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Krause T, Wiesinger P, González-Cabanelas D, Lackus N, Köllner TG, Klüpfel T, Williams J, Rohwer J, Gershenzon J, Schmidt A. HDR, the last enzyme in the MEP pathway, differently regulates isoprenoid biosynthesis in two woody plants. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 192:767-788. [PMID: 36848194 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiad110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMADP) and isopentenyl diphosphate (IDP) serves as the universal C5 precursors of isoprenoid biosynthesis in plants. These compounds are formed by the last step of the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 4-phosphate (MEP) pathway, catalyzed by (E)-4-hydroxy-3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl diphosphate reductase (HDR). In this study, we investigated the major HDR isoforms of two woody plant species, Norway spruce (Picea abies) and gray poplar (Populus × canescens), to determine how they regulate isoprenoid formation. Since each of these species has a distinct profile of isoprenoid compounds, they may require different proportions of DMADP and IDP with proportionally more IDP being needed to make larger isoprenoids. Norway spruce contained two major HDR isoforms differing in their occurrence and biochemical characteristics. PaHDR1 produced relatively more IDP than PaHDR2 and it encoding gene was expressed constitutively in leaves, likely serving to form substrate for production of carotenoids, chlorophylls, and other primary isoprenoids derived from a C20 precursor. On the other hand, Norway spruce PaHDR2 produced relatively more DMADP than PaHDR1 and its encoding gene was expressed in leaves, stems, and roots, both constitutively and after induction with the defense hormone methyl jasmonate. This second HDR enzyme likely forms a substrate for the specialized monoterpene (C10), sesquiterpene (C15), and diterpene (C20) metabolites of spruce oleoresin. Gray poplar contained only one dominant isoform (named PcHDR2) that produced relatively more DMADP and the gene of which was expressed in all organs. In leaves, where the requirement for IDP is high to make the major carotenoid and chlorophyll isoprenoids derived from C20 precursors, excess DMADP may accumulate, which could explain the high rate of isoprene (C5) emission. Our results provide new insights into the biosynthesis of isoprenoids in woody plants under conditions of differentially regulated biosynthesis of the precursors IDP and DMADP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toni Krause
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Piera Wiesinger
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Diego González-Cabanelas
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Nathalie Lackus
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias G Köllner
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Klüpfel
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, Germany
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Hahn-Meitner-Weg 1, Germany
| | - Johann Rohwer
- Department of Biochemistry, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland, 7602 Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Jonathan Gershenzon
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Axel Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology, Hans-Knöll-Str. 8, 07745 Jena, Germany
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Szymczyk P, Szymańska G, Kuźma Ł, Jeleń A, Balcerczak E. Methyl Jasmonate Activates the 2C Methyl-D-erithrytol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate Synthase Gene and Stimulates Tanshinone Accumulation in Salvia miltiorrhiza Solid Callus Cultures. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27061772. [PMID: 35335134 PMCID: PMC8950807 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27061772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study characterizes the 5′ regulatory region of the SmMEC gene. The isolated fragment is 1559 bp long and consists of a promoter, 5′UTR and 31 nucleotide 5′ fragments of the CDS region. In silico bioinformatic analysis found that the promoter region contains repetitions of many potential cis-active elements. Cis-active elements associated with the response to methyl jasmonate (MeJa) were identified in the SmMEC gene promoter. Co-expression studies combined with earlier transcriptomic research suggest the significant role of MeJa in SmMEC gene regulation. These findings were in line with the results of the RT-PCR test showing SmMEC gene expression induction after 72 h of MeJa treatment. Biphasic total tanshinone accumulation was observed following treatment of S. miltiorrhiza solid callus cultures with 50–500 μM methyl jasmonate, with peaks observed after 10–20 and 50–60 days. An early peak of total tanshinone concentration (0.08%) occurred after 20 days of 100 μM MeJa induction, and a second, much lower one, was observed after 50 days of 50 μM MeJa stimulation (0.04%). The dominant tanshinones were cryptotanshinone (CT) and dihydrotanshinone (DHT). To better understand the inducing effect of MeJa treatment on tanshinone biosynthesis, a search was performed for methyl jasmonate-responsive cis-active motifs in the available sequences of gene proximal promoters associated with terpenoid precursor biosynthesis. The results indicate that MeJa has the potential to induce a significant proportion of the presented genes, which is in line with available transcriptomic and RT-PCR data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Szymczyk
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland;
- Correspondence:
| | - Grażyna Szymańska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Łukasz Kuźma
- Department of Biology and Pharmaceutical Botany, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland;
| | - Agnieszka Jeleń
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland; (A.J.); (E.B.)
| | - Ewa Balcerczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Łódź, Muszyńskiego 1, 90-151 Łódź, Poland; (A.J.); (E.B.)
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Tavakoli H, Tavakoli N, Moradi F. The effect of the elicitors on the steviol glycosides biosynthesis pathway in Stevia rebaudiana. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2019; 46:787-795. [PMID: 31104695 DOI: 10.1071/fp19014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni has been promoted for having sweet leaves as well as pharmaceutical and industrial properties. The sweet taste of Stevia leaves is due to the presence of steviol glycosides (a group of diterpene glycosides) found in a small number of plants. In the biosynthetic pathway of steviol glycosides (SGs), 15 enzymes that express the genes are associated with these enzymes under the influence of the elicitors. Due to the individuality of the stevia and few studies on the biosynthesis pathway of SGs, this paper attempted to investigate the effects of some of the elicitors, including methyl jasmonate (MeJA), salicylic acid (SA), auxins (Aux), cytokinins (CKs), gibberellins (GAs) and its inhibitors including paclobutrazol (BPZ) and chloroquate (CCC)), on the responsible genes for the biosynthesis of SGs. Some of these elicitors, including MeJA, SA and GA have great potential in increasing secondary metabolites. Moreover, the biosynthetic pathway of GAs and SGs are shared till ent-kaurenoic acid (ent-KA) biosynthesis, which raises the question of whether this hormone and its inhibitors are effective in the SGs biosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hourieh Tavakoli
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breading, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, and Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Karaj, Iran
| | - Nasibeh Tavakoli
- Department of Agronomy and Plant Breading, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, and Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Karaj, Iran
| | - Foad Moradi
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Institute of Iran (ABRII), Agricultural Research Education and Extension Organisation (AREEO), Karaj, Iran; and Corresponding author.
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