The allele combinations of three loci based on, liver, stomach cancers, hematencephalon, COPD and normal population: A preliminary study

Genetic characteristics of spouse selection based on short tandem repeats in DNA and lunula count on fingertip

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to assess the correlation of spouse selection with short tandem repeats (STRs) in DNA and with the number of fingertip lunulae to investigate the role of heredity in spouse selection.

METHODS

We randomly selected a total of 286 couples (husband and wife) as a couple group while 200 paired subjects (a man randomly matched with a woman as a pair of subjects) were selected as a non-spouse group for DNA typing, and to investigate lunulae in spouse selection, a total of 554 couples were selected as a couple group and 500 pairs of subjects were selected as a control group.

RESULTS

A significant difference of STR matching number (a large value implies a higher genetic similarity) between spouse group and non-spouse group were observed (12.3 ± 2.7 vs. 11.8 ± 2.6; p < 0.05). A significant difference of the lunula matching number (difference of lunula counts between a paired subjects, a lower value implies a higher genetic similarity) between two groups were also observed for the lunula counts (1.55 ± 1.88 vs. 3.53 ± 2.40; p < 0.01).

CONCLUSION

Significant and unprecedented relationships were found between the couples and polymorphic STRs, and between spouse selection and lunula counts. Polymorphic STRs and fingertip lunulae counts provide an initial insight into the potentially important contributions that genetic characteristics may play a key role in spouse selection.

Quantificational evaluation of the resolving power of qualitative biomarkers with different cardinal numbers based on a magnitude-standardized index

Biomarkers are used for clinical diagnostic purposes, but existing indexes exhibit limitations in terms of the resolving power of biomarkers. This paper proposes a new index, the magnitude-standardized index (MSI), to describe the quantitative variations and resolving powers of different biomarkers. In MSI analysis models, variation scales for ratios and differences are considered simultaneously, and a higher MSI value implies a stronger risk or effect for a biological factor. We explain the rationale for the MSI via hybrid and geometric methods and verify its efficacy through simulation experiments. Our results indicate that the MSI is superior to the Youden index and odds ratio for describing resolving power. When two biomarkers with similar Youden index values, odds ratios, or MSI values but different positive test rates (or cardinal numbers) were combined, all three index values increased; however, only the MSI value remained relatively stable. For a very small cardinal number, such as that of a single nucleotide polymorphism, the MSI value is at most half of the maximum value (0.5), allowing comparisons between MSI values for biomarkers with different cardinal numbers. The MSI can thus provide a better quantifiable evaluation of the resolving power of biomarkers with different cardinal numbers.

Two Time Point Analysis of the Change in Risk and Aging Factors for Major Cancers: A 10-Year Longitudinal Study in China

OBJECTIVE

To quantify the change in risk and aging factors with a two time point analysis for major cancers to assess supportive strategies.

METHODS

The 2004 and 2015 mortality statistics in China were accessed. The standardized mortality rates of the two periods were used to calculate the ratio of change (RC) value to assess the risk of death associated with time (social development with time) for cancers. The role of age in mortality with time was evaluated by the interaction between time and age using a Poisson regression.

RESULTS

In ascending order of RC, the factors were uterus; other malignant neoplasms; esophagus; stomach; skin; liver; leukemia; "lip, oral cavity, and pharynx"; bladder; "colon and rectum"; breast; prostate; lung; ovary; pancreas; "lymphoid, hematopoietic, and related tissue"; and cervix cancers. According to their location on the scatter diagram, the 17 neoplasms could be divided into three groups, comprising undeveloped cancers (including four cancers), developed cancers (including three cancers), and cancers insensitive to social development. Unexpectedly, about 60% (as assessed by type of cancer) and two-thirds (as assessed by constituent ratio of death from all cancers) of cancers did not change with time.

CONCLUSIONS

Most cancers may be insensitive to social development. Internal factors, including aging, may be a key factor for the occurrence of cancer.

An Angle Compared Index with Hybrid of Changes in the Ratio and Amplitude for Quantitative Evaluation of Disease Risk, Biological Function, and Biomarker Efficacy

Objective

The purpose of this study was to describe variations of different cardinal frequency by using angle compared index (ACI).

Methods

The basic principle of the analysis model is to comprehensively consider changes in both the ratio and absolute value as follows: ACI = arctan {Pd⁎(1-Pc) / [Pc⁎(1-Pd)]} + arctan (Pd - Pc) - 45, where Pd represent percentage of disease occurrence in disease group and Pc represent that in control group. The range of ACI was (0~90). Thus, ACIs from different cardinal frequency are comparable.

Results

When biomarkers with similar ratio value, absolute value, or ACI but different positive frequencies were combined, although three indexes (ratio value, absolute value, or ACI) increased after two single biomarkers were combined, only ACI increased with similar amplitudes after two single biomarkers with the same ACI at different positive frequencies were combined.

Conclusion

The ACI provides a better understanding power of biomarker and may be a relatively good index for evaluating the complex events represented by different cardinal frequency from new systems.

Genetic risk analysis for an individual according to the theory of programmed onset, illustrated by lung and liver cancers

OBJECTIVE

To investigate cancer association in the genome and the genetic risk of death from major cancers according to the theory of programmed onset for an individual.

METHODS

Alleles of 15 randomly selected short tandem repeat (STR) loci, including D6S1043, D12S391, CSF1PO, D7S820, D2S1338, D3S1358, vWA, FGA, D8S1179, D21S11, D18S51, D5S818, D13S317, D16S539 and D19S433, were determined in 50 patients with lung cancer and 50 patients with liver cancer. The onset age of patients with and without the alleles was compared with Cox regression. Frequencies of significant alleles from Cox regression between the cancer group and control population were analysed through logistic regression for cross-validation. The death probability in an individual carrying two or one of two cancer-related alleles or not carrying two cancer-related alleles was calculated with outcomes of case-control studies translated into the results of the cohort studies.

RESULTS

It was confirmed that D18S51-20 was a lung cancer-related allele and that D21S11-30.2 and D6S1043-18 were liver cancer-related alleles. Probabilities of death from lung or liver cancers ranged from 0.115 to 0.395, respectively, for those who carry and/or do not carry D18S51-20, D21S11-30.2, D6S1043-18.

CONCLUSIONS

A more efficient method could be devised for genetic risk analysis according to the theory of programmed onset. The analysis of the CODIS-STR loci (STR loci listed in the US combined DNA indexing system) as genetic markers may provide an efficient and reliable approach to estimate an individual's genetic predisposition.