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Sharma N, Sharma G, Toor D. Plausible Influence of HLA Class I and Class II Diversity on SARS-CoV-2 Vulnerability. Crit Rev Immunol 2024; 44:31-40. [PMID: 37947070 DOI: 10.1615/critrevimmunol.2023049920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome CoV-2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, which adversely affected almost all aspects of human life and resulted in the loss of millions of lives, while affecting nearly 0.67 billion people worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 still poses a challenge to the healthcare system as there are more than 200,000 active cases of COVID-19 around the globe. Epidemiological data suggests that the magnitude of morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19 was low in a few geographical regions and was unpredictably higher in a few regions. The genetic diversity of different geographical regions might explain the sporadic prevalence of the disease. In this context, human leukocyte antigens (HLA) represent the most polymorphic gene-dense region of the human genome and serve as an excellent mini-genome model for evaluating population genetic diversity in the context of susceptibility and progression of various diseases. In this review, we highlight the plausible influence of HLA in susceptibility, severity, immune response, and designing of epitope-based vaccines for COVID-19. Further, there is a need for extensive investigations for illustration and clarification of the functional impact of HLA class I and II alleles in the pathogenesis and progression of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Sharma
- Department of Biosciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- Department of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Devinder Toor
- Amity Institute of Virology and Immunology, Amity University Uttar Pradesh, Sector-125, Noida, 201313, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Vijayan M, Reddy PH. Non-Coding RNAs Based Molecular Links in Type 2 Diabetes, Ischemic Stroke, and Vascular Dementia. J Alzheimers Dis 2021; 75:353-383. [PMID: 32310177 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews recent advances in the study of microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and their functions in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), ischemic stroke (IS), and vascular dementia (VaD). miRNAs and lncRNAs are gene regulation markers that both regulate translational aspects of a wide range of proteins and biological processes in healthy and disease states. Recent studies from our laboratory and others have revealed that miRNAs and lncRNAs expressed differently are potential therapeutic targets for neurological diseases, especially T2DM, IS, VaD, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Currently, the effect of aging in T2DM, IS, and VaD and the cellular and molecular pathways are largely unknown. In this article, we highlight results from the works on the molecular connections between T2DM and IS, and IS and VaD. In each disease, we also summarize the pathophysiology and the differential expressions of miRNAs and lncRNAs. Based on current research findings, we hypothesize that 1) T2DM bi-directionally and age-dependently induces IS and VaD, and 2) these changes are precursors to the onset of dementia in elderly people. Research into these hypotheses is required to examine further whether research efforts on reducing T2DM, IS, and VaD may affect dementia and/or delay the AD disease process in the aged population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Vijayan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - P Hemachandra Reddy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Neurology, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Speech, Language and Hearing Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.,Department of Public Health, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Chinniah R, Sevak V, Pandi S, Ravi PM, Vijayan M, Kannan A, Karuppiah B. HLA-DRB1 genes and the expression dynamics of HLA CIITA determine the susceptibility to T2DM. Immunogenetics 2021; 73:291-305. [PMID: 33754173 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-021-01212-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a disease with polygenic inheritance. The expression of major histocompatibility complex class II genes are regulated by several trans-activators. We have studied the expression of HLA-DRB1, RFX, CIITA-P1, PIV transactivators, immunophenotyping of cells, SNPs in CIITA-168 (A/G) and IFN-γ + 874 (T/A) in T2DM patients and controls (n = 201 each). We observed increased frequencies of DRB1*03, DRB1*04 and DRB1*07 and decreased frequencies of DRB1*10, DRB1*14, and DRB1*15 alleles among patients. Significant up-regulations of HLA-DRB1 genes were observed in patients (p < 0.0001). Down-regulated expressions were documented in DRB1*03-homo (p < 0.002) and DRB1*04-homo (p < 0.009) patients. No significant differences were observed for CIITA-P1 expression except DRB1*04-pooled (p < 0.0113). The CIITA-PIV was up-regulated in overall (p < 0.0001), DRB1*03-pooled (p < 0.0006), DRB1*03-hetero (p < 0.0006) and DRB1*03-homo (p < 0.001) T2DM patients. However, significant down-regulations were documented for DRB1*04-pooled (p < 0.040), DRB1*04-hetero (p < 0.060), and DRB1*04-homo (p < 0.027) combinations. Further, significant down-regulations of RFX5 were observed in overall (p < 0.0006), DRB1*04-pooled (p < 0.0022), and DRB1*04-hetero (p < 0.0004) combinations. Immunophenotyping studies revealed significant increase of CD45+ CD14-, CD19+, CD14- and CD8 cells and elevated level of expression of IFN-γ (p < 0.0001) in patients. A significant increase of TT (p < 3.35 × 10-6) and decrease of TA (p < 4.57 × 10-4) genotypes of IFN-γ + 874 (T/A) and an increase of GG (p < 0.001) and decrease of AG (p < 8.24 × 10-5) genotypes of CIITA-168 A/G SNPs were observed. The combinatorial analysis revealed susceptible associations for DRB1*03 + AA, *03 + AG, *03 + GG and *04 + GG and protective associations for DRB1*10 + AG, *10 + GG, *15 + AG, and *14 + GG combinations. Thus, the present study corroborated the effect of differential expressions of promoters of risk alleles in the pathogenesis of T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathika Chinniah
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India
| | - Vandit Sevak
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India
| | - Sasiharan Pandi
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India
| | - Padma Malini Ravi
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India
| | - Murali Vijayan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, 79430, USA
| | - Arun Kannan
- The Madurai Institute of Diabetes and Endocrine Practice Research, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625 001, India
| | - Balakrishnan Karuppiah
- Department of Immunology, School of Biological Sciences, Madurai, Tamil Nadu, 625021, India.
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Rangasamy N, Chinniah R, Ravi PM, Vijayan M, Sivanadham R, K V D, Pandi S, Sevak V, Krishnan P, Karuppiah B. HLA-DRB1* and DQB1* allele and haplotype diversity in eight tribal populations: Global affinities and genetic basis of diseases in South India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 89:104685. [PMID: 33359263 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The distribution of HLA class-II DRB1* and DQB1* alleles/ haplotypes were studied in 438 individuals of 8 Dravidian tribal groups inhabiting the Western Ghats, south India. The HLA typing was performed by PCR-SSP method. In order to identify the 5-locus Ancestral Extended Haplotypes (AEH), the alleles of HLA-A, -B and -C loci were typed for DNAs with predominant 2-locus haplotypes. The analyses have revealed allele HLA-DRB1*15 as the most predominant allele (Lowest / Highest range: Urali, 14.81 / Malasar, 48.94), followed by the alleles DRB1*10 (Katunayakan, 1.85 / Paliyan, 48.21), DRB1*14 (Paliyan 4.46 / Katunayakan, 40.74), DRB1*12 (Mannan, 1.64 / Katunayakan, 20.37) and DRB1*03 (Mannan, 1.64 / Urali, 29.63). The most frequent DQB1* alleles were DQB1*02 (Paliyan 3.57 / Urali, 23.15), DQB1*05 (Katunayakan, 27.77 / Paliyan 84.82) and DQB1*06 (Malasar, 8.51 / Kuruman, 33.51). The most predominant two-locus haplotypes observed were DRB1*15-DQB1*05, DRB1*10-DQB1*05, DRB1*15-DQB1*06 and DRB1*04-DQB1*05. The present study of HLA immunogenetics of south Indian tribes have revealed the presence of globally shared two and 5-locus haplotypes. Many of these haplotypes were implicated in a number of diseases in south India. We observed the presence of ancestral extended haplotypes (AEHs), hitherto not reported in Indian populations such as, A*68-B*35-C*02-DRB1*15:01-DQB1*05:01, A*24-B*57-C*06-DRB1*04:01-DQB1*05:01 and A*24-B*35-C*02-DRB1*15:01-DQB1*05:02. The dendrogram based phylogenetic analyses have revealed the Caucasian affinity of Urali, palaeo-Mediterranean and Indo-European affinity of Malasar tribes. The presence of globally shared susceptible and protective haplotypes reiterated the mosaic immunogenetic fabric of south Indian tribes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandakumar Rangasamy
- PG & Research Department of Zoology, Periyar EVR College, Tiruchirappalli 620023, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rathika Chinniah
- Department of Immunology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
| | - Padma-Malini Ravi
- Department of Immunology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
| | - Murali Vijayan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, Texas 79430, USA
| | | | - Darsa K V
- Department of Environmental Studies, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sasiharan Pandi
- Department of Immunology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
| | - Vandit Sevak
- Department of Immunology, Madurai Kamaraj University, Madurai 625021, India
| | - Prabhakaran Krishnan
- PG & Research Department of Zoology, Periyar EVR College, Tiruchirappalli 620023, Tamil Nadu, India
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Ramgopal S, Rathika C, Padma MR, Murali V, Arun K, Kamaludeen MN, Balakrishnan K. Interaction of HLA-DRB1* alleles and CTLA4 (+ 49 AG) gene polymorphism in Autoimmune Thyroid Disease. Gene 2018; 642:430-438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2017.11.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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