form biofilms in the respiratory mucous membranes. Adding to the difficulty of treating biofilm-forming bacteria with antibiotics, many of these strains are becoming multidrug resistant, and thus the alternative therapeutics available for combating this kind of infections are rapidly depleting. Given these concerns, it is urgent to consider other unconventional strategies and, in this regard, phage lysins represent an attractive resource to circumvent some of the current issues in infection treatment. When added exogenously, lysins break specific bonds of the peptidoglycan and have potent bactericidal effects against susceptible bacteria. These enzymes possess interesting features, including that they do not trigger an adverse immune response and raise of resistance is very unlikely. Although Gram-negative bacteria had been considered refractory to these compounds, strategies to overcome this drawback have been developed recently. In this review we describe the most relevant in vitro and in vivo results obtained to date with lysins against bacterial respiratory pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Vázquez
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto García
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro García
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Madrid, Spain
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44
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Son B, Kong M, Ryu S. The Auxiliary Role of the Amidase Domain in Cell Wall Binding and Exolytic Activity of Staphylococcal Phage Endolysins. Viruses 2018; 10:v10060284. [PMID: 29799482 PMCID: PMC6024855 DOI: 10.3390/v10060284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to increasing concern over antibiotic-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, the development of novel antimicrobials has been called for, with bacteriophage endolysins having received considerable attention as alternatives to antibiotics. Most staphylococcal phage endolysins have a modular structure consisting of an N-terminal cysteine, histidine-dependent amidohydrolases/peptidase domain (CHAP), a central amidase domain, and a C-terminal cell wall binding domain (CBD). Despite extensive studies using truncated staphylococcal endolysins, the precise function of the amidase domain has not been determined. Here, a functional analysis of each domain of two S. aureus phage endolysins (LysSA12 and LysSA97) revealed that the CHAP domain conferred the main catalytic activity, while the central amidase domain showed no enzymatic activity in degrading the intact S. aureus cell wall. However, the amidase-lacking endolysins had reduced hydrolytic activity compared to the full-length endolysins. Comparison of the binding affinities of fusion proteins consisting of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) with CBD and GFP with the amidase domain and CBD revealed that the major function of the amidase domain was to enhance the binding affinity of CBD, resulting in higher lytic activity of endolysin. These results suggest an auxiliary binding role of the amidase domain of staphylococcal endolysins, which can be useful information for designing effective antimicrobial and diagnostic agents against S. aureus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Son
- Laboratory of Molecular Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Minsuk Kong
- Laboratory of Molecular Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
| | - Sangryeol Ryu
- Laboratory of Molecular Food Microbiology, Department of Food and Animal Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Center for Agricultural Biomaterials, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
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45
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Gerstmans H, Criel B, Briers Y. Synthetic biology of modular endolysins. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:624-640. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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46
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Engineering of Phage-Derived Lytic Enzymes: Improving Their Potential as Antimicrobials. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:antibiotics7020029. [PMID: 29565804 PMCID: PMC6023083 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lytic enzymes encoded by bacteriophages have been intensively explored as alternative agents for combating bacterial pathogens in different contexts. The antibacterial character of these enzymes (enzybiotics) results from their degrading activity towards peptidoglycan, an essential component of the bacterial cell wall. In fact, phage lytic products have the capacity to kill target bacteria when added exogenously in the form of recombinant proteins. However, there is also growing recognition that the natural bactericidal activity of these agents can, and sometimes needs to be, substantially improved through manipulation of their functional domains or by equipping them with new functions. In addition, often, native lytic proteins exhibit features that restrict their applicability as effective antibacterials, such as poor solubility or reduced stability. Here, I present an overview of the engineering approaches that can be followed not only to overcome these and other restrictions, but also to generate completely new antibacterial agents with significantly enhanced characteristics. As conventional antibiotics are running short, the remarkable progress in this field opens up the possibility of tailoring efficient enzybiotics to tackle the most menacing bacterial infections.
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47
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Romero P, Bartual SG, Schmelcher M, Glück C, Hermoso JA, Loessner MJ. Structural insights into the binding and catalytic mechanisms of the Listeria monocytogenes bacteriophage glycosyl hydrolase PlyP40. Mol Microbiol 2018; 108:128-142. [PMID: 29405497 DOI: 10.1111/mmi.13922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Endolysins are bacteriophage-encoded peptidoglycan hydrolases that specifically degrade the bacterial cell wall at the end of the phage lytic cycle. They feature a distinct modular architecture, consisting of enzymatically active domains (EADs) and cell wall-binding domains (CBDs). Structural analysis of the complete enzymes or individual domains is required for better understanding the mechanisms of peptidoglycan degradation and provides guidelines for the rational design of chimeric enzymes. We here report the crystal structure of the EAD of PlyP40, a member of the GH-25 family of glycosyl hydrolases, and the first muramidase reported for Listeria phages. Site-directed mutagenesis confirmed key amino acids (Glu98 and Trp10) involved in catalysis and substrate stabilization. In addition, we found that PlyP40 contains two heterogeneous CBD modules with homology to SH3 and LysM domains. Truncation analysis revealed that both domains are required for full activity but contribute to cell wall recognition and lysis differently. Replacement of CBDP40 with a corresponding domain from a different Listeria phage endolysin yielded an enzyme with a significant shift in pH optimum. Finally, domain swapping between PlyP40 and the streptococcal endolysin Cpl-1 produced an intergeneric chimera with activity against Listeria cells, indicating that structural similarity of individual domains determines enzyme function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Romero
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sergio G Bartual
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mathias Schmelcher
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chaim Glück
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Juan A Hermoso
- Department of Crystallography and Structural Biology, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Martin J Loessner
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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48
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Desvaux M, Candela T, Serror P. Surfaceome and Proteosurfaceome in Parietal Monoderm Bacteria: Focus on Protein Cell-Surface Display. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:100. [PMID: 29491848 PMCID: PMC5817068 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The cell envelope of parietal monoderm bacteria (archetypal Gram-positive bacteria) is formed of a cytoplasmic membrane (CM) and a cell wall (CW). While the CM is composed of phospholipids, the CW is composed at least of peptidoglycan (PG) covalently linked to other biopolymers, such as teichoic acids, polysaccharides, and/or polyglutamate. Considering the CW is a porous structure with low selective permeability contrary to the CM, the bacterial cell surface hugs the molecular figure of the CW components as a well of the external side of the CM. While the surfaceome corresponds to the totality of the molecules found at the bacterial cell surface, the proteinaceous complement of the surfaceome is the proteosurfaceome. Once translocated across the CM, secreted proteins can either be released in the extracellular milieu or exposed at the cell surface by associating to the CM or the CW. Following the gene ontology (GO) for cellular components, cell-surface proteins at the CM can either be integral (GO: 0031226), i.e., the integral membrane proteins, or anchored to the membrane (GO: 0046658), i.e., the lipoproteins. At the CW (GO: 0009275), cell-surface proteins can be covalently bound, i.e., the LPXTG-proteins, or bound through weak interactions to the PG or wall polysaccharides, i.e., the cell wall binding proteins. Besides monopolypeptides, some proteins can associate to each other to form supramolecular protein structures of high molecular weight, namely the S-layer, pili, flagella, and cellulosomes. After reviewing the cell envelope components and the different molecular mechanisms involved in protein attachment to the cell envelope, perspectives in investigating the proteosurfaceome in parietal monoderm bacteria are further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mickaël Desvaux
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR454 MEDiS, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Thomas Candela
- EA4043 Unité Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Pascale Serror
- Micalis Institute, INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Gutiérrez D, Fernández L, Rodríguez A, García P. Are Phage Lytic Proteins the Secret Weapon To Kill Staphylococcus aureus? mBio 2018; 9:e01923-17. [PMID: 29362234 PMCID: PMC5784253 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01923-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is one of the most threatening microorganisms for global human health. The current strategies to reduce the impact of S. aureus include a restrictive control of worldwide antibiotic use, prophylactic measures to hinder contamination, and the search for novel antimicrobials to treat human and animal infections caused by this bacterium. The last strategy is currently the focus of considerable research. In this regard, phage lytic proteins (endolysins and virion-associated peptidoglycan hydrolases [VAPGHs]) have been proposed as suitable candidates. Indeed, these proteins display narrow-spectrum antimicrobial activity and a virtual lack of bacterial-resistance development. Additionally, the therapeutic use of phage lytic proteins in S. aureus animal infection models is yielding promising results, showing good efficacy without apparent side effects. Nonetheless, human clinical trials are still in progress, and data are not available yet. This minireview also analyzes the main obstacles for introducing phage lytic proteins as human therapeutics against S. aureus infections. Besides the common technological problems derived from large-scale production of therapeutic proteins, a major setback is the lack of a proper legal framework regulating their use. In that sense, the relevant health authorities should urgently have a timely discussion about these new antimicrobials. On the other hand, the research community should provide data to dispel any doubts regarding their efficacy and safety. Overall, the appropriate scientific data and regulatory framework will encourage pharmaceutical companies to invest in these promising antimicrobials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gutiérrez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Lucía Fernández
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Rodríguez
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
| | - Pilar García
- Instituto de Productos Lácteos de Asturias (IPLA-CSIC), Villaviciosa, Asturias, Spain
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Haddad Kashani H, Schmelcher M, Sabzalipoor H, Seyed Hosseini E, Moniri R. Recombinant Endolysins as Potential Therapeutics against Antibiotic-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus: Current Status of Research and Novel Delivery Strategies. Clin Microbiol Rev 2018; 31:e00071-17. [PMID: 29187396 PMCID: PMC5740972 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.00071-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most common pathogens of humans and animals, where it frequently colonizes skin and mucosal membranes. It is of major clinical importance as a nosocomial pathogen and causative agent of a wide array of diseases. Multidrug-resistant strains have become increasingly prevalent and represent a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. For this reason, novel strategies to combat multidrug-resistant pathogens are urgently needed. Bacteriophage-derived enzymes, so-called endolysins, and other peptidoglycan hydrolases with the ability to disrupt cell walls represent possible alternatives to conventional antibiotics. These lytic enzymes confer a high degree of host specificity and could potentially replace or be utilized in combination with antibiotics, with the aim to specifically treat infections caused by Gram-positive drug-resistant bacterial pathogens such as methicillin-resistant S. aureus. LysK is one of the best-characterized endolysins with activity against multiple staphylococcal species. Various approaches to further enhance the antibacterial efficacy and applicability of endolysins have been demonstrated. These approaches include the construction of recombinant endolysin derivatives and the development of novel delivery strategies for various applications, such as the production of endolysins in lactic acid bacteria and their conjugation to nanoparticles. These novel strategies are a major focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Haddad Kashani
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Mathias Schmelcher
- Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hamed Sabzalipoor
- Department of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Seyed Hosseini
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Rezvan Moniri
- Anatomical Sciences Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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