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Viswanathan S, Sandeep Oza P, Bellad A, Uttarilli A. Conotruncal Heart Defects: A Narrative Review of Molecular Genetics, Genomics Research and Innovation. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2024; 28:324-346. [PMID: 38986083 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2024.0097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/12/2024]
Abstract
Congenital heart defects (CHDs) are most prevalent cardiac defects that occur at birth, leading to significant neonatal mortality and morbidity, especially in the developing nations. Among the CHDs, conotruncal heart defects (CTDs) are particularly noteworthy, comprising a significant portion of congenital cardiac anomalies. While advances in imaging and surgical techniques have improved the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of CTDs, their molecular genetics and genomic substrates remain incompletely understood. This expert review covers the recent advances from January 2016 onward and examines the complexities surrounding the genetic etiologies, prevalence, embryology, diagnosis, and clinical management of CTDs. We also emphasize the known copy number variants and single nucleotide variants associated with CTDs, along with the current planetary health research efforts aimed at CTDs in large cohort studies. In all, this comprehensive narrative review of molecular genetics and genomics research and innovation on CTDs draws from and highlights selected works from around the world and offers new ideas for advances in CTD diagnosis, precision medicine interventions, and accurate assessment of prognosis and recurrence risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Viswanathan
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Prachi Sandeep Oza
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anikha Bellad
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Anusha Uttarilli
- Institute of Bioinformatics, Bengaluru, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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Stefekova A, Capkova P, Capkova Z, Curtisova V, Srovnal J, Mracka E, Klaskova E, Prochazka M. MLPA analysis of 32 foetuses with a congenital heart defect and 1 foetus with renal defects - pilot study. The significant frequency rate of presented pathological CNV. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2021; 166:187-194. [PMID: 33824538 DOI: 10.5507/bp.2021.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this retrospective study was to determine the detection rate of the pathogenic copy number variants (CNVs) in a cohort of 33 foetuses - 32 with CHD (congenital heart defects) and 1 with kidney defect, after exclusion of common aneuploidies (trisomy 13, 18, 21, and monosomy X) by karyotyping, Multiplex ligation - dependent probe amplification (MLPA) and chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA). We also assess the effectivity of MLPA as a method of the first tier for quick and inexpensive detection of mutations, causing congenital malformations in foetuses. METHODS MLPA with probe mixes P070, P036 - Telomere 3 and 5, P245 - microdeletions, P250 - DiGeorge syndrome, and P311 - CHD (Congenital heart defects) was performed in 33 samples of amniotic fluid and chorionic villi. CMA was performed in 10 relevant cases. RESULTS Pathogenic CNVs were found in 5 samples: microdeletions in region 22q11.2 (≈2 Mb) in two foetuses, one distal microdeletion of the 22q11.2 region containing genes LZTR1, CRKL, AIFM3 and SNAP29 (≈416 kb) in the foetus with bilateral renal agenesis, 8p23.1 (3.8 Mb) microdeletion syndrome and microdeletion in area 9q34.3 (1.7 Mb, Kleefstra syndrome). MLPA as an initial screening method revealed unambiguously pathogenic CNVs in 15.2 % of samples. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that MLPA and CMA are a reliable and high-resolution technology and should be used as the first-tier test for prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart disease. Determination of the cause of the abnormality is crucial for genetic counselling and further management of the pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Stefekova
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlina Capkova
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Capkova
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vaclava Curtisova
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Srovnal
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Enkhjargalan Mracka
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Klaskova
- Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Prochazka
- Department of Medical Genetics, University Hospital Olomouc, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Zhang J, Ma D, Wang Y, Cao L, Wu Y, Qiao F, Liu A, Li L, Lin Y, Liu G, Liu C, Hu P, Xu Z. Analysis of chromosome 22q11 copy number variations by multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification for prenatal diagnosis of congenital heart defect. Mol Cytogenet 2015; 8:100. [PMID: 26715944 PMCID: PMC4693415 DOI: 10.1186/s13039-015-0209-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Congenital heart defects (CHD) represent one of the most common birth defects. This study aimed to evaluate the value of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) as a tool to detect the copy number variations (CNVs) of 22q11 in fetuses with CHD. RESULTS A large cohort of 225 fetuses with CHD was screened by fetal echocardiography. Once common chromosome abnormalities in 30 fetuses were screened out by conventional G-banding analysis, the CNVs of chromosome 22q11 in the remaining 195 fetuses were determined by MLPA for prenatal genetic counseling. In 195 CHD fetuses with normal karyotype, 11 cases had pathological CNVs, including 22q11.2 deletion (seven cases), the deletion of 22q11 cat eye syndrome (CES) region (one case), 22q11.2 duplication (one case), 22q13.3 deletion (one case) and 17p13.3 deletion (one case). In total, our findings from MLPA screening represented 4.9 % in our cohort. Among these, three cases were inherited CNVs, and eight cases were de novo. These CNVs were further verified by single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-array analysis, and their chromosomal location was refined. CONCLUSION This study indicated that MLPA could serve as an effective test for routine prenatal diagnosis of 22q11 in fetuses with CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Dingyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Li Cao
- Department of Ultrasound, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Ultrasound, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Fengchang Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - An Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Ying Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Cuiyun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Ping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
| | - Zhengfeng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Department of Prenatal Diagnosis, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, 123# Tianfei Street, Nanjing, 210029 China
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The First Case Report in Italy of Di George Syndrome Detected by Noninvasive Prenatal Testing. Case Rep Obstet Gynecol 2015; 2015:813104. [PMID: 26346617 PMCID: PMC4540993 DOI: 10.1155/2015/813104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Panorama Plus (Natera), a single-nucleotide polymorphism- (SNP-) based approach that relies on the identification of maternal and fetal allele distributions, allows the detection of common aneuploidies and also incorporates a panel of 5 microdeletions including Di George syndrome. We report here the first case of Di George syndrome detected by NIPT in Italy; blood was drawn at 12 weeks' gestation. The patient had an amniocentesis to confirm the diagnosis by MLPA (multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification) and an ultrasound aimed to detect the features associated with the syndrome. A right aortic arch and suspect of thymus atrophy were detected, but not other severe malformations typical of the disease. The patient terminated the pregnancy at 17 weeks. NIPT allowed an early screening of Di George syndrome. As the patient was at low risk, it is likely that an ultrasound would have missed the condition.
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Prenatal diagnosis and molecular cytogenetic characterization of chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome associated with congenital heart defects. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2015; 53:248-51. [PMID: 25017279 DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To report prenatal diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome in a pregnancy with congenital heart defects in the fetus. CASE REPORT A 26-year-old, primigravid woman was referred for counseling at 24 weeks of gestation because of abnormal ultrasound findings of fetal congenital heart defects. The Level II ultrasound revealed a singleton fetus with heart defects including overriding aorta, small pulmonary artery, and ventricular septal defect. Cordocentesis was performed. The DNA extracted from the cord blood was analyzed by multiplex ligation-dependent amplification (MLPA). The MLPA showed deletion in the DiGeorge syndrome (DGS) critical region of chromosome 22 low copy number repeat (LCR) 22-A∼C. Conventional cytogenetic analysis revealed a normal male karyotype. Repeated amniocentesis and cordocentesis were performed. Whole-genome array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) on cord blood was performed. aCGH detected a 3.07-Mb deletion at 22q11.21. Conventional cytogenetic analysis of cultured amniocytes revealed a karyotype 46,XY. Metaphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis on cultured amniocytes confirmed an interstitial 22q11.2 deletion. CONCLUSION Prenatal ultrasound findings of congenital heart defects indicate that the fetuses are at increased risk for chromosome abnormalities. Studies for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome should be considered adjunct to conventional karyotyping. Although FISH has become a standard procedure for diagnosis of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome, MLPA can potentially diagnose a broader spectrum of abnormalities, and aCGH analysis has the advantage of refining the 22q11.2 deletion breakpoints and detecting uncharacterized chromosome rearrangements or genomic imbalances.
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Pires R, Pires LM, Vaz SO, Maciel P, Anjos R, Moniz R, Branco CC, Cabral R, Carreira IM, Mota-Vieira L. Screening of copy number variants in the 22q11.2 region of congenital heart disease patients from the São Miguel Island, Azores, revealed the second patient with a triplication. BMC Genet 2014; 15:115. [PMID: 25376777 PMCID: PMC4228150 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-014-0115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The rearrangements in the 22q11.2 chromosomal region, responsible for the 22q11.2 deletion and microduplication syndromes, are frequently associated with congenital heart disease (CHD). The present work aimed to identify the genetic basis of CHD in 87 patients from the São Miguel Island, Azores, through the detection of copy number variants (CNVs) in the 22q11.2 region. These structural variants were searched using multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). In patients with CNVs, we additionally performed fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) for the assessment of the exact number of 22q11.2 copies among each chromosome, and array comparative genomic hybridization (array-CGH) for the determination of the exact length of CNVs. Results We found that four patients (4.6%; A to D) carried CNVs. Patients A and D, both affected with a ventricular septal defect, carried a de novo 2.5 Mb deletion of the 22q11.2 region, which was probably originated by inter-chromosomal (inter-chromatid) non-allelic homologous recombination (NAHR) events in the regions containing low-copy repeats (LCRs). Patient C, with an atrial septal defect, carried a de novo 2.5 Mb duplication of 22q11.2 region, which could have been probably generated during gametogenesis by NAHR or by unequal crossing-over; additionally, this patient presented a benign 288 Kb duplication, which included the TOP3B gene inherited from her healthy mother. Finally, patient B showed a 3 Mb triplication associated with dysmorphic facial features, cognitive deficit and heart defects, a clinical feature not reported in the only case described so far in the literature. The evaluation of patient B’s parents revealed a 2.5 Mb duplication in her father, suggesting a paternal inheritance with an extra copy. Conclusions This report allowed the identification of rare deletion and microduplication syndromes in Azorean CHD patients. Moreover, we report the second patient with a 22q11.2 triplication, and we suggest that patients with triplications of chromosome 22q11.2, although they share some characteristic features with the deletion and microduplication syndromes, present a more severe phenotype probably due to the major dosage of implicated genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Pires
- Molecular Genetics and Pathology Unit, Hospital of Divino Espírito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, Av. D. Manuel I, Ponta Delgada 9500-370, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal. .,Centre for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Lisboa, 1749-016, Portugal.
| | - Luís M Pires
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-354, Portugal.
| | - Sara O Vaz
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital of Divino Espírito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, Av. D. Manuel I, Ponta Delgada 9500-370, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal.
| | - Paula Maciel
- Department of Paediatrics, Hospital of Divino Espírito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, Av. D. Manuel I, Ponta Delgada 9500-370, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal.
| | - Rui Anjos
- Department of Paediatric Cardiology, Hospital of Santa Cruz, Av. Prof. Dr. Reinaldo dos Santos, Carnaxide, 2790-134, Portugal.
| | - Raquel Moniz
- Molecular Genetics and Pathology Unit, Hospital of Divino Espírito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, Av. D. Manuel I, Ponta Delgada 9500-370, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal.
| | - Claudia C Branco
- Molecular Genetics and Pathology Unit, Hospital of Divino Espírito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, Av. D. Manuel I, Ponta Delgada 9500-370, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal. .,Centre for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Lisboa, 1749-016, Portugal. .,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras, 2780-156, Portugal.
| | - Rita Cabral
- Molecular Genetics and Pathology Unit, Hospital of Divino Espírito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, Av. D. Manuel I, Ponta Delgada 9500-370, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal.
| | - Isabel M Carreira
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, 3000-354, Portugal.
| | - Luisa Mota-Vieira
- Molecular Genetics and Pathology Unit, Hospital of Divino Espírito Santo of Ponta Delgada, EPE, Av. D. Manuel I, Ponta Delgada 9500-370, São Miguel Island, Azores, Portugal. .,Centre for Biodiversity, Functional and Integrative Genomics (BioFIG), Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisboa, Lisboa, 1749-016, Portugal. .,Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência, Rua da Quinta Grande, 6, Oeiras, 2780-156, Portugal.
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Dupont C, Grati FR, Choy KW, Jaillard S, Toutain J, Maurin ML, Martínez-Conejero JA, Beneteau C, Coussement A, Molina-Gomes D, Horelli-Kuitunen N, Aboura A, Tabet AC, Besseau-Ayasse J, Bessieres-Grattagliano B, Simoni G, Ayala G, Benzacken B, Vialard F. Prenatal diagnosis of 24 cases of microduplication 22q11.2: an investigation of phenotype-genotype correlations. Prenat Diagn 2014; 35:35-43. [PMID: 25118001 DOI: 10.1002/pd.4478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2014] [Revised: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Microduplication 22q11.2 is primarily characterized by a highly variable clinical phenotype, which ranges from apparently normal or slightly dysmorphic features (in the presence or absence of learning disorders) to severe malformations with profound mental retardation. Hence, genetic counseling is particularly challenging when microduplication 22q11.2 is identified in a prenatal diagnosis. Here, we report on 24 prenatal cases of microduplication 22q11.2. METHODS Seventeen of the cases were also reanalyzed by microarray analysis, in order to determine copy number variations (CNVs, which are thought to influence expressivity). We also searched for possible correlations between fetal phenotypes, indications for invasive prenatal diagnosis, inheritance, and pregnancy outcomes. RESULTS Of the 24 cases, 15 were inherited, six occurred de novo, and three were of unknown origin. Termination of pregnancy occurred in seven cases and was mainly decided on the basis of ultrasound findings. Moreover, additional CNVs were found in some patients and we try to make a genotype-phenotype correlation. CONCLUSION We discuss the complexity of genetic counseling for microduplication 22q11.2 and comment on possible explanations for the clinical heterogeneity of this syndrome. In particular, we assessed the co-existence of additional CNVs and their contribution to phenotypic variations in chromosome 22q11.2 microduplication syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Dupont
- Unité de Cytogénétique, Département de Génétique, Hôpital Robert Debré-AP-HP, CHU Paris, Paris, France
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Chen CP, Huang JP, Chen YY, Chern SR, Wu PS, Su JW, Chen YT, Chen WL, Wang W. Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome: prenatal diagnosis, array comparative genomic hybridization characterization using uncultured amniocytes and literature review. Gene 2013; 527:405-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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Long F, Wang X, Fang S, Xu Y, Sun K, Chen S, Xu R. A potential relationship among beta-defensins haplotype, SOX7 duplication and cardiac defects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72515. [PMID: 24009689 PMCID: PMC3757027 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2013] [Accepted: 07/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the pathogenesis of a patient born with congenital heart defects, who had appeared normal in prenatal screening. METHODS In routine prenatal screening, G-banding was performed to analyse the karyotypes of the family and fluorescence in situ hybridization was used to investigate the 22q11.2 deletion in the fetus. After birth, the child was found to be suffering from heart defects by transthoracic echocardiography. In the following study, sequencing was used to search for potential mutations in pivotal genes. SNP-array was employed for fine mapping of the aberrant region and quantitative real-time PCR was used to confirm the results. Furthermore, other patients with a similar phenotype were screened for the same genetic variations. To compare with a control, these variations were also assessed in the general population. RESULTS The child and his mother each had a region that was deleted in the beta-defensin repeats, which are usually duplicated in the general population. Besides, the child carried a SOX7-gene duplication. While this duplication was not detected in his mother, it was found in two other patients with cardiac defects who also had the similar deletion in the beta-defensin repeats. CONCLUSION The congenital heart defects of the child were probably caused by a SOX7-gene duplication, which may be a consequence of the partial haplotype of beta-defensin regions at 8p23.1. To our knowledge, this is the first congenital heart defect case found to have the haplotype of beta-defensin and the duplication of SOX7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Long
- Scientific Research Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xike Wang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Shaohai Fang
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yuejuan Xu
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Kun Sun
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Sun Chen
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (SC); (RX)
| | - Rang Xu
- Scientific Research Center, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
- * E-mail: (SC); (RX)
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Mademont-Soler I, Morales C, Soler A, Martínez-Crespo JM, Shen Y, Margarit E, Clusellas N, Obón M, Wu BL, Sánchez A. Prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal abnormalities in fetuses with abnormal cardiac ultrasound findings: evaluation of chromosomal microarray-based analysis. ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF ULTRASOUND IN OBSTETRICS AND GYNECOLOGY 2013; 41:375-382. [PMID: 23233332 DOI: 10.1002/uog.12372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the frequency of karyotype abnormalities and chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome among fetuses with abnormal cardiac ultrasound findings, and to evaluate the clinical value of chromosomal microarray-based analysis (CMA) in the study of such pregnancies. METHODS First, we carried out retrospective analysis of karyotype abnormalities and 22q11.2 deletion syndrome cases diagnosed between January 2009 and December 2011 in our center among fetuses with abnormal cardiac ultrasound findings (n = 276). Second, CMA was performed in 51 of the fetuses with such findings, normal karyotype and negative or no 22q11.2 deletion syndrome study, and in the only fetus with a heart defect and an apparently balanced de novo chromosomal rearrangement. RESULTS Out of the 276 pregnancies with abnormal cardiac ultrasound findings, karyotyping revealed a chromosomal abnormality in 44 (15.9%). Of fetuses with normal karyotype in which 22q11.2 deletion syndrome studies were performed, 6.4% (5/78) had this microdeletion syndrome. Among fetuses with abnormal cardiac findings, normal karyotype and negative or no 22q11.2 deletion syndrome study that underwent CMA, the detection rate of pathogenic copy number variants not detected by conventional cytogenetics was 2.0% (1/51), and no variants of uncertain clinical significance were found. In the fetus with a heart defect and an apparently balanced de novo chromosomal rearrangement, CMA revealed that the rearrangement was not truly balanced. CONCLUSIONS In the assessment of genetic abnormalities in pregnancies with abnormal cardiac ultrasound findings, the diagnostic yield may be increased by 2% if CMA is used as a complementary tool to conventional cytogenetics. Our results suggest that CMA could be a good alternative to karyotyping in these pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Mademont-Soler
- Servei de Bioquímica i Genètica Molecular, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
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