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He D, Sun H, Zhang M, Li Y, Liu F, Zhang Y, He M, Ban B. Clinical Manifestations, Genetic Variants and Therapeutic Evaluation in Sporadic Chinese Patients with Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism. Int J Gen Med 2023; 16:4429-4439. [PMID: 37799300 PMCID: PMC10547821 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s430904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Genetic factors account for a large proportion of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) etiologies, although not necessarily a complete genetic basis. This study aimed to characterize the clinical presentations, genetic variants, and therapeutic outcomes of patients with sporadic IHH, which may be helpful for genetic counseling and treatment decisions. Patients and Methods Eleven Chinese patients with IHH were retrospectively analyzed. Rare genetic variants were evaluated using whole-exome sequencing and bioinformatics analysis and were further classified according to the ACMG-AMP guidelines. The therapeutic responses of patients were further evaluated. Results Six heterozygous variants of SOX10, WDR11, PROKR2, CHD7 and FGF17 were detected in five Kallmann syndrome (KS) patients, whereas two heterozygous variants of CHD7 and PROKR2 were detected in two normosmic IHH (nIHH) patients. Among these variants, a novel likely pathogenic variant in the SOX10 (c.429-1G>C) was considered to cause the KS phenotype in patient 02, and two potential variants of uncertain significance (VUS) in CHD7 (c.3344G>A and c.7391A>G) possibly contributed to the KS phenotype in patient 05 and the nIHH phenotype in patient 07, which need to be confirmed by further evidence. Additionally, long-term testosterone or estradiol replacement treatment effectively improved the development of sexual characteristics in patients with IHH. Conclusion Next-generation sequencing is a powerful tool for identifying the molecular etiology and early diagnosis of IHH. Efficient therapeutic outcomes strongly indicate a need for timely treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongye He
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272029, People’s Republic of China
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hailing Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272029, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Research Center for Behavior Medicine in Growth and Development, Jining, 272029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanying Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272029, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Research Center for Behavior Medicine in Growth and Development, Jining, 272029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fupeng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272029, People’s Republic of China
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanhong Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272029, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Research Center for Behavior Medicine in Growth and Development, Jining, 272029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mingming He
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272029, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bo Ban
- Department of Endocrinology, Genetics and Metabolism, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272029, People’s Republic of China
- Medical Research Center, Affiliated Hospital of Jining Medical University, Jining, 272029, People’s Republic of China
- Chinese Research Center for Behavior Medicine in Growth and Development, Jining, 272029, People’s Republic of China
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2
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Deller M, Gellrich J, Lohrer EC, Schriever VA. Genetics of congenital olfactory dysfunction: a systematic review of the literature. Chem Senses 2022; 47:6847567. [PMID: 36433800 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjac028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfaction, as one of our 5 senses, plays an important role in our daily lives. It is connected to proper nutrition, social interaction, and protection mechanisms. Disorders affecting this sense consequently also affect the patients' general quality of life. Because the underlying genetics of congenital olfactory disorders (COD) have not been thoroughly investigated yet, this systematic review aimed at providing information on genes that have previously been reported to be mutated in patients suffering from COD. This was achieved by systematically reviewing existing literature on 3 databases, namely PubMed, Ovid Medline, and ISI Web of Science. Genes and the type of disorder, that is, isolated and/or syndromic COD were included in this study, as were the patients' associated abnormal features, which were categorized according to the affected organ(-system). Our research yielded 82 candidate genes/chromosome loci for isolated and/or syndromic COD. Our results revealed that the majority of these are implicated in syndromic COD, a few accounted for syndromic and isolated COD, and the least underly isolated COD. Most commonly, structures of the central nervous system displayed abnormalities. This study is meant to assist clinicians in determining the type of COD and detecting potentially abnormal features in patients with confirmed genetic variations. Future research will hopefully expand this list and thereby further improve our understanding of COD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Deller
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janine Gellrich
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Elisabeth C Lohrer
- Abteilung Neuropädiatrie Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany
| | - Valentin A Schriever
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Department of Pediatric Neurology, Berlin, Germany.,Abteilung Neuropädiatrie Medizinische Fakultät Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität, Dresden, Germany.,Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Center for Chronically Sick Children (Sozialpädiatrisches Zentrum, SPZ), Berlin, Germany
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3
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Pingault V, Zerad L, Bertani-Torres W, Bondurand N. SOX10: 20 years of phenotypic plurality and current understanding of its developmental function. J Med Genet 2021; 59:105-114. [PMID: 34667088 PMCID: PMC8788258 DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2021-108105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
SOX10 belongs to a family of 20 SRY (sex-determining region Y)-related high mobility group box-containing (SOX) proteins, most of which contribute to cell type specification and differentiation of various lineages. The first clue that SOX10 is essential for development, especially in the neural crest, came with the discovery that heterozygous mutations occurring within and around SOX10 cause Waardenburg syndrome type 4. Since then, heterozygous mutations have been reported in Waardenburg syndrome type 2 (Waardenburg syndrome type without Hirschsprung disease), PCWH or PCW (peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, central dysmyelination, Waardenburg syndrome, with or without Hirschsprung disease), intestinal manifestations beyond Hirschsprung (ie, chronic intestinal pseudo-obstruction), Kallmann syndrome and cancer. All of these diseases are consistent with the regulatory role of SOX10 in various neural crest derivatives (melanocytes, the enteric nervous system, Schwann cells and olfactory ensheathing cells) and extraneural crest tissues (inner ear, oligodendrocytes). The recent evolution of medical practice in constitutional genetics has led to the identification of SOX10 variants in atypical contexts, such as isolated hearing loss or neurodevelopmental disorders, making them more difficult to classify in the absence of both a typical phenotype and specific expertise. Here, we report novel mutations and review those that have already been published and their functional consequences, along with current understanding of SOX10 function in the affected cell types identified through in vivo and in vitro models. We also discuss research options to increase our understanding of the origin of the observed phenotypic variability and improve the diagnosis and medical care of affected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Pingault
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France .,Service de Génétique des Maladies Rares, AP-HP, Hopital Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | - Lisa Zerad
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - William Bertani-Torres
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
| | - Nadege Bondurand
- Department of Embryology and Genetics of Malformations, INSERM UMR 1163, Université de Paris and Institut Imagine, Paris, France
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4
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Men M, Chen DN, Li JD, Wang X, Zeng W, Jiang F, Zheng R, Dai W. Analysis of PLXNA1, NRP1, and NRP2 variants in a cohort of patients with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2021; 9:e1816. [PMID: 34636164 PMCID: PMC8606218 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is a clinical syndrome described by failure of gonadal function secondary to defects on the synthesis, secretion, or action of the gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH). The secreted glycoprotein SEMA3A binds its receptors NRP1 or NRP2 and PLXNA to participate in axonal projection, dendritic branching, synaptic formation, and neuronal migration. Deficiency in SEMA3A, NRP1, NRP2, and PLXNA1 have been related to abnormal GnRH neuron development in mice and IHH in humans. Methods The aim of this study was to examine the genotypic and phenotypic spectra of the NRP1, NRP2, and PLXNA1 genes in a large cohort of IHH probands from China. We screened NRP1, NRP2, and PLXNA1 variants in Chinese IHH patients by whole exome sequencing and pedigree analysis. Results We identified 10 heterozygous missense variants in PLXNA1, five heterozygous missense variants in NRP1, and two heterozygous missense variants in NRP2. NRP1 variants were found only in IHH patients with defective olfaction (i.e., Kallmann syndrome, KS). In addition, 85% (17/20) of patients harbored variants in other IHH‐associated genes. Conclusion Our study greatly enriched the genotypic and phenotypic spectra of PLXNA1, NRP1, and NRP2 in IHH. It may be conducive to the genetic counseling, diagnosis, and treatment of IHH with mutations in the PLXNA1, NRP1, and NRP2 genes. Furthermore, our results indicated that NRP1 were strongly linked to hearing loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichao Men
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China.,Health Management Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dan-Na Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Da Li
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wang Zeng
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruizhi Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Zhuzhou Hospital Xiangya Medical College, Central South University, Zhuzhou, Hunan, China
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5
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Фролова ЕБ, Петров ВМ, Васильев ЕВ, Макрецкая НA, Пилипенко ОВ, Тюльпаков АН. [Kalmann syndrome in monozygous twins as an isolated manifestation of the SOX10 gene defect]. PROBLEMY ENDOKRINOLOGII 2021; 67:43-47. [PMID: 34766489 PMCID: PMC9112924 DOI: 10.14341/probl12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
More than 30 genes are known to take part in hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis development at the date and role of more than 10 other genes is studied. Despite it about 50% of isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism cases still have no molecular genetic explanation.A number of specific associations between iHH and different not-reproductive manifestations called syndromic forms are distinguished in general group of iHH. For example, the combination of Kalmann syndrome with sensorineural hearing loss is known as manifestation for defects of some genes encoding factors of neuronal migration; in patients with this phenotype CHD7, SOX10 genes defects are most frequent. However, defects in the genes of neuronal migration factors are characterized by a wide variability of phenotype, which is explained by the epigenetic mechanisms influence. Carriers of the mutation within the same family may lack some non-reproductive manifestations as well as hypogonadism.Here we present a case of Kalmann syndrome in monozygous twins, caused by a previously not described heterozygous mutation c.462C> G: p.I154M in the SOX10 gene in the absence of sensorineural hearing loss. The mutation was inherited from a father who has only isolated anosmia in the phenotype. This mutation was identified during full exome sequencing. This unique observation for Russia shows on the one hand expediency to check SOX10 sequence in addition to the other factors of neuronal migration and differentiation and, on the other hand, the prospect of full exome sequencing in a group of patients with undifferentiated iHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Е. Б. Фролова
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр здоровья детей
| | - В. М. Петров
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии
| | - Е. В. Васильев
- Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр эндокринологии
| | | | | | - А. Н. Тюльпаков
- Медико-генетический научный центр им. Н.П. Бочкова; Республиканская детская клиническая больница
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6
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Wakabayashi T, Takei A, Okada N, Shinohara M, Takahashi M, Nagashima S, Okada K, Ebihara K, Ishibashi S. A novel SOX10 nonsense mutation in a patient with Kallmann syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2021; 2021:EDM200145. [PMID: 33913437 PMCID: PMC8115407 DOI: 10.1530/edm-20-0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY The underlying genetic drivers of Kallmann syndrome, a rare genetic disorder characterized by anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to impairment in the development of olfactory axons and in the migration of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH)-producing neurons during embryonic development, remain largely unknown. SOX10, a key transcription factor involved in the development of neural crest cells and established as one of the causative genes of Waardenburg syndrome, has been shown to be a causative gene of Kallmann syndrome. A 17-year-old male patient, who was diagnosed with Waardenburg syndrome on the basis of a hearing impairment and hypopigmented iris at childhood, was referred to our department because of anosmia and delayed puberty. As clinical examination revealed an aplastic olfactory bulb and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, we diagnosed him as having Kallmann syndrome. Incidentally, we elucidated that he also presented with subclinical hypothyroidism without evidence of autoimmune thyroiditis. Direct sequence analysis detected a nonsense SOX10 mutation (c.373C>T, p.Glu125X) in this patient. Since this nonsense mutation has never been published as a germline variant, the SOX10 substitution is a novel mutation that results in Kallmann syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome. This case substantiates the significance of SOX10 as a genetic cause of Kallmann syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome, which possibly share a common pathway in the development of neural crest cells. LEARNING POINTS Kallmann syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome possibly share a common pathway during neural crest cell development. SOX10, a key transcription factor involved in the development of neural crest cells, is a common causative gene of Kallmann syndrome and Waardenburg syndrome. Careful evaluation about various phenotypic features may reveal the unknown genetic drivers of Kallmann syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuji Wakabayashi
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akihito Takei
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Nobukazu Okada
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Miki Shinohara
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Manabu Takahashi
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shuichi Nagashima
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kenta Okada
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Ken Ebihara
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Shun Ishibashi
- Division of Endocrinology and MetabolismDepartment of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Tochigi, Japan
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7
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Rojas RA, Kutateladze AA, Plummer L, Stamou M, Keefe DL, Salnikov KB, Delaney A, Hall JE, Sadreyev R, Ji F, Fliers E, Gambosova K, Quinton R, Merino PM, Mericq V, Seminara SB, Crowley WF, Balasubramanian R. Phenotypic continuum between Waardenburg syndrome and idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in humans with SOX10 variants. Genet Med 2021; 23:629-636. [PMID: 33442024 PMCID: PMC8335791 DOI: 10.1038/s41436-020-01051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE SOX10 variants previously implicated in Waardenburg syndrome (WS) have now been linked to Kallmann syndrome (KS), the anosmic form of idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH). We investigated whether SOX10-associated WS and IHH represent elements of a phenotypic continuum within a unifying disorder or if they represent phenotypically distinct allelic disorders. METHODS Exome sequencing from 1,309 IHH subjects (KS: 632; normosmic idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism [nIIHH]: 677) were reviewed for SOX10 rare sequence variants (RSVs). The genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of SOX10-related IHH (this study and literature) and SOX10-related WS cases (literature) were reviewed and compared with SOX10-RSV spectrum in gnomAD population. RESULTS Thirty-seven SOX10-associated IHH cases were identified as follows: current study: 16 KS; 4 nIHH; literature: 16 KS; 1 nIHH. Twenty-three IHH cases (62%; all KS), had ≥1 known WS-associated feature(s). Moreover, five previously reported SOX10-associated WS cases showed IHH-related features. Four SOX10 missense RSVs showed allelic overlap between IHH-ascertained and WS-ascertained cases. The SOX10-HMG domain showed an enrichment of RSVs in disease states versus gnomAD. CONCLUSION SOX10 variants contribute to both anosmic (KS) and normosmic (nIHH) forms of IHH. IHH and WS represent SOX10-associated developmental defects that lie along a unifying phenotypic continuum. The SOX10-HMG domain is critical for the pathogenesis of SOX10-related human disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Rojas
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, The Reproductive Endocrine Unit and The Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anna A Kutateladze
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, The Reproductive Endocrine Unit and The Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lacey Plummer
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, The Reproductive Endocrine Unit and The Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maria Stamou
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, The Reproductive Endocrine Unit and The Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David L Keefe
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, The Reproductive Endocrine Unit and The Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kathyrn B Salnikov
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, The Reproductive Endocrine Unit and The Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Angela Delaney
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Janet E Hall
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle, NC, USA
| | - Ruslan Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Fei Ji
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Fliers
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, location AMC, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katarina Gambosova
- Stormont-Vail Health, Cotton O'Neil Diabetes and Endocrinology, Topeka, KS, USA
| | - Richard Quinton
- Translational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle-upon-tyne, UK
| | - Paulina M Merino
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Veronica Mericq
- Institute of Maternal and Child Research, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Stephanie B Seminara
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, The Reproductive Endocrine Unit and The Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - William F Crowley
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, The Reproductive Endocrine Unit and The Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ravikumar Balasubramanian
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, The Reproductive Endocrine Unit and The Endocrine Unit of the Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
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8
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Shima H, Tokuhiro E, Okamoto S, Nagamori M, Ogata T, Narumi S, Nakamura A, Izumi Y, Jinno T, Suzuki E, Fukami M. SOX10 Mutation Screening for 117 Patients with Kallmann Syndrome. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab056. [PMID: 34095692 PMCID: PMC8170842 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a genetically heterogeneous condition characterized by hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) and olfactory dysfunction. Although SOX10, a causative gene for Waardenburg syndrome (WS) and peripheral demyelinating neuropathy, central demyelination, WS, and Hirschsprung disease (PCWH) has previously been implicated in KS, the clinical significance of SOX10 variants as the cause of KS remains uncertain. Patients and Methods A total of 117 patients with KS underwent mutation screening of SOX10 and 14 other causative genes for KS/HH. Rare SOX10 variants were subjected to in silico and in vitro analyses. We also examined clinical data of the patients and their parents with SOX10 variants. Results Sequence analysis identified 2 heterozygous variants of SOX10 (c.1225G > T, p.Gly409* and c.475C > T, p.Arg159Trp) in patients 1–3, as well as in the parents of patients 1 and 3. The variants were assessed as pathogenic/likely pathogenic, according to the American College of Medical Genomics guidelines. Both variants lacked in vitro transactivating activity for the MITF promoter and exerted no dominant-negative effects. Patients 1–3 carried no pathogenic variants in other genes examined. The patients presented with typical KS, while such features were absent in the parents of patients 1 and 3. None of the 5 variant-positive individuals exhibited hypopigmentation, while 1 and 2 individuals exhibited complete and partial hearing loss, respectively. Conclusion These results provide evidence that SOX10 haploinsufficiency accounts for a small percentage of KS cases. SOX10 haploinsufficiency is likely to be associated with a broad phenotypic spectrum, which includes KS without other clinical features of WS/PCWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohito Shima
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Etsuro Tokuhiro
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujisawa City Hospital, 251-8550, Fujisawa, Japan
| | - Shingo Okamoto
- Okamoto Internal Medicine and Pediatrics Clinic, 633-0064, Sakurai, Japan
| | - Mariko Nagamori
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toyama, 930-0194, Toyama, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Ogata
- Department of Pediatrics, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 431-3192, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Narumi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akie Nakamura
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Izumi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Jinno
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Erina Suzuki
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
| | - Maki Fukami
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 157-8535 Tokyo, Japan
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9
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Targeted Next-Generation Sequencing Identifies Separate Causes of Hearing Loss in One Deaf Family and Variable Clinical Manifestations for the p.R161C Mutation in SOX10. Neural Plast 2020; 2020:8860837. [PMID: 32908489 PMCID: PMC7474784 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8860837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Hearing loss is the most common sensory deficit in humans. Identifying the genetic cause and genotype-phenotype correlation of hearing loss is sometimes challenging due to extensive clinical and genetic heterogeneity. In this study, we applied targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS) to resolve the genetic etiology of hearing loss in a Chinese Han family with multiple affected family members. Targeted sequencing of 415 deafness-related genes identified the heterozygous c.481C>T (p.R161C) mutation in SOX10 and the homozygous c.235delC (p.L79Cfs∗3) mutation in GJB2 as separate pathogenic mutations in distinct affected family members. The SOX10 c.481C>T (p.R161C) mutation has been previously reported in a Caucasian patient with Kallmann syndrome that features congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia. In contrast, family members carrying the same p.R161C mutation in this study had variable Waardenburg syndrome-associated phenotypes (hearing loss and/or hair hypopigmentation) without olfactory or reproductive anomalies. Our results highlight the importance of applying comprehensive diagnostic approaches such as NGS in molecular diagnosis of hearing loss and show that the p.R161C mutation in SOX10 may be associated with a wide range of variable clinical manifestations.
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10
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MITF Is Mutated in Type 1 Waardenburg Syndrome With Unusual Phenotype. Otol Neurotol 2020; 41:e1250-e1255. [PMID: 32740552 DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000002821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a rare disorder characterized by varying combinations of sensorineural hearing loss and abnormal pigmentation of the hair and skin. WS is classified into four subtypes (WS1-WS4) based on additional symptoms. Dystopia canthorum is a hallmark of WS type 1. There are two genes linked to WS type 1, including PAX3 and EDNRB. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the genetic etiology of WS type 1 in a pair of twins from China with profound hearing loss, blond hair and eyebrows, dystopia canthorum, and brown irides. METHODS The target capture sequencing and Whole-exome sequencing were performed to detect mutations in WS-related genes. RESULTS A novel de novo frameshift mutation, p.L341Rfs*18 in MITF was identified in the twins. Hearing thresholds showed substantial improvements following cochlear implantation with a pure-tone average of 30 dB in free-field conditions. CONCLUSIONS The study showed the new genotype-phenotype correlations of MITF to WS type 1. Further molecular analysis is necessary to reappraise the current classification on WS.
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11
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Li JD, Wu J, Zhao Y, Wang X, Jiang F, Hou Q, Chen DN, Zheng R, Yu R, Zhou W, Men M. Phenotypic Spectrum of Idiopathic Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism Patients With CHD7 Variants From a Large Chinese Cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:5613538. [PMID: 31689711 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgz182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) and CHARGE (C, coloboma; H, heart abnormalities; A, choanal atresia, R, retardation of growth and/or development; G, gonadal defects; E, ear deformities and deafness) syndrome are 2 distinct developmental disorders sharing features of hypogonadism and/or impaired olfaction. CHD7 variants contribute to >60% CHARGE syndrome and ~10% IHH patients. A variety of extended CHARGE-like features are frequently reported in CHARGE patients harboring CHD7 variants. In this study, we aimed to systematically analyze the diagnostic CHARGE features and the extended CHARGE-like features in patients with IHH with CHD7 variants. METHODS Rare sequencing variants (RSVs) in CHD7 were identified through exome sequencing in 177 IHH probands. Detailed phenotyping was performed in the IHH patients harboring CHD7 variants and their available family members. RESULTS CHD7 RSVs were identified in 10.2% (18/177) of the IHH probands. Two diagnostic CHARGE features, hearing loss and ear deformities, were significantly enriched in patients with CHD7 variants. Furthermore, CHD7 variants were significantly associated with a panel of extended CHARGE-like phenotypes, including mild ocular defects, dyspepsia/gastroesophageal reflux disease and skeletal defects. We also developed a predictive model for prioritizing CHD7 genetic testing in IHH patients. CONCLUSION CHD7 variants rarely cause isolated IHH. Surveillance of symptoms in CHARGE syndrome-affected organs will facilitate the proper treatment for these patients. Certain clinical features can be useful for prioritizing CHD7 genetic screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Da Li
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jiayu Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yaguang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinying Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qiao Hou
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Dan-Na Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Ruizhi Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, The People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Renhe Yu
- School of Public Health, Xiangya, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meichao Men
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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12
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Cangiano B, Swee DS, Quinton R, Bonomi M. Genetics of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism: peculiarities and phenotype of an oligogenic disease. Hum Genet 2020; 140:77-111. [PMID: 32200437 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-020-02147-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
A genetic basis of congenital isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (CHH) can be defined in almost 50% of cases, albeit not necessarily the complete genetic basis. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques have led to the discovery of a great number of loci, each of which has illuminated our understanding of human gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons, either in respect of their embryonic development or their neuroendocrine regulation as the "pilot light" of human reproduction. However, because each new gene linked to CHH only seems to underpin another small percentage of total patient cases, we are still far from achieving a comprehensive understanding of the genetic basis of CHH. Patients have generally not benefited from advances in genetics in respect of novel therapies. In most cases, even genetic counselling is limited by issues of apparent variability in expressivity and penetrance that are likely underpinned by oligogenicity in respect of known and unknown genes. Robust genotype-phenotype relationships can generally only be established for individuals who are homozygous, hemizygous or compound heterozygotes for the same gene of variant alleles that are predicted to be deleterious. While certain genes are purely associated with normosmic CHH (nCHH) some purely with the anosmic form (Kallmann syndrome-KS), other genes can be associated with both nCHH and KS-sometimes even within the same kindred. Even though the anticipated genetic overlap between CHH and constitutional delay in growth and puberty (CDGP) has not materialised, previously unanticipated genetic relationships have emerged, comprising conditions of combined (or multiple) pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD), hypothalamic amenorrhea (HA) and CHARGE syndrome. In this review, we report the current evidence in relation to phenotype and genetic peculiarities regarding 60 genes whose loss-of-function variants can disrupt the central regulation of reproduction at many levels: impairing GnRH neurons migration, differentiation or activation; disrupting neuroendocrine control of GnRH secretion; preventing GnRH neuron migration or function and/or gonadotropin secretion and action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biagio Cangiano
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy.,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy
| | - Du Soon Swee
- Department of Endocrinology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard Quinton
- Endocrine Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne Hospitals, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK. .,Translational and Clinical Research Institute, University of Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, Newcastle-Upon-Tyne, UK.
| | - Marco Bonomi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, University of Milan, 20100, Milan, Italy. .,Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases and Laboratory of Endocrine and Metabolic Research, IRCCS Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Piazzale Brescia 20, 20149, Milan, Italy.
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13
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Yu Y, Liu W, Chen M, Yang Y, Yang Y, Hong E, Lu J, Zheng J, Ni X, Guo Y, Zhang J. Two novel mutations of PAX3 and SOX10 were characterized as genetic causes of Waardenburg Syndrome. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2020; 8:e1217. [PMID: 32168437 PMCID: PMC7216796 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to investigate the genetic causes of two probands diagnosed as Waardenburg syndrome (WS type I and IV) from two unrelated Chinese families. Methods PAX3 and SOX10 were the main pathogenic genes for WS type I (WS I) and IV (WS IV), respectively; all coding exons of these genes were sequenced on the two probands and their family members. Luciferase reporter assay and co‐immunoprecipitation (CO‐IP) were conducted to verify potential functional outcomes of the novel mutations. Results The first proband is a 9 years old girl diagnosed with WS I. A novel PAX3 heterozygous mutation of c.372‐373delGA (p.N125fs) was identified, which results in a frameshift and truncation of PAX3 protein. In family II, a 2 years old girl was diagnosed with WS IV, and Sanger sequencing revealed a de novo SOX10 mutation of c.1114insTGGGGCCCCCACACTACACCGAC (p.Q372fs), a frameshift mutation that extends the amino acid chain of SOX10 protein. Functional studies indicated that the novel mutation of SOX10 had no effects on the interaction of SOX10 and PAX3, but reduced transactivate capacity of melanocyte inducing transcription factor (MITF) promoter. Both PAX3 and SOX10 mutation‐induced defects of MITF transcription might contribute to the WS pathogenesis. Conclusion We revealed a novel mutation in PAX3 and a de novo mutation in SOX10, which might account for the underlying pathogenesis of WS. This study expands the database of both PAX10 and PAX3 mutations and improves our understanding of the causes of WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongbo Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - Min Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - Yeran Yang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University & Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Enyu Hong
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University & Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - Xin Ni
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
| | - Yongli Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Pediatric Diseases of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Pediatric Research Institute, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China.,Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data-Based Precision Medicine, Beihang University & Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health (NCCH), Beijing, China
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Dai W, Li JD, Zhao Y, Wu J, Jiang F, Chen DN, Zheng R, Men M. Functional analysis of SEMA3A variants identified in Chinese patients with isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Clin Genet 2020; 97:696-703. [PMID: 32060892 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Isolated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) is a rare disorder characterized by impaired sexual development and infertility, caused by the deficiency of hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone neurons. IHH is named Kallmann's syndrome (KS) or normosmic IHH (nIHH) when associated with a defective or normal sense of smell. Variants in SEMA3A have been recently identified in patients with KS. In this study, we screened SEMA3A variants in a cohort of Chinese patients with IHH by whole exome sequencing. Three novel heterozygous SEMA3A variants (R197Q, R617Q and V458I) were identified in two nIHH and one KS patients, respectively. Functional studies indicated that R197Q and R617Q variants were ineffective in activating the phosphorylation of FAK (focal adhesion kinase) in GN11 cells, despite normal production and secretion in HEK293T cells. The V458I SEMA3A had defect in secretion as it was not detected in the conditioned medium from HEK293T cells. Compared with wild type SEMA3A protein, all three SEMA3A mutant proteins were ineffective in inducing the migration of GN11 cells. Our study further showed the contribution of SEMA3A loss-of-function variants to the pathogenesis of IHH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Dai
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jia-Da Li
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yaguang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiayu Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Fang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Dan-Na Chen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Changsha Medical University, Changsha, China
| | - Ruizhi Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, the People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Meichao Men
- Health Management Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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15
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Chen K, Wang H, Lai Y. Kallmann Syndrome Due to Heterozygous Mutation in SOX10 Coexisting With Waardenburg Syndrome Type II: Case Report and Review of Literature. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:592831. [PMID: 33597923 PMCID: PMC7883637 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.592831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Kallmann syndrome (KS) is idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with olfactory loss or decline. Waardenburg syndrome type II (WS2) is a clinically and genetically heterogeneous disease, characterized by congenital sensorineural deafness and abnormal pigmentation of the iris, hair, and skin. Recently, mutations in the well-known WS pathogenic gene SOX10 have been found in some KS patients with deafness, but whether SOX10 is a co-pathogenic gene of KS and WS remains uncertain. Here, we report a rare case of KS and WS2 co-occurrence due to SOX10 mutations. METHODS Detailed histories were collected through questionnaires and physical examination. Blood samples of the patient and his family members were collected after obtaining informed consents. Suspected mutations were amplified and verified by Sanger sequencing after the next generation sequencing of related genes. The raw sequence data were compared to the known gene sequence data in publicly available sequence data bases using Burrows-Wheeler Aligner software (BWA, 0.7.12-r1039). RESULTS A 28-year-old male patient sought treatment for hypogonadism and the absence of secondary sexual characteristics. In addition, he showed signs of obesity, hyposmia, sensorineural hearing loss, and blue iris. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the olfactory bulb showed small bilateral olfactory bulbs and tracts and diaphragma cerebri. MRI of the pituitary gland revealed a flat pituitary gland in the sella. Laboratory examination demonstrated hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, pituitary hypothyroidism, subclinical hypothyroidism, and the presence of insulin resistance with normal blood glucose levels. Sequencing of the SOX10 gene showed a 20 bp insertion in between coding bases 1,179 and 1,180 (c.1179_1180insACTATGGCTCAGCCTTCCCC). This results in a frame-shifting mutation of the 394th amino acid serine in exon4 with the resulting the amino acid sequence of the protein predicted to be TMAQPSP PSPAPSLTTL TISPQDPIMA TRARPLASTR PSPIWGPRSG PSTRPSLTPA PQGPSPTAPH TGSSQYIRHC PGPKGGPVAT TPRPAPAPSL CALFLAHLRP GGGSGGG*. CONCLUSION SOX10 plays an important role in some critical stages of neural crest cell development and SOX10 mutation may be a common pathogenic factor for both KS and WS. Therefore, SOX10 mutation analysis should be considered for KS patients with combined WS clinical manifestations, especially deafness.
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Men M, Wu J, Zhao Y, Xing X, Jiang F, Zheng R, Li JD. Genotypic and phenotypic spectra of FGFR1, FGF8, and FGF17 mutations in a Chinese cohort with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Fertil Steril 2019; 113:158-166. [PMID: 31748124 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2019.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the prevalence of FGFR1, FGF8, and FGF17 mutations in a Chinese cohort with idiopathic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (IHH) and to characterize the clinical presentations and therapeutic outcomes of IHH patients with FGFR1, FGF8, and FGF17 mutations. DESIGN Retrospective cohort. SETTING University hospital. PATIENT(S) A total of 145 IHH probands (125 men and 20 women) were recruited for this study. INTERVENTIONS(S) Hormone assays. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Whole-exome sequencing, polymerase chain reaction-Sanger sequencing, in silico functional prediction. RESULT(S) Six novel mutations (p.154_158del, p.E496Rfs*12, p.W190X, p.S134D, p.W10X, and c.1552 + 3insT) in FGFR1, two novel mutations (p.E176K and p.R184C) in FGF8, three novel mutations (p.48_52del, p.P120L, and p.K191R) in FGF17, and five reported mutations (p.W289X, p.G237S, p.V102I, p.R250Q, and p.T340M) in FGFR1 were identified in 18 IHH patients. The functional consequences of all mutations were analyzed in silico. In addition to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, 44.4% (8/18) patients exhibited other clinical deformities, including dental agenesis (3/18, 16.7%), hearing loss (3/18, 16.7%), and hand malformation (2/18, 11.1%). hCG/hMG therapy was effective in promoting sexual development in IHH patients with FGFR1, FGF8, and FGF17 mutations. CONCLUSION(S) We extended the mutational spectrum of FGFR1, FGF8, and FGF17 in IHH patients. The prevalence of FGFR1, FGF8, and FGF17 mutations in IHH was 12.4%. hCG/hMG therapy was effective to acquire fertility for patients with FGFR1, FGF8, and FGF17 mutations but has a risk of transmitting the mutations and IHH to the next generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meichao Men
- Health Management Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiayu Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaguang Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliang Xing
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Jiang
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruizhi Zheng
- Department of Endocrinology, People's Hospital of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Da Li
- School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Animal Models for Human Diseases, Central South University, Changsha, People's Republic of China.
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