Associations of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) gene variants with predisposition to age-related macular degeneration

Genetic Insights into Age-Related Macular Degeneration

One of the major causes of vision impairment among elderly people in developed nations is age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The distinctive features of AMD are the accumulation of extracellular deposits called drusen and the gradual deterioration of photoreceptors and nearby tissues in the macula. AMD is a complex and multifaceted disease influenced by several factors such as aging, environmental risk factors, and a person's genetic susceptibility to the condition. The interaction among these factors leads to the initiation and advancement of AMD, where genetic predisposition plays a crucial role. With the advent of high-throughput genotyping technologies, many novel genetic loci associated with AMD have been identified, enhancing our knowledge of its genetic architecture. The common genetic variants linked to AMD are found on chromosome 1q32 (in the complement factor H gene) and 10q26 (age-related maculopathy susceptibility 2 and high-temperature requirement A serine peptidase 1 genes) loci, along with several other risk variants. This review summarizes the common genetic variants of complement pathways, lipid metabolism, and extracellular matrix proteins associated with AMD risk, highlighting the intricate pathways contributing to AMD pathogenesis. Knowledge of the genetic underpinnings of AMD will allow for the future development of personalized diagnostics and targeted therapeutic interventions, paving the way for more effective management of AMD and improved outcomes for affected individuals.

Protocol for HiBiT tagging endogenous proteins using CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing

We present a method of in vitro/in vivo protein detection by pairing CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing with the NanoBiT system. We describe steps for cell culturing, in vitro CRISPR-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein delivery, cell monitoring, efficiency assessments, and edit analysis through HiBiT assays. We then detail procedures to determine edit specificity through genomic DNA analysis, small interfering RNA reverse transfection, and HiBiT blotting. This protocol is simple to execute and multifunctional, and it enables high-throughput screens on endogenous proteins to be conducted with ease.

The Role of Glutathione in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (AMD)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic disease that usually develops in older people. Pathogenetic changes in this disease include anatomical and functional complexes. Harmful factors damage the retina and macula. These changes may lead to partial or total loss of vision. The disease can occur in two clinical forms: dry (the progression is slow and gentle) and exudative (wet-progression is acute and severe), which usually starts in the dry form; however, the coexistence of both forms is possible. The etiology of AMD is not fully understood, and the precise mechanisms of the development of this illness are still unknown. Extensive genetic studies have shown that AMD is a multi-factorial disease and that genetic determinants, along with external and internal environmental and metabolic-functional factors, are important risk factors. This article reviews the role of glutathione (GSH) enzymes engaged in maintaining the reduced form and polymorphism in glutathione S-transferase theta-1 (GSTT1) and glutathione S-transferase mu-1 (GSTM1) in the development of AMD. We only chose papers that confirmed the influence of the parameters on the development of AMD. Because GSH is the most important antioxidant in the eye, it is important to know the influence of the enzymes and genetic background to ensure an optimal level of glutathione concentration. Numerous studies have been conducted on how the glutathione system works till today. This paper presents the current state of knowledge about the changes in GSH, GST, GR, and GPx in AMD. GST studies clearly show increased activity in ill people, but for GPx, the results relating to activity are not so clear. Depending on the research, the results also suggest higher and lower GPx activity in patients with AMD. The analysis of polymorphisms in GST genes confirmed that mutations lead to weaker antioxidant barriers and may contribute to the development of AMD; unfortunately, a meta-analysis and some research did not confirm that connection. Unspecific results of many of the parameters that make up the glutathione system show many unknowns. It is so important to conduct further research to understand the exact mechanism of defense functions of glutathione against oxidative stress in the human eye.

Relative Leukocyte Telomere Length and Genetic Variants in Telomere-Related Genes and Serum Levels Role in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Telomere shortening is well known to be associated with ageing. Age is the most decisive risk factor for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) development. The older the individual, the higher the AMD risk. For this reason, we aimed to find any associations between telomere length, distribution of genetic variants in telomere-related genes (TERT, TERT-CLPTM1, TRF1, TRF2, and TNKS2), and serum TERF-1 and TERF2 levels on AMD development.

METHODS

Our study enrolled 342 patients with AMD and 177 healthy controls. Samples of DNA from peripheral blood leukocytes were extracted by DNA salting-out method. The genotyping of TERT rs2736098, rs401681 in TERT-CLPTM1 locus, TRF1 rs1545827, rs10107605, TNKS2 rs10509637, rs10509639, and TRF2 rs251796 and relative leukocyte telomere length (T/S) measurement were carried out using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Serum TERF-1 and TERF2 levels were measured by enzymatic immunoassay (ELISA).

RESULTS

We found longer telomeres in early AMD patients compared to the control group. Additionally, we revealed that minor allele C at TRF1 rs10107605 was associated with decreases the odds of both early and exudative AMD. Each minor allele G at TRF2 rs251796 and TRF1 rs1545827 C/T genotype and C/T+T/T genotypes, compared to the C/C genotype, increases the odds of having shorter telomeres. Furthermore, we found elevated TERF1 serum levels in the early AMD group compared to the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

In conclusion, these results suggest that relative leukocyte telomere length and genetic variants of TRF1 and TRF2 play a role in AMD development. Additionally, TERF1 is likely to be associated with early AMD.

SIRT1: Genetic Variants and Serum Levels in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Background: The aim of this paper was to determine the frequency of SIRT1 rs3818292, rs3758391, rs7895833 single nucleotide polymorphism genotypes and SIRT1 serum levels associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the Lithuanian population. Methods: Genotyping of SIRT1 rs3818292, rs3758391 and rs7895833 was performed using RT-PCR. SIRT1 serum level was determined using the ELISA method. Results: We found that rs3818292 and rs7895833 were associated with an increased risk of developing exudative AMD. Additional sex-differentiated analysis revealed only rs7895833 was associated with an increased risk of developing exudative AMD in women after strict Bonferroni correction. The analysis also revealed that individuals carrying rs3818292, rs3758391 and rs7895833 haplotype G-T-G are associated with increased odds of exudative AMD. Still, the rare haplotypes were associated with the decreased odds of exudative AMD. After performing an analysis of serum SIRT1 levels and SIRT1 genetic variant, we found that carriers of the SIRT1 rs3818292 minor allele G had higher serum SIRT1 levels than the AA genotype. In addition, individuals carrying at least one SIRT1 rs3758391 T allele also had elevated serum SIRT1 levels compared with individuals with the wild-type CC genotype. Conclusions: Our study showed that the SIRT1 polymorphisms rs3818292 and rs7895833 and rs3818292-rs3758391-rs7895833 haplotype G-T-G could be associated with the development of exudative AMD. Also, two SNPs (rs3818292 and rs3758391) are associated with elevated SIRT1 levels.

Long-term Benefits and Harms Associated With Genetic Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein Deficiency in the General Population

Importance

The balance between the potential long-term clinical benefits and harms associated with genetic cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) deficiency, mimicking pharmacologic CETP inhibition, is unknown.

Objective

To assess the relative benefits and harms associated with genetic CETP deficiency.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This study examined 2 similar prospective cohorts of the Danish general population, with data on a total of 102 607 participants collected from October 10, 1991, through December 7, 2018.

Exposures

Weighted CETP allele scores.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Incident cardiovascular mortality, ischemic heart disease, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, peripheral arterial disease, vascular dementia, Alzheimer disease, all-cause mortality, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD). The study first tested whether a CETP allele score was associated with morbidity and mortality, when scaled to genetically lower levels of non-high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol (ie, 17 mg/dL), corresponding to the reduction observed for anacetrapib vs placebo in the Randomized Evaluation of the Effects of Anacetrapib Through Lipid-Modification (REVEAL) trial. Second, the study assessed how much of the change in morbidity and mortality was associated with genetically lower levels of non-HDL cholesterol. Finally, the balance between the potential long-term clinical benefits and harms associated with genetic CETP deficiency was quantified. For AMD, the analyses also included higher levels of HDL cholesterol associated with genetic CETP deficiency.

Results

Of 102 607 individuals in the study, 56 559 (55%) were women (median age, 58 years [IQR, 47-67 years]). Multivariable adjusted hazard ratios showed that a genetically lower level of non-HDL cholesterol (ie, 17 mg/dL) was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 0.77 [95% CI, 0.62-0.95]), ischemic heart disease (HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.68-0.95]), myocardial infarction (HR, 0.72 [95% CI, 0.55-0.93]), peripheral arterial disease (HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.63-1.02]), and vascular dementia (HR, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.18-0.80]) and an increased risk of AMD (HR, 2.33 [95% CI, 1.63-3.30]) but was not associated with all-cause mortality (HR, 0.91 [95% CI, 0.81-1.02]), ischemic stroke (HR, 1.05 [95% CI, 0.81-1.36]), or Alzheimer disease (HR, 1.25 [95% CI, 0.89-1.76]). When scaled to a higher level of HDL cholesterol, the increased risk of AMD was even larger. A considerable fraction of the lower risk of cardiovascular end points was associated with genetically lower levels of non-HDL cholesterol, while the higher risk of AMD was associated with genetically higher levels of HDL cholesterol. Per 1 million person-years, the projected 1916 more AMD events associated with genetically higher levels of HDL cholesterol was similar to the 1962 fewer events of cardiovascular mortality and myocardial infarction combined associated with genetically lower levels of non-HDL cholesterol.

Conclusions and Relevance

This study suggests that genetic CETP deficiency, mimicking pharmacologic CETP inhibition, was associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, but with a markedly higher risk of AMD.

The Role of SNPs in IL1RL1 and IL1RAP Genes in Age-related Macular Degeneration Development and Treatment Efficacy

BACKGROUND

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affects the central part of the retina and causes blindness. In developed countries, AMD occurs in people over 50 years old. Important factors for AMD pathogenesis are an immune response, inflammation, and genetic factors. This study aimed to determine the impact of IL1RL1 rs1041973 and IL1RAP rs4624606 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the occurrence of AMD and the outcome of treatment with aflibercept and bevacizumab.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

563 patients with AMD and 281 healthy candidates were evaluated. Patients with exudative AMD were treated with intravitreal bevacizumab and aflibercept and, after 6 months based on the changes in best-corrected visual acuity and central macular thickness, were classified as 'responders' or 'poor-responders'. Genotyping of IL1RL1 rs1041973 and IL1RAP rs4624606 was accomplished using real-time PCR. Age was compared using the Mann-Whitney U-test. Categorical data (gender, genotype, and allele distributions) compared between groups using the χ² test or the Fisher's exact test. Associations of gene polymorphisms were calculated using logistic regression analysis with adjustment for age in exudative and atrophic AMD analysis. An adjusted significance threshold for multiple comparisons α=0.025 was applied.

RESULTS

Statistically significant differences in the distribution of IL1RAP rs4624606 genotypes (TT, TA and AA) were found between males with atrophic AMD and controls: 50%, 42.9% and 7.1% vs. 69.7%, 30.3% and 0%, respectively, p=0.015. Moreover, we found that 'responders' had a significantly better best-corrected visual acuity than 'poor-responders' before treatment (p=0.032). The central macular thickness was significantly lower in exudative AMD patients with IL1RL1 rs1041973 AA genotype than in wild type and heterozygous (CC+CA) genotype carriers before treatment (p=0.017).

CONCLUSION

IL1RAP rs4624606 may be associated with atrophic AMD in males while IL1RL1 rs1041973 may play a protective role against macular thickening in exudative AMD patients.

Association of Leukocyte Telomere Length and Genes Involved in its Regulation With Oral Carcinoma

BACKGROUND/AIM

This study aimed to determine the relationship between the relative leukocyte telomere length (RLTL) and gene polymorphisms involved in its regulation with the occurrence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC).

PATIENTS AND METHODS

Patients with OSCC and healthy subjects were examined. Genotyping and RLTL measurement were carried out using rPCR.

RESULTS

The OSCC group had longer telomeres than controls (p=0.001). Minor allele T at TERF1rs1545827 may increase RLTL shortening (p=0.047). TNKS2rs10509639 A/G and A/G+G/G genotypes were associated with a 2.6-fold increased odd (p=0.012) and a 2.4-fold increased odd (p=0.019) of RLTL elongation compared to A/A genotype. The A/G genotype was associated with a 2.6-fold increased odd (p=0.011) compared to the A/A+G/G genotypes. Each G allele was associated with a 2.1-fold increased odd of longer RLTL (p=0.036).

CONCLUSION

Longer telomeres were found in patients with OSCC than in controls. The TERF1 rs1545827 and the TNKS2 rs10509639 polymorphisms were associated with an increase in RLTL.

IL-9 and IL-10 Single-Nucleotide Variants and Serum Levels in Age-Related Macular Degeneration in the Caucasian Population

Considering the immunological impairment in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), we aimed to determine the associations of IL-9 rs1859430, rs2069870, rs11741137, rs2069885, and rs2069884 and IL-10 rs1800871, rs1800872, and rs1800896 polymorphisms and their haplotypes, as well as the serum levels of IL-9 and IL-10 with AMD. 1209 participants were enrolled in our study. SNPs were genotyped using TaqMan SNP genotyping assays by real-time PCR method. IL-9 and IL-10 serum levels were evaluated using ELISA kits. Our study results have shown that haplotypes A-G-C-G-G and G-A-T-A-T of IL-9 SNPs are associated with the decreased odds of early AMD occurrence (p = 0.035 and p = 0.015, respectively). A set of rare haplotypes was associated with the decreased odds of exudative AMD occurrence (p = 0.033). Also, IL-10 serum levels were lower in exudative AMD than in controls (p = 0.049), patients with early AMD (p = 0.017), and atrophic AMD (p = 0.008). Furthermore, exudative AMD patients with IL-10 rs1800896 CT and TT genotypes had lower IL-10 serum concentrations than those with wild-type (CC) genotype (p = 0.048). In conclusion, our study suggests that IL-10 serum levels can be associated with a minor allele at IL-10 rs1800896 and exudative AMD. The haplotypes of IL-9 SNPs were also associated with the decreased odds of early and exudative AMD.

Pathogenesis of premature coronary artery disease: Focus on risk factors and genetic variants

The development of premature coronary artery disease (PCAD) is dependent on both genetic predisposition and traditional risk factors. Strategies for unraveling the genetic basis of PCAD have evolved with the advent of modern technologies. Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have identified a considerable number of common genetic variants that are associated with PCAD. Most of these genetic variants are attributable to lipid and blood pressure-related single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The genetic variants that predispose individuals to developing PCAD may depend on race and ethnicity. Some characteristic genetic variants have been identified in Chinese populations. Although translating this genetic knowledge into clinical applications is still challenging, these genetic variants can be used for CAD phenotype identification, genetic prediction and therapy. In this article we will provide a comprehensive review of genetic variants detected by GWASs that are predicted to contribute to the development of PCAD. We will highlight recent findings regarding CAD-related genetic variants in Chinese populations and discuss the potential clinical utility of genetic variants for preventing and managing PCAD.

Determination of SIRT1 rs12778366, FGFR2 rs2981582, STAT3 rs744166, and RAGE rs1800625 Single Gene Polymorphisms in Patients with Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Purpose

To determine the frequency of the genotype of signal transducer and activator of transcription protein 3 (STAT3) rs744166, sirtuin (SIRT1) rs12778366, fibroblast growth factor (FGFR2) rs2981582, and advanced glycosylation end product-specific receptor (RAGE) rs1800625 gene polymorphisms in patients with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC).

Methods

A total of 944 subjects were evaluated, which includes 144 patients with LSCC and 800 healthy controls. The genotyping of STAT3 rs744166, SIRT1 rs12778366, FGFR2 rs2981582, and RAGE rs1800625 was carried out using the RT-PCR.

Results

The analysis of STAT3 rs744166, SIRT1 rs12778366, and FGFR2 rs2981582 gene polymorphisms did not reveal any differences in genotype distribution between the patients with LSCC and the control subjects. However, statistical analysis revealed that genotypes (AA, AG, and GG) of rs1800625 in RAGE gene were distributed statistically significantly differently between patients and controls (61.1%, 30.6%, and 23.6% vs. 72.5%, 25.8%, and 1.8%, respectively; p < 0.001). Additionally, statistical significance was observed in allele distribution between these two groups, i.e., allele G at rs1800625 was more frequently observed in the patient group than in controls (23.6% vs. 14.6%; p < 0.001).

Conclusion

RAGE rs1800625 gene polymorphism may play a significant role in laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma development.

Haplotypes of HTRA1 rs1120638, TIMP3 rs9621532, VEGFA rs833068, CFI rs10033900, ERCC6 rs3793784, and KCTD10 rs56209061 Gene Polymorphisms in Age-Related Macular Degeneration

BACKGROUND

To determine the impact of HTRA1 rs1120638, TIMP3 rs9621532, VEGFA rs833068, CFI rs10033900, ERCC6 rs3793784, and KCTD10 rs56209061 genotypes on the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in the Lithuanian population.

METHODS

A total of 916 subjects were examined: 309 patients with early AMD, 301 patients with exudative AMD, and 306 healthy controls. The genotyping of HTRA1 rs11200638, TIMP3 rs9621532, VEGFA rs833068, CFI rs10033900, ERCC6 rs3793784, and KCTD10 rs56209061 was carried out using the RT-PCR method.

RESULTS

Our study showed that single-nucleotide polymorphisms rs3793784 and rs11200638 were associated with increased odds of early and exudative AMD, and the variant in KCTD10 (rs56209061) was found to be associated with decreased odds of early and exudative AMD development after adjustments for age and gender in early AMD analysis and after adjustments only for age in exudative AMD. The haplotype containing two minor alleles C-A and the G-A haplotype in rs3793784-rs11200638 were statistically significantly associated with an increased risk of exudative AMD development after adjustment for age, while the G-G haplotype showed a protective role against early and exudative AMD and the haplotype C-G in rs3793784-rs11200638 was associated with a decreased risk only of exudative AMD development.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study identified two markers, rs11200638 and rs3793784, as risk factors for early and exudative AMD, and one marker, rs56209061, as a protective factor for early and exudative AMD development. The haplotypes constructed of rs3793784-rs11200638 were found to be associated with AMD development, as well.

RAD51B (rs8017304 and rs2588809), TRIB1 (rs6987702, rs4351379, and rs4351376), COL8A1 (rs13095226), and COL10A1 (rs1064583) Gene Variants with Predisposition to Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Background

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease of a central part of the neural retina (macula) and a leading cause of blindness in elderly people. While it is known that the AMD is a multifactorial disease, genetic factors involved in lipid metabolism, inflammation, and neovascularization are currently being widely studied in genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The aim of our study was to evaluate the impact of new single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in RAD51B, TRIB1, COL8A1, and COL10A1 genes on AMD development.

Methods

Case-control study involved 254 patients diagnosed with early AMD, 244 patients with exudative AMD, and 942 control subjects. The genotyping of RAD51B (rs8017304 and rs2588809), TRIB1 (rs6987702, rs4351379, and rs4351376), COL8A1 (rs13095226), and COL10A1 (rs1064583) was carried out using TaqMan assays by a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method.

Results

Statistically significant difference was found in genotype (TT, TC, and CC) distribution of COL8A1 rs13095226 between exudative AMD and control groups (60.2%, 33.6%, and 6.1% vs. 64.9%, 32.3%, and 2.9%, respectively, p = 0.036). Also, comparing with TT+TC, rs13095226 CC genotype was associated with 3.5-fold increased odds of exudative AMD development (OR = 3.540; 95% CI: 1.415-8.856; p = 0.007).

Conclusion

Our study revealed a strong association between a variant in COL8A1 (rs13095226) and exudative AMD development.

Triacylglycerol-Lowering Effect of Docosahexaenoic Acid Is Not Influenced by Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms Involved in Lipid Metabolism in Humans

The triacylglycerol (TAG)-lowering effects of long-chain n-3 fatty acids, and in particular docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), are well documented, although these effects manifest large interindividual variability. The objective of this secondary analysis is to investigate whether common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in genes involved in DHA synthesis and TAG metabolism are associated with the responsiveness of blood lipids, lipoprotein, and apolipoprotein concentration to dietary treatment by DHA supplied in high-oleic canola oil (HOCO). In a randomized, crossover-controlled feeding trial, 129 subjects with metabolic syndrome received high-oleic canola oil (HOCO) and high-oleic canola oil supplemented with DHA (HOCO-DHA), each for 4 weeks. During the HOCO-DHA phase, the intake of DHA ranged from 1 to 2.5 g/day. The subjects were genotyped for apolipoprotein E (APOE) isoforms, and SNP including FADS1-rs174561, FADS2-rs174583, ELOVL2-rs953413, ELOVL5-rs2397142, CETP-rs5882, SCD1-rs2234970, PPARA-rs6008259, and LIPF-rs814628 were selected as important genes controlling fatty acid metabolism. Overall, consumption of HOCO-DHA oil reduced blood concentrations of TAG by 24% compared to HOCO oil. The reduction in TAG was independent of genetic variations in the studied genes. Similarly, no treatment-by-gene interactions were evident in the response to other lipids, lipoproteins, or apolipoproteins to DHA supplementation. Nevertheless, a lower interindividual variation in the TAG response to DHA supplementation compared to other studies was observed in this analysis. The TAG-lowering effect of a supplemental body-weight-based dose of DHA was not influenced by genetic variations in APOE, FADS1, FADS2, ELOVL2, ELOVL5, CETP, SCD1, PPARA, and LIPF.

Association of Genes in the High-Density Lipoprotein Metabolic Pathway with Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy in Asian Population: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Purpose

To assess the association of genes in the high-density lipoprotein metabolic pathway (HDLMP) with polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) and the genetic difference in the HDLMP between PCV and age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Methods

We performed a literature search in EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science for genetic studies on 7 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from 5 genes in the HDLMP including cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP), hepatic lipase (LIPC), lipoprotein lipase (LPL), ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), and ATP-binding cassette transporter G1 (ABCG1) in PCV. All studies were published before September 30, 2017, without language restriction. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of each polymorphism were estimated. We also compared the association profiles between PCV and AMD and performed a sensitivity analysis.

Results

Our result is based on 43 articles. After excluding duplicates and articles without complete information, 7 studies were applicable to meta-analysis. 7 polymorphisms were meta-analyzed: CETP rs2303790/rs3764261, LIPC rs10468017/rs493258, LPL rs12678919, ABCA1 rs1883025, and ABCG1 rs57137919. We found that in Asian population, CETP rs3764261 (T allele; OR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.28–1.665, P < 0.01), CETP rs2303790 (G allele; OR = 1.57; 95% CI: 1.258–1.96, P < 0.01), and ABCG1 rs57137919 (A allele; OR = 1.168; 95% CI: 1.016–1.343, P < 0.01) were significantly associated with PCV, and ABCG1 rs57137919 (A allele; OR = 1.208, 95% CI: 1.035–1.411, P < 0.01) has different effects in PCV and AMD. The other 4 polymorphisms in LIPC/LPL/ABCA1 had no significant association with PCV (P > 0.05). The sensitivity analysis validated the significance of our analysis.

Conclusions

Our study revealed 7 polymorphisms in 5 genes. Among them, CETP (rs3764261/rs2303790) and ABCG1 (rs57137919) were the major susceptibility genes for PCV in Asian population and ABCG1 (rs57137919) showed allelic diversity between PCV and AMD. Since the size for PCV and AMD was small, we need to study these genes genotyping in larger samples.