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Thomas DC, Moorthy JD, Prabhakar V, Ajayakumar A, Pitchumani PK. Role of primary cilia and Hedgehog signaling in craniofacial features of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL GENETICS. PART C, SEMINARS IN MEDICAL GENETICS 2022; 190:36-46. [PMID: 35393766 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.c.31969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EvC) is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder involving pathogenic variants of EVC and EVC2 genes and classified as a ciliopathy. The syndrome is caused by mutations in the EVC gene on chromosome 4p16, and EVC2 gene, located close to the EVC gene, in a head-to-head configuration. Regardless of the affliction of EVC or EVC2, the clinical features of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome are similar. Both these genes are expressed in tissues such as, but not limited to, the heart, liver, skeletal muscle, and placenta, while the predominant expression in the craniofacial tissues is that of EVC2. Biallelic mutations of EVC and EVC2 affect Hedgehog signaling and thereby ciliary function, crucial factors in vertebrate development, culminating in the phenotypical features characteristic of EvC. The clinical features of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome are consistent with significant abnormalities in morphogenesis and differentiation of the affected tissues. The robust role of primary cilia in histodifferentiation and morphodifferentiation of oral, perioral, and craniofacial tissues is becoming more evident in the most recent literature. In this review, we give a summary of the mechanistic role of primary cilia in craniofacial development, taking Ellis-van Creveld syndrome as a representative example.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis C Thomas
- Center for TMD and Orofacial Pain, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, New Jersey, USA
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Öztürk Ö, Bağış H, Bolu S, Çevik MÖ. Ellis-van Creveld syndrome novel pathogenic variant in the EVC2 gene a patient from Turkey. Clin Case Rep 2021; 9:1973-1976. [PMID: 33936625 PMCID: PMC8077313 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.3919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome 10-year-old Turkish girl and her parents were first degree cousins. A novel pathogenic variant (p.Glu1178Glyfs*82) was detected in the EVC2 gene in patient. She had no peg-shaped teeth, multiple frenula, and limb shortness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özden Öztürk
- Department of Medical GeneticsMedical School of Adiyaman UniversityAdiyamanTurkey
| | - Haydar Bağış
- Department of Medical GeneticsMedical School of Adiyaman UniversityAdiyamanTurkey
| | - Semih Bolu
- Division of Pediatric EndocrinologyDepartment of PediatricsMedical School of Adiyaman UniversityAdiyamanTurkey
| | - Muhammer Özgür Çevik
- Department of Medical GeneticsMedical School of Adiyaman UniversityAdiyamanTurkey
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Badri MK, Zhang H, Ohyama Y, Venkitapathi S, Kamiya N, Takeda H, Ray M, Scott G, Tsuji T, Kunieda T, Mishina Y, Mochida Y. Ellis Van Creveld2 is Required for Postnatal Craniofacial Bone Development. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2016; 299:1110-20. [PMID: 27090777 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld (EvC) syndrome is a genetic disorder with mutations in either EVC or EVC2 gene. Previous case studies reported that EvC patients underwent orthodontic treatment, suggesting the presence of craniofacial bone phenotypes. To investigate whether a mutation in EVC2 gene causes a craniofacial bone phenotype, Evc2 knockout (KO) mice were generated and cephalometric analysis was performed. The heads of wild type (WT), heterozygous (Het) and homozygous Evc2 KO mice (1-, 3-, and 6-week-old) were prepared and cephalometric analysis based on the selected reference points on lateral X-ray radiographs was performed. The linear and angular bone measurements were then calculated, compared between WT, Het and KO and statistically analyzed at each time point. Our data showed that length of craniofacial bones in KO was significantly lowered by ∼20% to that of WT and Het, the growth of certain bones, including nasal bone, palatal length, and premaxilla was more affected in KO, and the reduction in these bone length was more significantly enhanced at later postnatal time points (3 and 6 weeks) than early time point (1 week). Furthermore, bone-to-bone relationship to cranial base and cranial vault in KO was remarkably changed, i.e. cranial vault and nasal bone were depressed and premaxilla and mandible were developed in a more ventral direction. Our study was the first to show the cause-effect relationship between Evc2 deficiency and craniofacial defects in EvC syndrome, demonstrating that Evc2 is required for craniofacial bone development and its deficiency leads to specific facial bone growth defect. Anat Rec, 299:1110-1120, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed K Badri
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, College of Dentistry, Taibah University, Al-Madinah Al-Munawarah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Honghao Zhang
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Yoshio Ohyama
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sundharamani Venkitapathi
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nobuhiro Kamiya
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Haruko Takeda
- Unit of Animal Genomics, GIGA-R and Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Manas Ray
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Greg Scott
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Takehito Tsuji
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama City, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kunieda
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama City, Japan
| | - Yuji Mishina
- Department of Biologic and Materials Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Yoshiyuki Mochida
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Mis EK, Liem KF, Kong Y, Schwartz NB, Domowicz M, Weatherbee SD. Forward genetics defines Xylt1 as a key, conserved regulator of early chondrocyte maturation and skeletal length. Dev Biol 2014; 385:67-82. [PMID: 24161523 PMCID: PMC3895954 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 10/11/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The long bones of the vertebrate body are built by the initial formation of a cartilage template that is later replaced by mineralized bone. The proliferation and maturation of the skeletal precursor cells (chondrocytes) within the cartilage template and their replacement by bone is a highly coordinated process which, if misregulated, can lead to a number of defects including dwarfism and other skeletal deformities. This is exemplified by the fact that abnormal bone development is one of the most common types of human birth defects. Yet, many of the factors that initiate and regulate chondrocyte maturation are not known. We identified a recessive dwarf mouse mutant (pug) from an N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen. pug mutant skeletal elements are patterned normally during development, but display a ~20% length reduction compared to wild-type embryos. We show that the pug mutation does not lead to changes in chondrocyte proliferation but instead promotes premature maturation and early ossification, which ultimately leads to disproportionate dwarfism. Using sequence capture and high-throughput sequencing, we identified a missense mutation in the Xylosyltransferase 1 (Xylt1) gene in pug mutants. Xylosyltransferases catalyze the initial step in glycosaminoglycan (GAG) chain addition to proteoglycan core proteins, and these modifications are essential for normal proteoglycan function. We show that the pug mutation disrupts Xylt1 activity and subcellular localization, leading to a reduction in GAG chains in pug mutants. The pug mutant serves as a novel model for mammalian dwarfism and identifies a key role for proteoglycan modification in the initiation of chondrocyte maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily K. Mis
- Department of Genetics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Karel F. Liem
- Department of Pediatrics, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | - Yong Kong
- Department of Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
- W.M. Keck Foundation Biotechnology Resource Laboratory, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520
| | | | - Miriam Domowicz
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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Chen CP, Chen CY, Chern SR, Su JW, Wang W. First-trimester prenatal diagnosis of Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2013; 51:643-8. [PMID: 23276573 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present the perinatal findings and first-trimester molecular and transabdominal ultrasound diagnosis of a fetus with Ellis-van Creveld (EvC) syndrome. CASE REPORT A 35-year-old woman was referred for genetic counseling at 13 weeks of gestation because of a family history of skeletal dysplasia. She had experienced one spontaneous abortion, and delivered one male fetus and one female fetus with EvC syndrome. During this pregnancy, a prenatal transabdominal ultrasound at 13(+4) weeks of gestation revealed a nuchal translucency (NT) thickness of 2.0 mm, an endocardial cushion defect, postaxial polydactyly of bilateral hands, and mesomelic dysplasia of the long bones. Amniocentesis was performed at 13(+5) weeks of gestation. Results of a cytogenetic analysis revealed a karyotype of 46,XX and that of a molecular analysis revealed compound heterozygous mutations of c.1195C>T and c.871-2_894del26 in the EVC2 gene. Prenatal ultrasound at 16 weeks of gestation showed a fetus with short limbs, an endocardial cushion defect, and postaxial polydactyly of bilateral hands. The parents decided to terminate the pregnancy, and a 116-g female fetus was delivered with a narrow thorax, shortening limbs, and postaxial polydactyly of the hands. CONCLUSION Prenatal diagnosis of an endocardial cushion defect with postaxial polydactyly should include a differential diagnosis of EvC syndrome in addition to short rib-polydactyly syndrome, Bardet-Biedl syndrome, orofaciodigital syndrome, Smith-Lemli-Opitz syndrome, and hydrolethalus syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Ping Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Identification of one novel mutation in the EVC2 gene in a Chinese family with Ellis-van Creveld syndrome. Gene 2012; 511:380-2. [PMID: 23026208 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.09.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2012] [Revised: 07/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Ellis-van Creveld syndrome (EvC) is a rare autosomal recessive skeletal dysplasia characterized by short limbs, short ribs, postaxial polydactyly, and dysplastic nails and teeth. It is caused by biallelic mutations in the EVC or EVC2 gene. Here, we identified a novel nonsense mutation p.W828X (c.2484G>A) in exon 14 and a recurrent nonsense mutation p. R399X (c.1195C>T) in exon 10 of EVC2 gene in a Chinese boy with EvC. Identification of a novel genotype in EvC will provide clues to the phenotype-genotype relations and may assist not only in the clinical diagnosis of EvC but also in the interpretation of genetic information used for prenatal diagnosis and genetic counseling.
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