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Tulluri V, Nemmara VV. Role of Antizyme Inhibitor Proteins in Cancers and Beyond. Onco Targets Ther 2021; 14:667-682. [PMID: 33531815 PMCID: PMC7846877 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s281157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamines are multivalent organic cations essential for many cellular functions, including cell growth, differentiation, and proliferation. However, elevated polyamine levels are associated with a slew of pathological conditions, including multiple cancers. Intracellular polyamine levels are primarily controlled by the autoregulatory circuit comprising two different protein types, Antizymes (OAZ) and Antizyme Inhibitors (AZIN), which regulate the activity of the polyamine biosynthetic enzyme ornithine decarboxylase (ODC). While OAZ functions to decrease the intracellular polyamine levels by inhibiting ODC activity and exerting a negative control of polyamine uptake, AZIN operates to increase intracellular polyamine levels by binding and sequestering OAZ to relieve ODC inhibition and to increase polyamine uptake. Interestingly, OAZ and AZIN exhibit autoregulatory functions on polyamine independent pathways as well. A growing body of evidence demonstrates the dysregulation of AZIN expression in multiple cancers. Additionally, RNA editing of the Azin1 transcript results in a "gain-of-function" phenotype, which is shown to drive aggressive tumor types. This review will discuss the recent advances in AZIN's role in cancers via aberrant polyamine upregulation and its polyamine-independent protein regulation. This report will also highlight AZIN interaction with proteins outside the polyamine biosynthetic pathway and its potential implication to cancer pathogenesis. Finally, this review will reveal the protein interaction network of AZIN isoforms by analyzing three different interactome databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vennela Tulluri
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ08028, USA
| | - Venkatesh V Nemmara
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ08028, USA
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Ramos-Molina B, Lambertos A, Peñafiel R. Antizyme Inhibitors in Polyamine Metabolism and Beyond: Physiopathological Implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 6:medsci6040089. [PMID: 30304856 PMCID: PMC6313458 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6040089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The intracellular levels of polyamines, cationic molecules involved in a myriad of cellular functions ranging from cellular growth, differentiation and apoptosis, is precisely regulated by antizymes and antizyme inhibitors via the modulation of the polyamine biosynthetic and transport systems. Antizymes, which are mainly activated upon high polyamine levels, inhibit ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the key enzyme of the polyamine biosynthetic route, and exert a negative control of polyamine intake. Antizyme inhibitors (AZINs), which are proteins highly homologous to ODC, selectively interact with antizymes, preventing their action on ODC and the polyamine transport system. In this review, we will update the recent advances on the structural, cellular and physiological functions of AZINs, with particular emphasis on the action of these proteins in the regulation of polyamine metabolism. In addition, we will describe emerging evidence that suggests that AZINs may also have polyamine-independent effects on cells. Finally, we will discuss how the dysregulation of AZIN activity has been implicated in certain human pathologies such as cancer, fibrosis or neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Ramos-Molina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology, Institute of Biomedical Research in Malaga (IBIMA), Virgen de la Victoria University Hospital, 29010 Málaga, Spain.
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBERobn), Institute of Health Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ana Lambertos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Rafael Peñafiel
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology B and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
- Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia (IMIB), 30120 Murcia, Spain.
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Characterization of the SSAT1 gene and its expression profiling in various tissues and follicles in geese. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2018-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT ) is a catabolic regulator of polyamines, ubiquitous molecules essential for cell proliferation and differentiation. In this study, the molecular characterization of the SSAT1 gene of the Sichuan white goose was analyzed, as well as its expression profiles in various follicles and tissues. The open reading frame of the SSAT1 cDNA (GenBank No. KM925008) is 516 bp in length and encodes a 171-amino acid protein with a putative molecular weight of 20 kDa. The predicted SSAT1 protein is highly conserved with those of other species, especially Gallus gallus. SSAT1 mRNA was ubiquitously expressed in all the examined tissues. The highest level of SSAT1 mRNA expression was found in the pineal gland (P<0.05), and was 12-fold greater than in the heart. The level of SSAT1 mRNA expression was relatively lower in preovulatory follicles, while it was higher in postovulatory follicles (POFs), particularly in POF1. Furthermore, as postovulatory follicles degenerated, SSAT1 expression gradually decreased. Our findings suggest that SSAT1 might play important roles in mediating the physiological function of the pineal gland and regulating the regression of POFs.
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Kang B, Jiang D, Ma R, He H, Yi Z, Chen Z. OAZ1 knockdown enhances viability and inhibits ER and LHR transcriptions of granulosa cells in geese. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0175016. [PMID: 28362829 PMCID: PMC5376318 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0175016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An increasing number of studies suggest that ornithine decarboxylase antizyme 1 (OAZ1), which is regarded as a tumor suppressor gene, regulates follicular development, ovulation, and steroidogenesis. The granulosa cells in the ovary play a critical role in these ovarian functions. However, the action of OAZ1 mediating physiological functions of granulosa cells is obscure. OAZ1 knockdown in granulosa cells of geese was carried out in the current study. The effect of OAZ1 knockdown on polyamine metabolism, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and hormone receptor transcription of primary granulosa cells in geese was measured. The viability of granulosa cells transfected with the shRNA OAZ1 at 48 h was significantly higher than the control (p<0.05). The level of putrescine and spermidine in granulosa cells down-regulating OAZ1 was 7.04- and 2.11- fold higher compared with the control, respectively (p<0.05). The CCND1, SMAD1, and BCL-2 mRNA expression levels in granulosa cells down-regulating OAZ1 were each significantly higher than the control, respectively (p<0.05), whereas the PCNA and CASPASE 3 expression levels were significantly lower than the control (p<0.05). The estradiol concentration, ER and LHR mRNA expression levels were significantly lower in granulosa cells down-regulating OAZ1 compared with the control (p<0.05). Taken together, our results indicated that OAZ1 knockdown elevated the putrescine and spermidine contents and enhanced granulosa cell viability and inhibited ER and LHR transcriptions of granulosa cells in geese.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (BK); (DMJ)
| | - Dongmei Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
- Farm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
- * E-mail: (BK); (DMJ)
| | - Rong Ma
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui He
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Yi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ziyu Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
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Effect of Oaz1 overexpression on goose ovarian granulosa cells. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1123-1132. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2411-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Characterization of OAZ1 and its potential functions in goose follicular development. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
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Huang Z, Yuan X, Wang M, Wu N, Song Y, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Chen G, Zhao W. Molecular cloning of the SMAD4 gene and its mRNA expression analysis in ovarian follicles of the Yangzhou goose (Anser cygnoides). Br Poult Sci 2016; 57:515-21. [PMID: 27108648 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2016.1180670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 4 (SMAD4) is an important protein in animal reproduction. It plays pivotal roles in cellular pathways, including apoptosis. The expression profile of the SMAD4 gene in goose ovarian follicles has not been reported. In this study, the SMAD4 coding sequence was cloned from the Yangzhou goose. A phylogenetic analysis was performed and mRNA expression was examined in various tissues using quantitative real-time PCR. An alternative splice form of SMAD4, SMAD4-b having 1656 bp, was identified. SMAD4-a mRNA was widely expressed in various healthy tissues, whereas SMAD4-b was very weakly expressed. SMAD4 mRNA in the ovary and oviduct was significantly higher than that in the pituitary and hypothalamus. SMAD4 mRNA expression analysis in hierarchical follicles showed that the level of SMAD4 mRNA was higher in large white follicles and post-ovulatory follicles than in the other follicles. The results indicate that SMAD4 might be involved in the recruitment of hierarchical follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Huang
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Molecular Design , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China
| | - X Yuan
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Molecular Design , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China
| | - M Wang
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Molecular Design , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China
| | - N Wu
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Molecular Design , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China
| | - Y Song
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Molecular Design , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China
| | - Y Chen
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Molecular Design , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China
| | - Y Zhang
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Molecular Design , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China
| | - Q Xu
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Molecular Design , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China
| | - G Chen
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Molecular Design , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China
| | - W Zhao
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Animal Genetics, Breeding and Molecular Design , Yangzhou University , Yangzhou , Jiangsu , People's Republic of China
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