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Hou X, Yang H, Chen X, Wang J, Wang C. RNA interference of mTOR gene delays molting process in Eriocheir sinensis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 256:110651. [PMID: 34320378 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2021.110651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
mTOR is a typical and conserved serine/threonine protein kinase that regulates cell growth and metabolism of organisms. Molting is a fundamental biological process in Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) and is monitored by a series of genes and pathways. The structural and functional characteristics of EsmTOR was investigated to determine the role of mTOR in the molting process of. The intact CDS of EsmTOR is 7449 bp in length and encodes a polypeptide consisting of 2482 amino acids. EsmTOR was expressed in all eight tissues examined during the three molting stages (postmolt, intermolt andpremolt), with levels fluctuating significantly during the molting. RNA interference of EsmTOR significantly delayed molting, indicating that mTOR may be involved in the molting process of E. sinensis. Meanwhile, a substantial downregulation was observed for the expression of upstream genes involved in amino acid transport (EsSLC7A5 and EsVATB) and downstream genes promoting ribosomal protein synthesis (EsS6K1) in the mTOR signaling pathway, as well as typical molt-related genes (EsMIH and EsEcR) after EsmTOR RNAi treatment. In addition, EsRheb, a molecular marker for tissue growth, was also significantly down-regulated. This study suggests that EsmTOR plays a fundamental role in molting regulation through the SLC7A5-V-ATPase-mTORC1 gene network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture/ National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education / Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, No.999, Huchenghuan Rd, Nanhui New City, Shanghai, PR China
| | - He Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture/ National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education / Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, No.999, Huchenghuan Rd, Nanhui New City, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Xiaowen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture/ National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education / Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, No.999, Huchenghuan Rd, Nanhui New City, Shanghai, PR China; Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture/ National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education / Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, No.999, Huchenghuan Rd, Nanhui New City, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Chenghui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture/ National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education / Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, No.999, Huchenghuan Rd, Nanhui New City, Shanghai, PR China.
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Li K, Shen X, Qiu H, Zhao T, Ai K, Li C, Zhang Y, Li K, Duan M, Wei X, Yang J. S6K1/S6 axis-regulated lymphocyte activation is important for adaptive immune response of Nile tilapia. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:1120-1130. [PMID: 32971270 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 (S6K1) is a serine/threonine kinase downstream of the mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway, and plays crucial roles in immune regulation. Although remarkable progress has been achieved with a mouse model, how S6K1 regulates adaptive immunity is largely unknown in early vertebrates. In this study, we identified an S6K1 from Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (OnS6K1), and further investigated its potential regulatory role on the adaptive immunity of this fish species. Both sequence and structure of OnS6K1 were highly conserved with its homologs from other vertebrates and invertebrates. OnS6K1 was widely expressed in immune tissues, and with a relative higher expression level in the liver, spleen and head kidney. At the adaptive immune stage of Nile tilapia that infected with Aeromonas hydrophila, mRNA expression of OnS6K1 and its downstream effector S6 was significantly up-regulated in spleen lymphocytes. Meanwhile, their phosphorylation level was also enhanced during this process, suggesting that S6K1/S6 axis participated in the primary response of anti-bacterial adaptive immunity in Nile tilapia. Furthermore, after spleen lymphocytes were activated by the T cell-specific mitogen PHA or lymphocytes agonist PMA in vitro, mRNA and phosphorylation levels of S6K1 were elevated, and phosphorylation of S6 was also enhanced. Once S6K1 activity was blocked by a specific inhibitor, both mRNA and phosphorylation levels of S6 were severely impaired. More importantly, blockade of S6K1/S6 axis reduced the expression of T cell activation marker IFN-γ and CD122 in PHA-activated spleen lymphocytes, indicating the essential role of S6K1/S6 axis in regulating T cell activation of Nile tilapia. Together, our study suggests that S6K1 and its effector S6 regulate lymphocyte activation of Nile tilapia, and in turn promote lymphocyte-mediated adaptive immunity. This study enriched the mechanism of adaptive immune response in teleost and provided useful clues to understand the evolution of adaptive immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Xiaotong Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Hong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Tianyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kete Ai
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Cheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Kang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Ming Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, Hubei, China.
| | - Xiumei Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Jialong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, School of Life Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China; Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
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Yina S, Zhongjie C, Kaiyu C, Chenghua L, Xiaodong Z. Target of rapamycin signaling inhibits autophagy in sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 102:480-488. [PMID: 32437859 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2020.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy mediated by mTOR pathway is a particularly important immune defense mechanism in the pathogens infected mammals. However, the role of TOR in echinoderm autophagy is largely unknown. Here, a cDNA encoding TOR protein was cloned and characterized from sea cucumber Apostichopus japonicus (designated as AjTOR) and its biological functions were also investigated. The AjTOR gene encoded a peptide of 2499 amino acids with the representative domains of DUF3385, FAT, FRB, PI3Kc, and FATC, which exhibited highly conservation with vertebrate orthologs. Phylogenetic analysis supported that AjTOR belonged to a new member of TOR family. Moreover, tissues distribution analysis indicated that AjTOR was ubiquitously expressed in all the tested tissues, with the highest transcription in muscle. Vibrio splendidus infection in vivo and LPS challenge in vitro could both significantly down-regulate the mRNA expression of AjTOR. What's more, transmission electron microscopy observations showed that rapamycin treatment resulted in rapid formation of autophagosomes in coelomocytes both at 3 and 6 h, however, injection with mTOR activator of MHY1485 showed an inhibitory effect on autophagosomes formation compared to the control, suggesting blocking the expression of AjTOR could accelerates autophagy signals. Our findings supported that AjTOR served as a negative regulator in sea cucumber authophay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao Yina
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Che Zhongjie
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Chen Kaiyu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China
| | - Li Chenghua
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315211, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Zhao Xiaodong
- School of Ocean, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, PR China
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Zhang P, Zheng F, Chen L, Lu X, Tian W. CIP elicitors on the defense response of A. macrocephala and its related gene expression analysis. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 245:153107. [PMID: 31881440 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2019.153107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Revised: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Plant-derived elicitor is a new type of plant vaccine developed in the contemporary era, and it has safe and broad application prospects in organic agriculture. Research on defense mechanisms triggered by elicitor has become a hot topic in recent years. The Chrysanthemum indicum polysaccharide (CIP) obtained by separation and purification from Chrysanthemum indicum was used as an elicitor in this work. This elicitor has been shown to be effective in Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz (A. macrocephala) against Sclerotium rolfsii sacc (S. rolfsii) infection and soil-borne diseases. However, the mechanism of induced disease resistance has not been elucidated. In this research, we study the CIP-induced A. macrocephala defense response from the level of signal molecules and the defensive enzyme gene expression. Several defense responses to CIP treatment have been found in A. macrocephala, including early hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, accumulation of salicylic acid (SA) and increased phytoalexin (PA) content. In addition, CIP significantly increased the activity of related defense enzymes in A. macrocephala. RT-qPCR analysis showed that defense-related genes such as polyphenol oxidase (PPO) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) were up-regulated after CIP treatment. To obtain the sequence of the defense enzyme gene, we are the first to provide a public and comprehensive A. macrocephala database by transcriptome sequencing. These results together demonstrate that CIP triggers defense responses in A. macrocephala. Our research not only provides further research on immune mechanism between plant and elicitor, but also sheds new light on strategy for biocontrol in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peifeng Zhang
- Department of Forestry and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Forest Culture Cultivation Base, Natural Medicine Laboratory, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, PR China
| | - Fang Zheng
- Department of Forestry and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Forest Culture Cultivation Base, Natural Medicine Laboratory, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, PR China
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Forestry and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Forest Culture Cultivation Base, Natural Medicine Laboratory, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, PR China
| | - Xiaofang Lu
- Department of Forestry and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Forest Culture Cultivation Base, Natural Medicine Laboratory, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, PR China
| | - Wei Tian
- Department of Forestry and Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Forest Culture Cultivation Base, Natural Medicine Laboratory, Zhejiang A&F University, Hangzhou, 311300, PR China.
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Maruska KP, Sohn YC, Fernald RD. Mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) implicated in plasticity of the reproductive axis during social status transitions. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 282:113209. [PMID: 31226256 PMCID: PMC6718321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The highly conserved brain-pituitary-gonadal (BPG) axis controls reproduction in all vertebrates, so analyzing the regulation of this signaling cascade is important for understanding reproductive competence. The protein kinase mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) functions as a conserved regulator of cellular growth and metabolism in all eukaryotes, and also regulates the reproductive axis in mammals. However, whether mTOR might also regulate the BPG axis in non-mammalian vertebrates remains unexplored. We used complementary experimental approaches in an African cichlid fish, Astatotilapia burtoni, to demonstrate that mTOR is involved in regulation of the brain, pituitary, and testes when males rise in rank to social dominance. mTOR or downstream components of its signaling pathway (p-p70S6K) were detected in gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH1) neurons, the pituitary, and testes. Transcript levels of mtor in the pituitary and testes also varied when reproductively-suppressed subordinate males rose in social rank to become dominant reproductively-active males, a transition similar to puberty in mammals. Intracerebroventricular injection of the mTORC1 inhibitor, rapamycin, revealed a role for mTOR in the socially-induced hypertrophy of GnRH1 neurons. Rapamycin treatment also had effects at the pituitary and testes, suggesting involvement of the mTORC1 complex at multiple levels of the reproductive axis. Thus, we show that mTOR regulation of BPG function is conserved to fishes, likely playing important roles in regulating reproduction and fertility across all male vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Maruska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.
| | - Young Chang Sohn
- Department of Marine Molecular Bioscience, Gangneung-Wonju National University, Gangneung, Gangwon 25457, Republic of Korea
| | - Russell D Fernald
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
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Transcriptome analysis for identifying possible causes of post-reproductive death of Sepia esculenta based on brain tissue. Genes Genomics 2019; 41:629-645. [PMID: 30941725 DOI: 10.1007/s13258-019-00811-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The subpeduncle lobe/olfactory lobe-optic gland axis is called the endocrine regulation center of cephalopods. However, little is known about the mechanism of the subpeduncle lobe/olfactory lobe-optic gland axis regulate the sexual maturation and post-reproductive death of Sepia esculenta Hoyle. OBJECTIVES The primary objective of this study was to provide basic information for revealing the mechanism of the subpeduncle lobe/olfactory lobe-optic axis regulating the rapid post-reproductive death of S. esculenta. METHODS In this paper, Illumina sequencing based transcriptome analysis was performed on the brain tissue of female S. esculenta in the three key developmental stages: growth stage (BG), spawning stage (BS), and post-reproductive death stage (BA). RESULTS A total of 66.19 Gb Illumina sequencing data were obtained. A comparative analysis of the three stages showed 2609, 3333, and 170 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in BG-vs-BA, BG-vs-BA, and BS-vs-BA, respectively. The Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of DEGs revealed that the regulation of cyclin-dependent protein serine/threonine kinase activity, oxidative phosphorylation, and respiratory chain were significantly enriched. The significant enrichment analysis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway identified pathways associated with the regulation of death, such as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway, AMPK signaling pathway, oxidative phosphorylation, and cell cycle. CONCLUSION The post-reproductive death of S. esculenta was found to be a complex energy steady-state regulation network system. The mTOR acted as an energy receptor and had a key role in regulating energy homeostasis.
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Jiang J, Feng L, Tang L, Liu Y, Jiang W, Zhou X. Growth rate, body composition, digestive enzymes and transaminase activities, and plasma ammonia concentration of different weight Jian carp ( Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 1:373-377. [PMID: 29767059 PMCID: PMC5940995 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2015.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effect of body weight on body composition, digestive and absorptive capacity, transaminase activities in hepatopancreas and muscle, and plasma ammonia concentration of Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian). A total of 750 Jian carps (18.0 ± 0.2 g) were randomly distributed into five groups with three replicates and fed the same diet for 56 days. Tissue and plasma samples were collected on days 14, 28, 42, and 56. The results were used to develop a mathematical model for specific growth rate, body moisture and fat content, aspartate transaminase activity and alanine aminotransferase activity in hepatopancreas and muscle, plasma ammonia concentration, and trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, and amylase activities in hepatopancreas and intestine, activities of creatine kinase, Na+/K+-ATPase, alkaline phosphatase, and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in intestine in Jian carp. There were linear relationships between natural logarithms of above indexes and body weight. The body moisture and fat content, digestive and absorptive enzymes activities, and transaminase activities showed negative allometry against body weight of Jian carp which were partial reasons to explain fish growth rate decreasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Ling Tang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Academy of Animal Science, Chengdu 610066, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Weidan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Xiaoqiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China.,Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
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