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Fan L, Wang L, Guo H, Zou J. The pivotal protein profile between the conjoined twins and normal mosquitofish Gambusia affinis based on iTRAQ proteomic analysis. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2021; 47:939-950. [PMID: 33864177 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-021-00951-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The fish abnormal embryonic development has attracted public attention in the recent few years. In this study, an iTRAQ proteomic analysis of mosquitofish between conjoined twins and normal fishes is applied for the first time by using the genome database of mosquitofish. Three thousand four hundred ninety proteins were identified with 304 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). One hundred six differentially upregulated proteins (DUPs) and 198 differentially downregulated proteins (DDPs) were identified between the conjoined twins and normal mosquitofish groups. Notably, the proteins related to lipid and proteolysis were the important GO terms for the DUPs while response to light stimulus and response to radiation were the most enriched GO terms for the DDPs. The proteins related to lysosome, apoptosis, autophagy, and phagosome were the functional KEGG pathway for the DUPs while most of the pathways were related to cardiovascular for the DDPs. This study expatiated a pivotal protein profile between the conjoined twins and normal mosquitofish which can provide a conference for fish embryonic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanfen Fan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, College of Materials and Energy, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Guo
- College of Fisheries, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, 524025, Guangdong, China
| | - Jixing Zou
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Rojo-Arreola L, García-Carreño F, Romero R, Díaz Dominguez L. Proteolytic profile of larval developmental stages of Penaeus vannamei: An activity and mRNA expression approach. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239413. [PMID: 32946520 PMCID: PMC7500676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In arthropods, the cleavage of specific proteins by peptidases has pivotal roles in multiple physiological processes including oogenesis, immunity, nutrition, and parasitic infection. These enzymes are also key players in the larval development, and well-described triggers of molting and metamorphosis. In this work the peptidase complement throughout the larvae development of Penaeus vannamei was quantified at the transcript and activity level using qPCR and fluorogenic substrates designed to be hydrolyzed by class-specific peptidases respectively, providing a detailed identification of the proteolytic repertoire in P. vannamei larvae. Significant changes in the peptidase activity profile were observed. During the lecithotrophic naupliar instars, the dominant peptidase activity and expression derive from cysteine peptidases, suggesting that enzymes of this class hydrolyze the protein components of yolk as the primary amino acid source. At the first feeding instar, zoea, dominant serine peptidase activity was found where trypsin activity is particularly high, supporting previous observations that during zoea the breakdown of food protein is primarily enzymatic. At decapodid stages the peptidase expression and activity is more diverse indicating that a multienzyme network achieves food digestion. Our results suggest that proteolytic enzymes fulfill specific functions during P. vannamei larval development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Rogelio Romero
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste, México City, México
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Qiu ZX, Li Y, Li MM, Wang WY, Zhang TT, Liu JZ. Investigation of three enzymes and their roles in the embryonic development of parthenogenetic Haemaphysalis longicornis. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:46. [PMID: 32005284 PMCID: PMC6995198 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-3916-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tick Haemaphysalis longicornis exhibits two separate reproductive populations: bisexual and parthenogenetic, which have diploid and triploid karyotypes, respectively. The parthenogenetic population can undergo engorgement without copulation and produce viable female-only offspring with a longer incubation period than the bisexual population. Three enzymes, cathepsin B, cathepsin D and acid phosphatase, were found to be involved in vitellin degradation during the embryonic development of bisexual H. longicornis. However, the expression and activity profiles of these enzymes during the embryonic development of parthenogenetic ticks remain unknown. In the present study, the transcriptional expression profile, enzyme activity and roles in embryogenesis of the three enzymes during the embryonic development of parthenogenetic H. longicornis were investigated. METHODS Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and fluorescence detection were used to analyze the dynamic changes in the three enzymes during embryogenesis. The roles of the three enzymes during embryogenesis were also explored using RNA interference (RNAi). RESULTS The three enzymes were all expressed during embryonic development in parthenogenetic H. longicornis. The expression of cathepsin B was highest on day 15, whereas that of cathepsin D was highest on day 3 and the peak of acid phosphatase expression occurred on day 9. The activity of cathepsin B was highest on day 3 and lowest on day 5, then gradually increased and remained stable. Cathepsin D activity was highest on day 1 and showed a gradually decreasing trend, whereas acid phosphatase showed the opposite trend and reached a peak on day 23. RNA interference experiments in engorged female ticks revealed that there was no significant difference in the number of eggs laid, but the hatching rate of the eggs was significantly decreased. CONCLUSION The three enzymes all play important roles in embryonic development of H. longicornis, but the expression patterns and changes in the activity of the enzymes in the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations are different. The results will help a better understanding of the similarities and differences underlying embryonic development in the bisexual and parthenogenetic populations and contribute to the future exploration of the development of the parthenogenetic population of H. longicornis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Xi Qiu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Meng-Meng Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Tian-Tian Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Jing-Ze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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Zhang TT, Qiu ZX, Li Y, Wang WY, Li MM, Guo P, Liu JZ. The mRNA expression and enzymatic activity of three enzymes during embryonic development of the hard tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:96. [PMID: 30867025 PMCID: PMC6416942 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3360-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Three main enzymes including cathepsin B, cathepsin D and acid phosphatase are involved in vitellin degradation, which is a major biochemical event of the embryonic development and can provide nutrients and metabolites for tick embryos. In the present study, the mRNA expression profiles and enzymatic activity of cathepsin B, cathepsin D and acid phosphatase were investigated during embryonic development in the tick Haemaphysalis longicornis. Results The results revealed that all three enzymes were expressed throughout embryonic development. Both cathepsin B and acid phosphatase transcripts were accumulated during the first four days. Cathepsin B reached its highest expression on day 5, whereas the peak expression of acid phosphatase and cathepsin D occurred on day 11. The highest activity of cathepsin B was observed on the first day of egg development, whereas cathepsin D reached its highest activity on day 13. Acid phosphatase activity increased gradually during the first five days and then remained stable until the end of egg development. Conclusions Three enzymes were expressed and activated in eggs, and also presented different dynamic changes with the development of embryos. The profiles of both mRNA expression and enzymatic activity of these enzymes indicate that they are controlled orderly and play multiple roles during embryonic development in ticks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Tian Zhang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Zhao-Xi Qiu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Wen-Ying Wang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Meng-Meng Li
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Pei Guo
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China
| | - Jing-Ze Liu
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Life Sciences, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, 050024, China.
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Guo SY, Wu WM, Li SY, Liu Y, Ruan ZF, Ye MQ, Xiao Y, Zhong YJ, Cao Y, Li K, Tian L. 20-Hydroxyecdysone-upregulated proteases involved in Bombyx larval fat body destruction. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 27:724-738. [PMID: 29888823 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
During insect larval-pupal metamorphosis, the obsolete larval organs and tissues undergo histolysis and programmed cell death to recycle cellular materials. It has been demonstrated that some cathepsins are essential for histolysis in larval tissues, but the process of tissue destruction is not well documented. Fat body, the homologous organ to mammalian liver and adipose tissue, goes through a distinct destruction process during larval-pupal transition. Herein, we found that most of the Bombyx proteases - including Bombyx cathepsin B (BmCatB) (BmCatLL-2), Bombyx cathepsin D (BmCatD), Bombyx cathepsin L like-1 (BmCatLL-1) and -2(BmCatLL-2), Bombyx fibroinase (BmBcp), Bombyx matrix metalloprotease (BmMmp), Bombyx A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs 1 (BmAdamTS-1), Bombyx A disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs like (BmAdamTS L) and Bombyx cysteine protease inhibitor (Bmbcpi)- were expressed highly in fat body during feeding and metamorphosis, with a peak occurring during the nonfeeding moulting or prepupal stage, as well as being responsive to 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E). The aforementioned protease genes expression was upregulated by injection of 20E into the feeding larvae, while blocking 20E signalling transduction led to downregulation. Western blotting and immunofluorescent staining of BmCatB and BmBcp confirmed the coincident variation of their messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein level during the development and after the treatments. Moreover, BmCatB, BmBcp, BmMmp and BmAdamTS-1 RNA interference all led to blockage of larval fat body destruction. Taken together, we conclude that 20E regulates larval fat body destruction by upregulating related protease gene expression and protein levels during larval-pupal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S-Y Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - W-M Wu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - S-Y Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Liu
- Shanghai Generay Biotech Co. Ltd, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Z F Ruan
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - M-Q Ye
- The Sericultural and Agri-Food Research Institute of the Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y-J Zhong
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Y Cao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - K Li
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Insect Development Regulation and Application Research, Institute of Insect Science and Technology, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - L Tian
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Guangdong Provincial Sericulture and Mulberry Engineering Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Tian S, Zhang Z, Zhang R, Liu Q, Xu S, Gong J, Hou Y. Analysis of cysteine protease inhibitor gene (BmCPI) promoter activity in silkworms using bac-to-bac baculovirus systems. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2018; 82:1488-1496. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2018.1485478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
A cysteine protease inhibitor of Bombyx mori (BmCPI) plays an important role in pupation, molting, and dissociation of tissues. The present study identified and analyzed the BmCPI promoter region to better understand its functional regulatory mechanisms. Eight promoter fragments of different lengths were analyzed using an improved Bac-to-Bac expression system. Luciferase activities were investigated both in BmE cells and larval organisms after infection with the Bac-to-Bac system, and similar changes in activity were observed in both models. Strong activity was detected in the longest promoter (2005 bp, −1969 to +36), and activity changed significantly with truncation of promoter length. An electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that the promoter region from −32 to +6 bp played a critical role in activating the downstream gene promoter element, where some potential elements were also predicted by informatics tools. The findings offer a basic reference for the mechanism of transcriptional regulation of BmCPI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing China
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing China
| | - Renze Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing China
| | - Shuping Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing China
| | - Jing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing China
| | - Yong Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing China
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Saikhedkar N, Summanwar A, Joshi R, Giri A. Cathepsins of lepidopteran insects: Aspects and prospects. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 64:51-59. [PMID: 26210259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 06/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Molecular understanding of lepidopteran physiology has revealed that proteases consist of one of the central regulatory/reacting system for insect growth and survival. Among the various proteases, cathepsins are the most crucial cellular proteases, which play vital roles during insect development. In the present review, we have discussed various aspects of the lepidopteran insect cathepsins, emphasizing their roles in processes like development, growth, metamorphosis, apoptosis and immunity. Cathepsins are categorized into different types on the basis of their sequence diversification, leading to variation in structure and catalytic function. Cathepsins exhibit tissue and stage specific expression pattern which is fine-tuned by a delicate balance of expression, compartmentalization, zymogen activation, inhibition by protein inhibitors and degradation. The indispensability of cathepsins as cellular proteases in the above mentioned processes proposes them as novel targets for designing effective and specific insect controlling strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Saikhedkar
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, MS, India
| | - Aarohi Summanwar
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2P5, Canada
| | - Rakesh Joshi
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind, Pune, 411007, MS, India.
| | - Ashok Giri
- Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr. Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, 411008, MS, India.
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Meng M, Cheng DJ, Peng J, Qian WL, Li JR, Dai DD, Zhang TL, Xia QY. The homeodomain transcription factors antennapedia and POU-M2 regulate the transcription of the steroidogenic enzyme gene Phantom in the silkworm. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:24438-52. [PMID: 26253172 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.651810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The steroid hormone ecdysone, which controls insect molting and metamorphosis, is synthesized in the prothoracic gland (PG), and several steroidogenic enzymes that are expressed specifically in the PG are involved in ecdysteroidogenesis. In this study, we identified new regulators that are involved in the transcriptional control of the silkworm steroidogenic enzyme genes. In silico analysis predicted several potential cis-regulatory elements (CREs) for the homeodomain transcription factors Antennapedia (Antp) and POU-M2 in the proximal promoters of steroidogenic enzyme genes. Antp and POU-M2 are expressed dynamically in the PG during larval development, and their overexpression in silkworm embryo-derived (BmE) cells induced the expression of steroidogenic enzyme genes. Importantly, luciferase reporter analyses, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays revealed that Antp and POU-M2 promote the transcription of the silkworm steroidogenic enzyme gene Phantom (Phm) by binding directly to specific motifs within overlapping CREs in the Phm promoter. Mutations of these CREs in the Phm promoter suppressed the transcriptional activities of both Antp and POU-M2 in BmE cells and decreased the activities of mutated Phm promoters in the silkworm PG. In addition, pulldown and co-immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that Antp can interact with POU-M2. Moreover, RNA interference-mediated down-regulation of either Antp or POU-M2 during silkworm wandering not only decreased the ecdysone titer but also led to the failure of metamorphosis. In summary, our results suggest that Antp and POU-M2 coordinate the transcription of the silkworm Phm gene directly, indicating new roles for homeodomain proteins in regulating insect ecdysteroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Meng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and the Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dao-Jun Cheng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and the Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jian Peng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and the Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Wen-Liang Qian
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and the Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jia-Rui Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and the Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Dan-Dan Dai
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and the Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Tian-Lei Zhang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and the Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Qing-You Xia
- From the State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology and the Key Sericultural Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, College of Biotechnology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
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Jia X, Liu S, Zheng H, Li B, Qi Q, Wei L, Zhao T, He J, Sun J. Non-uniqueness of factors constraint on the codon usage in Bombyx mori. BMC Genomics 2015; 16:356. [PMID: 25943559 PMCID: PMC4422305 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-015-1596-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The analysis of codon usage is a good way to understand the genetic and evolutionary characteristics of an organism. However, there are only a few reports related with the codon usage of the domesticated silkworm, Bombyx mori (B. mori). Hence, the codon usage of B. mori was analyzed here to reveal the constraint factors and it could be helpful to improve the bioreactor based on B. mori. Results A total of 1,097 annotated mRNA sequences from B. mori were analyzed, revealing there is only a weak codon bias. It also shows that the gene expression level is related to the GC content, and the amino acids with higher general average hydropathicity (GRAVY) and aromaticity (Aromo). And the genes on the primary axis are strongly positively correlated with the GC content, and GC3s. Meanwhile, the effective number of codons (ENc) is strongly correlated with codon adaptation index (CAI), gene length, and Aromo values. However, the ENc values are correlated with the second axis, which indicates that the codon usage in B. mori is affected by not only mutation pressure and natural selection, but also nucleotide composition and the gene expression level. It is also associated with Aromo values, and gene length. Additionally, B. mori has a greater relative discrepancy in codon preferences with Drosophila melanogaster (D. melanogaster) or Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S. cerevisiae) than with Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana), Escherichia coli (E. coli), or Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). Conclusions The codon usage bias in B. mori is relatively weak, and many influence factors are found here, such as nucleotide composition, mutation pressure, natural selection, and expression level. Additionally, it is also associated with Aromo values, and gene length. Among them, natural selection might play a major role. Moreover, the “optimal codons” of B. mori are all encoded by G and C, which provides useful information for enhancing the gene expression in B. mori through codon optimization. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-015-1596-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Jia
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Centre, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shuyu Liu
- Guangzhou East Campus Lab Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Centre, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Bo Li
- Innovative Drug Research Centre, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 401331, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qi Qi
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Centre, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Wei
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Centre, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
| | - Taiyi Zhao
- Wageningen University, Wageningen, 6708 PG, Netherlands.
| | - Jian He
- Guangzhou East Campus Lab Centre, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jingchen Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, and Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Centre, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang K, Yu S, Su J, Xu M, Tan P, Zhang Y, Xiang Z, Cui H. Identification and characterization of three novel hemocyte-specific promoters in silkworm Bombyx mori. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 461:102-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.03.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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11
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Wei L, He J, Jia X, Qi Q, Liang Z, Zheng H, Ping Y, Liu S, Sun J. Analysis of codon usage bias of mitochondrial genome in Bombyx mori and its relation to evolution. BMC Evol Biol 2014; 14:262. [PMID: 25515024 PMCID: PMC4276022 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-014-0262-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synonymous codon usage bias (SCUB) is an inevitable phenomenon in organismic taxa, generally referring to differences in the occurrence frequency of codons across different species or within the genome of the same species. SCUB happens in various degrees under pressure from nature selection, mutation bias and other factors in different ways. It also attaches great significance to gene expression and species evolution, however, a systematic investigation towards the codon usage in Bombyx mori (B. mori) has not been reported yet. Moreover, it is still indistinct about the reasons contributing to the bias or the relationship between the bias and the evolution of B. mori. RESULTS The comparison of the codon usage pattern between the genomic DNA (gDNA) and the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) from B. mori suggests that mtDNA has a higher level of codon bias. Furthermore, the correspondence analysis suggests that natural selection, such as gene length, gene function and translational selection, dominates the codon preference of mtDNA, while the composition constraints for mutation bias only plays a minor role. Additionally, the clustering results of the silkworm superfamily suggest a lack of explicitness in the relationship between the codon usage of mitogenome and species evolution. CONCLUSIONS Among the complicated influence factors leading to codon bias, natural selection is found to play a major role in shaping the high bias in the mtDNA of B. mori from our current data. Although the cluster analysis reveals that codon bias correlates little with the species evolution, furthermore, a detailed analysis of codon usage of mitogenome provides better insight into the evolutionary relationships in Lepidoptera. However, more new methods and data are needed to investigate the relationship between the mtDNA bias and evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wei
- Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Jian He
- Guangzhou East Campus Lab Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Xian Jia
- Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Qi Qi
- Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Zhisheng Liang
- Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Hao Zheng
- Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yao Ping
- Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Shuyu Liu
- Guangzhou East Campus Lab Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Jingchen Sun
- Subtropical Sericulture and Mulberry Resources Protection and Safety Engineering Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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