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Sui JY, Eichenfield DZ, Sun BK. The role of enhancers in psoriasis and atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2023; 190:10-19. [PMID: 37658835 DOI: 10.1093/bjd/ljad321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory elements, particularly enhancers, play a crucial role in disease susceptibility and progression. Enhancers are DNA sequences that activate gene expression and can be affected by epigenetic modifications, interactions with transcription factors (TFs) or changes to the enhancer DNA sequence itself. Altered enhancer activity impacts gene expression and contributes to disease. In this review, we define enhancers and the experimental techniques used to identify and characterize them. We also discuss recent studies that examine how enhancers contribute to atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis. Articles in the PubMed database were identified (from 1 January 2010 to 28 February 2023) that were relevant to enhancer variants, enhancer-associated TFs and enhancer histone modifications in psoriasis or AD. Most enhancers associated with these conditions regulate genes affecting epidermal homeostasis or immune function. These discoveries present potential therapeutic targets to complement existing treatment options for AD and psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Y Sui
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, CA, USA
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Dawn Z Eichenfield
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, CA, USA
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Dermatology, Rady Children's Hospital of San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Bryan K Sun
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Diego School of Medicine, CA, USA
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Genetic polymorphism (rs6587666) in FLG protects from eczema in admixed Brazilian children population with high African ancestry. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13659. [PMID: 36865480 PMCID: PMC9970909 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic variants in filaggrin (FLG) are key in eczema and are less common in Africans than in Europeans and Asians. Here we examined the association between FLG Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) and eczema in a population of admixed Brazilian children and whether African ancestry modifies this association. We included 1010 controls and 137 cases and ran logistic regressions between SNPs in FLG and eczema in the studied population and also stratified the analyses according to the degree of African ancestry. In addition, we tested the replication of the findings on an independent set of individuals, as well as, we verified the impact on FLG expression according to each SNP genotype. The T allele of SNP rs6587666 was negatively associated with eczema in additive model (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.47-0.93, P: 0.017). Moreover, African ancestry modifies the association between rs6587666 and eczema. The effect of the T allele was higher among individuals with higher African ancestry and the association with eczema was lost in individuals with lower African ancestry. In our analyses the expression of FLG in skin was slightly downregulated by the presence of the T allele of rs6587666. In our population, the T allele of rs6587666 in FLG was associated with protection to eczema and the degree of African ancestry was able to modify the observed association.
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Wall Teichoic Acid in Staphylococcus aureus Host Interaction. Trends Microbiol 2020; 28:985-998. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2020.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Mu Z, Zhang J. The Role of Genetics, the Environment, and Epigenetics in Atopic Dermatitis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1253:107-140. [PMID: 32445093 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3449-2_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Atopic Dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory disease with a genetic background. The prevalence of AD has been increasing in many countries. AD patients often have manifestations of pruritus, generalized skin dryness, and eczematous lesions. The pathogenesis of AD is complicated. The impaired skin barrier and immune imbalance play significant roles in the development of AD. Environmental factors such as allergens and pollutants are associated with the increasing prevalence. Many genetic and environmental factors induce a skin barrier deficiency, and this can lead to immune imbalance, which exacerbates the impaired skin barrier to form a vicious cycle (outside-inside-outside view). Genetic studies find many gene mutations and genetic variants, such as filaggrin mutations, which may directly induce the deficiency of the skin barrier and immune system. Epigenetic studies provide a connection between the relationship of an impaired skin barrier and immune and environmental factors, such as tobacco exposure, pollutants, microbes, and diet and nutrients. AD is a multigene disease, and thus there are many targets for regulation of expression of these genes which may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD. However, the epigenetic regulation of environmental factors in AD pathogenesis still needs to be further researched.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhanglei Mu
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jianzhong Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China.
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Martin MJ, Estravís M, García-Sánchez A, Dávila I, Isidoro-García M, Sanz C. Genetics and Epigenetics of Atopic Dermatitis: An Updated Systematic Review. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E442. [PMID: 32325630 PMCID: PMC7231115 DOI: 10.3390/genes11040442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis is a common inflammatory skin disorder that affects up to 15-20% of the population and is characterized by recurrent eczematous lesions with intense itching. As a heterogeneous disease, multiple factors have been suggested to explain the nature of atopic dermatitis (AD), and its high prevalence makes it necessary to periodically compile and update the new information available. In this systematic review, the focus is set at the genetic and epigenetic studies carried out in the last years. METHODS A systematic literature review was conducted in three scientific publication databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Scopus). The search was restricted to publications indexed from July 2016 to December 2019, and keywords related to atopic dermatitis genetics and epigenetics were used. RESULTS A total of 73 original papers met the inclusion criteria established, including 9 epigenetic studies. A total of 62 genes and 5 intergenic regions were described as associated with AD. CONCLUSION Filaggrin (FLG) polymorphisms are confirmed as key genetic determinants for AD development, but also epigenetic regulation and other genes with functions mainly related to the immune system and extracellular matrix, reinforcing the notion of skin homeostasis breakage in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J Martin
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (M.E.); (I.D.); (C.S.)
- Network for Cooperative Research in Health–RETICS ARADyAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Miguel Estravís
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (M.E.); (I.D.); (C.S.)
- Network for Cooperative Research in Health–RETICS ARADyAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostics Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Asunción García-Sánchez
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (M.E.); (I.D.); (C.S.)
- Network for Cooperative Research in Health–RETICS ARADyAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostics Sciences, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ignacio Dávila
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (M.E.); (I.D.); (C.S.)
- Network for Cooperative Research in Health–RETICS ARADyAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Immunoallergy, Salamanca University Hospital, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - María Isidoro-García
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (M.E.); (I.D.); (C.S.)
- Network for Cooperative Research in Health–RETICS ARADyAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Catalina Sanz
- Institute for Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (M.J.M.); (M.E.); (I.D.); (C.S.)
- Network for Cooperative Research in Health–RETICS ARADyAL, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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Zhu Y, Li S, Sun Y, Wu J, Xiong Z, Jin T, Jia H, Yang X. IL1R1 Polymorphisms are Associated with Lumbar Disc Herniation Risk in the Northwestern Chinese Han Population. Med Sci Monit 2019; 25:3728-3738. [PMID: 31104063 PMCID: PMC6540620 DOI: 10.12659/msm.913563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to assess the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL1R1 with the risk of lumbar disc herniation (LDH) in the Han population in northwest China. Material/Methods To estimate the association of IL1R1 polymorphisms with LDH risk, Agena MassARRAY was used to determine the genotypes of 498 LDH patients and 463 controls. The association between IL1R1 variants and LDH risk was examined by logistic regression analysis with adjustments for age and gender. Stratification analysis was observed between gender and age with polymorphisms of IL1R1. Haplotype construction and analysis in IL1R1 were also applied to detect the potential association. Results The mutant homozygous genotype in codominant model (AA versus GG, OR=2.37, 95% CI: 1.08–5.21, P=0.001) and in recessive model (AA versus GG/GA, OR=2.82, 95% CI: 1.30–6.12, P=0.005) of rs956730 were associated with an increased LDH risk in males, while rs956730 heterozygous genotype under codominant model (AG versus GG, OR=0.65, 95% CI: 0.46–0.92, P=0.001) was a protective genotype in males. In addition, the recessive model (CT/CC versus TT, OR=3.43, 95% CI: 1.11–10.57, P=0.020) of rs10490571 was associated with an increased LDH risk among people older than 50 years of age. Conclusions This study demonstrated that genetic variants in the IL1R1 genes were associated with LDH risk in the Han population of northwestern China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China (mainland)
| | - Shunan Li
- The Hohhot First Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China (mainland)
| | - Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Jiamin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Zichao Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Tianbo Jin
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China (Northwest University), Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China (mainland)
| | - Haiyu Jia
- The Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China (mainland)
| | - Xuejun Yang
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China (mainland)
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Langerhans Cells Sense Staphylococcus aureus Wall Teichoic Acid through Langerin To Induce Inflammatory Responses. mBio 2019; 10:mBio.00330-19. [PMID: 31088921 PMCID: PMC6520447 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.00330-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus is an important cause of skin infections and is also associated with the occurrence and severity of eczema. Langerhans cells (LCs), a specific subset of skin immune cells, participate in the immune response to S. aureus, but it is yet unclear how LCs recognize S. aureus. Therefore, we investigated the molecular mechanism underlying the interaction between LCs and S. aureus. We identified that wall teichoic acid, an abundant polymer on the S. aureus surface, is recognized by langerin, a receptor unique to LCs. This interaction allows LCs to discriminate S. aureus from other related staphylococcal species and initiates a proinflammatory response similar to that observed in patients with eczema. Our data therefore provide important new insights into the relationship between S. aureus, LCs, and eczema. Staphylococcus aureus is a major cause of skin and soft tissue infections and aggravator of the inflammatory skin disease atopic dermatitis (AD [eczema]). Epicutaneous exposure to S. aureus induces Th17 responses through skin Langerhans cells (LCs), which paradoxically contribute to host defense but also to AD pathogenesis. The molecular mechanisms underlying the interaction between S. aureus and LCs are poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that human LCs directly interact with S. aureus through the pattern recognition receptor langerin (CD207). Human, but not mouse, langerin interacts with S. aureus through the conserved β-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) modifications on wall teichoic acid (WTA), thereby discriminating S. aureus from other staphylococcal species. Importantly, the specific S. aureus WTA glycoprofile strongly influences the level of proinflammatory cytokines that are produced by in vitro-generated LCs. Finally, in a murine epicutaneous infection model, S. aureus strongly upregulated transcripts of Cxcl1, Il6, and Il17, which required the presence of both human langerin and WTA β-GlcNAc. Our findings provide molecular insight into the unique proinflammatory capacities of S. aureus in relation to skin inflammation.
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