1
|
Kihika JK, Pearman JK, Wood SA, Rhodes LL, Smith KF, Miller MR, Butler J, Ryan KG. Fatty acid production and associated gene pathways are altered by increased salinity and dimethyl sulfoxide treatments during cryopreservation of Symbiodinium pilosum (Symbiodiniaceae). Cryobiology 2024; 114:104855. [PMID: 38301952 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2024.104855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
The Symbiodinium genus is ancestral among other Symbiodiniaceae lineages with species that are both symbiotic and free living. Changes in marine ecosystems threaten their existence and crucial ecological roles. Cryopreservation offers an avenue for their long-term storage for future habitat restoration after coral bleaching. In our previous study we demonstrated that high salinity treatments of Symbiodiniaceae isolates led to changes in their fatty acid (FA) profiles and higher cell viabilities after cryopreservation. In this study, we investigated the role of increased salinity on FA production and the genes involved in FA biosynthesis and degradation pathways during the cryopreservation of Symbiodinium pilosum. Overall, there was a twofold increase in mass of FAs produced by S. pilosum after being cultured in medium with increased salinity (54 parts per thousand; ppt). Dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) led to a ninefold increase of FAs in standard salinity (SS) treatment, compared to a fivefold increase in increased salinity (IS) treatments. The mass of the FA classes returned to baseline during recovery. Transcriptomic analyses showed an acyl carrier protein gene was significantly upregulated after Me2SO treatment in the SS cultures. Cytochrome P450 reductase genes were significantly down regulated after Me2SO addition in SS treatment preventing FA degradation. These changes in the expression of FA biosynthesis and degradation genes contributed to more FAs in SS treated isolates. Understanding how increased salinity changes FA production and the roles of specific genes in regulating FA pathways will help improve current freezing protocols for Symbiodiniaceae and other marine microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph K Kihika
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand.
| | - John K Pearman
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Susanna A Wood
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Lesley L Rhodes
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Kirsty F Smith
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand; School of Biological Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | | | - Juliette Butler
- Cawthron Institute, Private Bag 2, Nelson, 7042, New Zealand
| | - Ken G Ryan
- School of Biological Sciences, Victoria University of Wellington, PO Box 600, Wellington, 6140, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gu Q, Wei Q, Hu Y, Chen M, Chen Z, Zheng S, Ma Q, Luo Z. Physiological and Full-Length Transcriptome Analyses Reveal the Dwarfing Regulation in Trifoliate Orange ( Poncirus trifoliata L.). PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:271. [PMID: 36678984 PMCID: PMC9860739 DOI: 10.3390/plants12020271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dwarfing rootstocks are capable of high-density planting and are therefore urgently needed in the modern citrus cultivation system. However, little is known about the physiological relevance and molecular basis underlying citrus height. This study aimed to comprehensively analyze phytohormone, carbohydrate, and associated transcriptome changes in the stem of two weak growth rootstocks ('TO' and 'FD') relative to the vigorous 'CC' rootstock. The phenotypic observation revealed that the plant height, plant weight, and internode length were reduced in dwarfing rootstocks. Moreover, the contents of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), trans-zeatin (tZ), and abscisic acid (ABA), were higher in TO and FD rootstocks, whereas the gibberellin 3 (GA3) content was higher in the CC rootstocks. The carbohydrate contents, including sucrose, fructose, glucose, starch, and lignin significantly decreased in both the TO and FD rootstocks. The full-length transcriptome analysis revealed a potential mechanism regulating dwarfing phenotype that was mainly related to the phytohormone signaling transduction, sugar and starch degradation, lignin synthesis, and cellulose and hemicellulose degradation processes. In addition, many transcription factors (TFs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and alternative splicing (AS) events were identified, which might act as important contributors to control the stem elongation and development in the weak growth rootstocks. These findings might deepen the understanding of the complex mechanisms of the stem development responsible for citrus dwarfing and provide a series of candidate genes for the application in breeding new rootstocks with intensive dwarfing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Gu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Qingjiang Wei
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yongwei Hu
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Mengru Chen
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Ziwen Chen
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Qiaoli Ma
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Zhengrong Luo
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kuang J, Wang Y, Mao K, Milne R, Wang M, Miao N. Transcriptome Profiling of a Common Mistletoe Species Parasitizing Four Typical Host Species in Urban Southwest China. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13071173. [PMID: 35885955 PMCID: PMC9323523 DOI: 10.3390/genes13071173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Comparing gene expressions among parasitic plants infecting different host species can have significant implications for understanding host–parasite interactions. Taxillus nigrans is a common hemiparasitic species in Southwest China that parasitizes a variety of host species. However, a lack of nucleotide sequence data to date has hindered transcriptome-level research on T. nigrans. In this study, the transcriptomes of T. nigrans individuals parasitizing four typical host species (Broussonetia papyrifera (Bpap), a broad-leaved tree species; Cryptomeria fortunei (Cfor), a coniferous tree species; Cinnamomum septentrionale (Csep), an evergreen tree species; and Ginkgo biloba (Gbil), a deciduous-coniferous tree species) were sequenced, and the expression profiles and metabolic pathways were compared among hosts. A total of greater than 400 million reads were generated in nine cDNA libraries. These were de novo assembled into 293823 transcripts with an N50 value of 1790 bp. A large number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified when comparing T. nigrans individuals on different host species: Bpap vs. Cfor (1253 DEGs), Bpap vs. Csep (864), Bpap vs. Gbil (517), Cfor vs. Csep (259), Cfor vs. Gbil (95), and Csep vs. Gbil (40). Four hundred and fifteen unigenes were common to all six pairwise comparisons; these were primarily associated with Cytochrome P450 and environmental adaptation, as determined in a KEGG enrichment analysis. Unique unigenes were also identified, specific to Bpap vs. Cfor (808 unigenes), Bpap vs. Csep (329 unigenes), Bpap vs. Gbil (87 unigenes), Cfor vs. Csep (108 unigenes), Cfor vs. Gbil (32 unigenes), and Csep vs. Gbil comparisons (23 unigenes); partial unigenes were associated with the metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides regarding plant hormone signal transduction. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed four modules that were associated with the hosts. These results provide a foundation for further exploration of the detailed molecular mechanisms involved in plant parasitism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingge Kuang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (J.K.); (Y.W.); (K.M.)
| | - Yufei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (J.K.); (Y.W.); (K.M.)
| | - Kangshan Mao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (J.K.); (Y.W.); (K.M.)
| | - Richard Milne
- Institute of Molecular Plant Sciences, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH9 3JH, UK;
| | - Mingcheng Wang
- Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610064, China;
| | - Ning Miao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China; (J.K.); (Y.W.); (K.M.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Liu J, Zhang C, Han J, Fang X, Xu H, Liang C, Li D, Yang Y, Cui Z, Wang R, Song J. Genome-Wide Analysis of KNOX Transcription Factors and Expression Pattern of Dwarf-Related KNOX Genes in Pear. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:806765. [PMID: 35154223 PMCID: PMC8831332 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.806765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
KNOTTED1-like homeobox (KNOX) transcription factors (TFs) belonging to the homeobox TF family play important roles in plant growth, development, and responses to abiotic and biotic stress. However, little information is available on KNOX TF in pear (Pyrus). In this study, 19 PbKNOXs TFs were re-identified in pear (Pyrus bretschneideri Rehd.). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the TFs were clustered into three groups with 10 conserved motifs, some of which were group- or subgroup-specific, implying that they are important for the functions of the KNOX in these clades. PbKNM1 and PbKNM2 are KNM (encodes a MEINOX domain but not a homeodomain) genes identified in pear for the first time. KNOX genes in Pyrus and Malus were closely related, and a collinear relationship among PbKNOX genes in Pyrus and Malus was observed. Analysis of the expression patterns of PbKNOX genes in different tissues, at various growth stages, and in response to abiotic and biotic stress revealed that PbKNOXs are involved in plant growth and development. Our comparative transcriptional analysis of dwarf mutant varieties revealed that genes belonging to class I are highly expressed compared with genes in other classes. Analysis of the expression of PbKNOX genes in the hybrid offspring of vigorous and dwarf varieties revealed that PbKNOX genes were highly expressed in the vigorous offspring and weakly expressed in the dwarf offspring. These findings provide new insight into the function of KNOX TFs in pear and will aid future studies of dwarf fruit trees.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Liu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chenxiao Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jingyue Han
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiaoyun Fang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hongpeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Chenglin Liang
- Haidu College, Qingdao Agricultural University, Laiyang, China
| | - Dingli Li
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yingjie Yang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenhua Cui
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ran Wang
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jiankun Song
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Chen G, Zhang D, Pan J, Yue J, Shen X. Cathepsin B-like cysteine protease ApCathB negatively regulates cryo-injury tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis and Agapanthus praecox. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 308:110928. [PMID: 34034876 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2021.110928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell death is an inevitably cryo-injury in cell and tissue cryopreservation. The research on programmed cell death (PCD) in plant cryopreservation is still in its infancy. In this study, the survival rate of Agapanthus praecox embryogenic callus was significantly improved when the vitrification solution was added with 20 μM E-64, which is an inhibitor of cathepsin B. For further investigating the relation between cathepsin B and cryo-injury, the coding gene of cathepsin B, ApCathB was isolated and characterized. A subcellular localization assay showed that ApCathB was located in cytomembrane. Heterologous overexpression of ApCathB reduced the recovery rate during Arabidopsis seedlings cryopreservation from 29.56 % to 16.46 %. Transgenic seedlings lost most of cell viability in hypocotyl after dehydration and lead to aggravated cryo-injury. The reduced survival rate of ApCathB-overexpressing embryogenic callus of A. praecox further confirmed its negatively function in cryo-injury tolerance. In addition, the survival of ApCathB-overexpressing lines was almost rescued by E-64. TUNEL detection showed intensified signal and ROS was burst, especially for H2O2. Furthermore, VPE, Metacaspase 1, Cyp15a and AIF genes related to cell death regulation were remarkably up-regulated in ApCathB-overexpressing embryogenic callus during cryopreservation. Additionally, the expression level of genes regulating cell degradation was also elevated, indicating accelerated cell death caused by ApCathB-overexpressing. Taken together, this work verified that ApCathB negatively regulated the cryo-injury tolerance and cell viability through mediating the PCD event in plant cryopreservation. Significantly, cathepsin B has potential to be a target to improve survival rate after cryopreservation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guanqun Chen
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Di Zhang
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jian Pan
- School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| | - Jianhua Yue
- College of Horticulture, Xinyang Agriculture and Forestry University, Xinyang, 464100, China.
| | - Xiaohui Shen
- School of Design, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Global transcriptome changes of elongating internode of sugarcane in response to mepiquat chloride. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:79. [PMID: 33494722 PMCID: PMC7831198 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07352-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mepiquat chloride (DPC) is a chemical that is extensively used to control internode growth and create compact canopies in cultured plants. Previous studies have suggested that DPC could also inhibit gibberellin biosynthesis in sugarcane. Unfortunately, the molecular mechanism underlying the suppressive effects of DPC on plant growth is still largely unknown. Results In the present study, we first obtained high-quality long transcripts from the internodes of sugarcane using the PacBio Sequel System. A total of 72,671 isoforms, with N50 at 3073, were generated. These long isoforms were used as a reference for the subsequent RNA-seq. Afterwards, short reads generated from the Illumina HiSeq 4000 platform were used to compare the differentially expressed genes in both the DPC and the control groups. Transcriptome profiling showed that most significant gene changes occurred after six days post DPC treatment. These genes were related to plant hormone signal transduction and biosynthesis of several metabolites, indicating that DPC affected multiple pathways, in addition to suppressing gibberellin biosynthesis. The network of DPC on the key stage was illustrated by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Among the 36 constructed modules, the top positive correlated module, at the stage of six days post spraying DPC, was sienna3. Notably, Stf0 sulfotransferase, cyclin-like F-box, and HOX12 were the hub genes in sienna3 that had high correlation with other genes in this module. Furthermore, the qPCR validated the high accuracy of the RNA-seq results. Conclusion Taken together, we have demonstrated the key role of these genes in DPC-induced growth inhibition in sugarcane. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-020-07352-w.
Collapse
|
7
|
Jia D, Jiang Z, Fu H, Chen L, Liao G, He Y, Huang C, Xu X. Genome-wide identification and comprehensive analysis of NAC family genes involved in fruit development in kiwifruit (Actinidia). BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 21:44. [PMID: 33451304 PMCID: PMC7811246 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-020-02798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND NAC transcription factors (TFs) are plant-specific proteins encoded by a large gene family. They play important roles in diverse biological processes, such as plant growth and development, leaf senescence, and responses to biotic or abiotic stresses. Functions of a number of NAC TFs have been identified mainly in model plants. However, very few studies on NAC TFs have been conducted in the fruit tree of kiwifruit. RESULTS Genome-wide NAC genes were identified and their phylogeny, genomic structure, chromosomal location, synteny relationships, protein properties and conserved motifs were analyzed. In addition, the fruit developmental process was evaluated in a new kiwifruit cultivar of Actinidia eriantha 'Ganlu 1'. And expressions for all those NAC genes were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR method in fruits of 'Ganlu 1' during its developmental process. Our research identified 142 NAC TFs which could be phylogenetically divided into 23 protein subfamilies. The genomic structures of those NAC genes indicated that their exons were between one and ten. Analysis of chromosomal locations suggested that 116 out of 142 NACs distributed on all the 29 kiwifruit chromosomes. In addition, genome-wide gene expression analysis showed that expressions of 125 out of 142 NAC genes could be detected in fruit samples. CONCLUSION Our comprehensive study provides novel information on NAC genes and expression patterns in kiwifruit fruit. This research would be helpful for future functional identification of NAC genes involved in kiwifruit fruit development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Jia
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Zhiqiang Jiang
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Haihui Fu
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Guanglian Liao
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yanqun He
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chunhui Huang
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Xiaobiao Xu
- College of Agronomy, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.
- Institute of Kiwifruit, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang, 330045, Jiangxi, China.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Xiong H, Zhou C, Guo H, Xie Y, Zhao L, Gu J, Zhao S, Ding Y, Liu L. Transcriptome sequencing reveals hotspot mutation regions and dwarfing mechanisms in wheat mutants induced by γ-ray irradiation and EMS. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2020; 61:44-57. [PMID: 31825082 PMCID: PMC6976738 DOI: 10.1093/jrr/rrz075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Induced mutation is an important approach for creating novel plant germplasms. The introduction of dwarf or semi-dwarf genes into wheat has led to great advancements in yield improvement. In this study, four elite dwarf wheat mutants, named dm1-dm4, induced from γ-ray irradiation or ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) mutagenesis, were used to identify transcriptome variations and dwarfing mechanisms. The results showed that the hotspot regions of mutations distributed on the chromosomes were consistent among the four mutant lines and these regions were mainly located around the 50, 360 and 400 Mb positions of chromosome 1A and the distal regions of chromosomes 2A and 2BL. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analyses suggested that 'protein processing in endoplasmic reticulum' was the most common significantly enriched pathway based on the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between wildtype (WT) and the mutants. Notably, 18 out of 20 genes involved in this process encode heat shock proteins (HSPs). The results implied that HSPs might participate in wheat dwarfism response and function in the dwarfism process through protein folding and/or degradation. Moreover, seven genes in dm4 involved in modulating auxin levels were down-regulated and dm4 was more sensitive to auxin treatment compared with WT, indicating the important roles of auxin in regulation of dwarf phenotype in dm4. This study not only identified transcriptome sequence variation induced by physical and chemical mutagenesis but also revealed potential dwarfing mechanisms in the wheat mutant lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongchun Xiong
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Chunyun Zhou
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Huijun Guo
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yongdun Xie
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Linshu Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiayu Gu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Shirong Zhao
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuping Ding
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Luxiang Liu
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences/National Engineering Laboratory for Crop Molecular Breeding, National Center of Space Mutagenesis for Crop Improvement, Beijing 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang L, Yin Y, Wang LF, Wang M, Zhao M, Tian Y, Li YF. Transcriptome Profiling of the Elongating Internode of Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) Seedlings in Response to Mepiquat Chloride. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1751. [PMID: 32047505 PMCID: PMC6997534 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The plant growth retardant mepiquat chloride (MC) has been extensively used to produce compact plant canopies and increase yield in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Previous studies showed that MC reduced plant height and internode length by inhibiting GA biosynthesis and cell elongation. However, whether there are other molecular mechanisms underlying MC-induced growth retardation has remained largely unknown. In the present study, we conducted histological, transcriptomic, and phytohormone analyses of the second elongating internodes of cotton seedlings treated with MC. Histological analysis revealed that the MC shortened the internodes through suppressing both cell division and cell elongation. Consistent with the observed phenotype, many genes related to cell growth were significantly downregulated by MC. Transcriptome profiling showed that the expression of genes related not only to GA, but also to auxin, brassinosteroid (BR), and ethylene metabolism and signaling was remarkably suppressed, whereas that of genes related to cytokinin (CK) and abscisic acid (ABA) metabolism was induced by MC. Consistent with the expression pattern, significant decrease of endogenous GA, auxin, and BR content, but an increase in CK content was observed after MC treatment. Most of these hormone related genes displayed opposite regulation pattern by exogenous GA3 treatment compared to MC; simultaneous application of MC and GA3 could alleviate the genes expression changes induced by MC treatment, indicating MC does not directly affect other plant hormones, but through the inhibition of the GA biosynthesis. In addition, the expression of genes related to secondary metabolism and many transcription factors (TFs) were differentially regulated by MC. In summary, we confirmed the important role of GA in MC-induced growth inhibition of cotton, and further found that other hormones were also involved in this process in a GA-dependent manner. This study provides novel insights into the molecular mechanism underlying the MC-mediated inhibition of internode elongation in cotton seedlings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- *Correspondence: Yong-Fang Li, ; Li Wang,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zhang L, Sun L, Zhang X, Zhang S, Xie D, Liang C, Huang W, Fan L, Fang Y, Chang Y. OFP1 Interaction with ATH1 Regulates Stem Growth, Flowering Time and Flower Basal Boundary Formation in Arabidopsis. Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:genes9080399. [PMID: 30082666 PMCID: PMC6116164 DOI: 10.3390/genes9080399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovate Family Protein1 (OFP1) is a regulator, and it is suspected to be involved in plant growth and development. Meanwhile, Arabidopsis Thaliana Homeobox (ATH1), a BEL1-like homeodomain (HD) transcription factor, is known to be involved in regulating stem growth, flowering time and flower basal boundary development in Arabidopsis. Previous large-scale yeast two-hybrid studies suggest that ATH1 possibly interact with OFP1, but this interaction is yet unverified. In our study, the interaction of OFP1 with ATH1 was verified using a directional yeast two-hybrid system and bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC). Our results also demonstrated that the OFP1-ATH1 interaction is mainly controlled by the HD domain of ATH1. Meanwhile, we found that ATH1 plays the role of transcriptional repressor to regulate plant development and that OFP1 can enhance ATH1 repression function. Regardless of the mechanism, a putative functional role of ATH1-OFP1 may be to regulate the expression of the both the GA20ox1 gene, which is involved in gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis and control of stem elongation, and the Flowering Locus C (FLC) gene, which inhibits transition to flowering. Ultimately, the regulatory functional mechanism of OFP1-ATH1 may be complicated and diverse according to our results, and this work lays groundwork for further understanding of a unique and important protein⁻protein interaction that influences flowering time, stem development, and flower basal boundary development in plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liguo Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| | - Lili Sun
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Xiaofei Zhang
- College of Mathematics and Information Sciences, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China.
| | - Shuquan Zhang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Dongwei Xie
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Chunbo Liang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Wengong Huang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Lijuan Fan
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Yuyan Fang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China.
| | - Ying Chang
- College of Life Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Jia D, Gong X, Li M, Li C, Sun T, Ma F. Overexpression of a Novel Apple NAC Transcription Factor Gene, MdNAC1, Confers the Dwarf Phenotype in Transgenic Apple (Malus domestica). Genes (Basel) 2018; 9:E229. [PMID: 29702625 PMCID: PMC5977169 DOI: 10.3390/genes9050229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant height is an important trait for fruit trees. The dwarf characteristic is commonly associated with highly efficient fruit production, a major objective when breeding for apple (Malus domestica). We studied the function of MdNAC1, a novel NAC transcription factor (TF) gene in apple related to plant dwarfing. Localized primarily to the nucleus, MdNAC1 has transcriptional activity in yeast cells. Overexpression of the gene results in a dwarf phenotype in transgenic apple plants. Their reduction in size is manifested by shorter, thinner stems and roots, and a smaller leaf area. The transgenics also have shorter internodes and fewer cells in the stems. Levels of endogenous abscisic acid (ABA) and brassinosteroid (BR) are lower in the transgenic plants, and expression is decreased for genes involved in the biosynthesis of those phytohormones. All of these findings demonstrate that MdNAC1 has a role in plants dwarfism, probably by regulating ABA and BR production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongfeng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Xiaoqing Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Mingjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Tingting Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Fengwang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas/Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Apple, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Zheng X, Zhao Y, Shan D, Shi K, Wang L, Li Q, Wang N, Zhou J, Yao J, Xue Y, Fang S, Chu J, Guo Y, Kong J. MdWRKY9 overexpression confers intensive dwarfing in the M26 rootstock of apple by directly inhibiting brassinosteroid synthetase MdDWF4 expression. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2018; 217:1086-1098. [PMID: 29165808 DOI: 10.1111/nph.14891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Dwarfing rootstocks enable high-density planting and are therefore highly desirable in modern apple (Malus domestica) production. M26 is a semi-dwarfing rootstock that is used worldwide, but identifying intensive dwarfing rootstock is a major goal of apple breeding programs. Herein, we show that MdWRKY9 mediates dwarfing by directly inhibiting the transcription of the brassinosteroid (BR) rate-limiting synthetase MdDWF4 and reducing BR production. We found that the transcriptional factor MdWRKY9 is highly expressed in all tested dwarfing rootstocks. Transgenic lines of M26 rootstock overexpressing MdWRKY9 exhibit further dwarfing, which resulted from the reduced BR levels and was reversed via exogenous brassinolide treatment. Both an in vivo chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis and an in vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) indicated that MdWRKY9 binds to the promoter of MdDWF4. Furthermore, MdWRKY9 repressed MdDWF4 expression in stable transgenic apple plants as determined by quantitative PCR. In addition, RNA-interfered expression of MdWRKY9 in transiently transformed apple calli led to a significant increase of MdDWF4, suggesting MdWRKY9 plays a critical role in regulating the expression of MdDWF4. We report a novel dwarfing mechanism in perennial woody plants that involves WRKY-controlled BR production, and present a new dwarfing M26 rootstock for potential applications in apple production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zheng
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Dongqian Shan
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Lin Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Qingtian Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Na Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jingzhe Zhou
- Beijing Soil and Fertilizer Work Station, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Junzhu Yao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Yuan Xue
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shuang Fang
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Jinfang Chu
- National Centre for Plant Gene Research (Beijing), Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China
| | - Yan Guo
- College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jin Kong
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Huang X, Zang X, Wu F, Jin Y, Wang H, Liu C, Ding Y, He B, Xiao D, Song X, Liu Z. Transcriptome Sequencing of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis to Analyze the Genes Related to Optically Active Phycoerythrin Synthesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0170855. [PMID: 28135287 PMCID: PMC5279760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0170855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis (aka Gracilaria lemaneiformis) is a red macroalga rich in phycoerythrin, which can capture light efficiently and transfer it to photosystemⅡ. However, little is known about the synthesis of optically active phycoerythrinin in G. lemaneiformis at the molecular level. With the advent of high-throughput sequencing technology, analysis of genetic information for G. lemaneiformis by transcriptome sequencing is an effective means to get a deeper insight into the molecular mechanism of phycoerythrin synthesis. Illumina technology was employed to sequence the transcriptome of two strains of G. lemaneiformis- the wild type and a green-pigmented mutant. We obtained a total of 86915 assembled unigenes as a reference gene set, and 42884 unigenes were annotated in at least one public database. Taking the above transcriptome sequencing as a reference gene set, 4041 differentially expressed genes were screened to analyze and compare the gene expression profiles of the wild type and green mutant. By GO and KEGG pathway analysis, we concluded that three factors, including a reduction in the expression level of apo-phycoerythrin, an increase of chlorophyll light-harvesting complex synthesis, and reduction of phycoerythrobilin by competitive inhibition, caused the reduction of optically active phycoerythrin in the green-pigmented mutant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Huang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaonan Zang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
- * E-mail:
| | - Fei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yuming Jin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haitao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Yating Ding
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Bangxiang He
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Dongfang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Xinwei Song
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Zhu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang Y, Li X, Zhou W, Li T, Tian C. De novo assembly and transcriptome characterization of spruce dwarf mistletoe Arceuthobium sichuanense uncovers gene expression profiling associated with plant development. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:771. [PMID: 27716052 PMCID: PMC5045590 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-3127-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The parasitic flowering plant dwarf mistletoe (Arceuthobium spp., Viscaceae) is one of the most destructive forest pests, posing a major threat to numerous conifer species worldwide. Arceuthobium sichuanense (spruce dwarf mistletoe, SDM) infects Qinghai spruce (Picea crassifolia) and causes severe damage to spruce forests in Northwest China. SDM is a Chinese native parasitic plant and acquires carbohydrates and mineral nutrition from its hosts. However, underlying molecular basis of the physiological development is largely unknown. Investigations of these physiological traits have been hampered by the lack of genomic resources for this species. Results In this study, to investigate the transcriptomic processes underlying physiological traits and development in SDM, we used RNA from four major tissues (i.e., shoots, flowers, fruits, and seeds) for de novo assembly and to annotate the transcriptome of this species. We uncovered the annotated transcriptome and performed whole genome expression profiling to uncover transcriptional dynamics during physiological development, and we identified key gene categories involved in the process of sexual development. The assembled SDM transcriptome reported in this work contains 331,347 assembled transcripts; 226,687 unigenes were functionally annotated by Gene Ontology analysis. RNA-Seq analysis using this reference transcriptome identified 22,641 differentially expressed genes from shoots, flowers, fruits, and seeds. These genes are enriched in processes including organic substance metabolism, cellular metabolism, biosynthesis, and cellular component. In addition, genes related to transport, transcription, hormone biosynthesis and signaling, carbohydrate metabolism, and photosynthesis were differentially expressed between tissues. Conclusion This work reveals tissue-specific gene expression patterns and pathways of SDM and implied to a difference between photosynthetic and non-photosynthetic tissues in plants. The data can potentially be used for future investigations on endophytic parasitism and SDM-spruce interaction, and it dramatically increases the available genomic resources for Arceuthobium and dwarf mistletoe communities. This preliminary study of the Arceuthobium transcriptome provides excellent opportunities for characterizing plant parasitic genes with unknown functions. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-3127-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Wang
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
| | - Xuewu Li
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.,Academy of Forest Inventory and Planning, State Forestry Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Weifen Zhou
- Forest Pest Control and Quarantine Station of Qinghai Province, Xining, China
| | - Tao Li
- Xianmi Forest Park of Qinghai Province, Menyuan, Qinghai, China
| | - Chengming Tian
- The Key Laboratory for Silviculture and Conservation of Ministry of Education, College of Forestry, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ma J, Wang R, Li X, Gao B, Chen S. Transcriptome and Gene Expression Analysis of Cylas formicarius (Coleoptera: Brentidae) During Different Development Stages. JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2016; 16:iew053. [PMID: 28076281 PMCID: PMC7261484 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iew053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The sweet potato weevil, Cylas formicarius (F.) (Coleoptera: Brentidae), is an important pest of sweet potato worldwide. However, there is limited knowledge on the molecular mechanisms underlying growth and differentiation of C. formicarius The transcriptomes of the eggs, second instar larvae, third instar larvae (L3), pupae, females, and males of C. formicarius were sequenced using Illumina sequencing technology for obtaining global insights into developing transcriptome characteristics and elucidating the relative functional genes. A total of 54,255,544 high-quality reads were produced, trimmed, and de novo assembled into 115,281 contigs. 61,686 unigenes were obtained, with an average length of 1,009 nt. Among these unigenes, 17,348 were annotated into 59 Gene Ontology (GO) terms and 12,660 were assigned to 25 Cluster of Orthologous Groups classes, whereas 24,796 unigenes were mapped to 258 pathways. Differentially expressed unigenes between various developmental stages of C. formicarius were detected. Higher numbers of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were recorded in the eggs versus L3 and eggs versus male samples (2,141 and 2,058 unigenes, respectively) than the others. Genes preferentially expressed in each stage were also identified. GO and pathway-based enrichment analysis were used to further investigate the functions of the DEGs. In addition, the expression profiles of ten DEGs were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. The transcriptome profiles presented in this study and these DEGs detected by comparative analysis of different developed stages of C. formicarius will facilitate the understanding of the molecular mechanism of various living process and will contribute to further genome-wide research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences/IPM Centre of Hebei Province/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, 437 Dongguan Street, Baoding 071000, China (; ; ; ; )
| | - Rongyan Wang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences/IPM Centre of Hebei Province/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, 437 Dongguan Street, Baoding 071000, China (; ; ; ; )
| | - Xiuhua Li
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences/IPM Centre of Hebei Province/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, 437 Dongguan Street, Baoding 071000, China (; ; ; ; )
| | - Bo Gao
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences/IPM Centre of Hebei Province/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, 437 Dongguan Street, Baoding 071000, China (; ; ; ; )
| | - Shulong Chen
- Institute of Plant Protection, Hebei Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences/IPM Centre of Hebei Province/Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops in Northern Region of North China, Ministry of Agriculture, 437 Dongguan Street, Baoding 071000, China (; ; ; ; )
| |
Collapse
|