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Zhang D, Luo M, Guan W, Ding X, Liao B, Su H, Huang J, Bai J, Qiu X, Huang Z, Gong L. Conservation Strategies for Aquilaria sinensis: Insights from DNA Barcoding and ISSR Markers. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 79:425-431. [PMID: 38383946 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-024-01156-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/01/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
The evergreen tree species Aquilaria sinensis holds significant economic importance due to its specific medicinal values and increasing market demand. However, the unrestricted illegal exploitation of its wild population poses a threat to its survival. This study aims to contribute to the conservation efforts of A. sinensis by constructing a library database of DNA barcodes, including two chloroplast genes (psbA-trnH and matK) and two nuclear genes (ITS and ITS2). Additionally, the genetic diversity and structure were estimated using inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) markers. Four barcodes of 57 collections gained 194 sequences, and 1371 polymorphic bands (98.63%) were observed using DNA ISSR fingerprinting. The Nei's gene diversity (H) of A. sinensis at the species level is 0.2132, while the Shannon information index (I) is 0.3128. The analysis of molecular variance revealed a large significant proportion of total genetic variations and differentiation among populations (Gst = 0.4219), despite a relatively gene flow (Nm = 0.6853) among populations, which were divided into two groups by cluster analysis. There was a close genetic relationship among populations with distances of 0.0845 to 0.5555. This study provides evidence of the efficacy and dependability of establishing a DNA barcode database and using ISSR markers to assess the extent of genetic diversity A. sinensis. Preserving the genetic resources through the conservation of existing populations offers a valuable proposition. The effective utilization of these resources will be further deliberated in subsequent breeding endeavors, with the potential to breed agarwood commercial lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danchun Zhang
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Manjun Luo
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wan Guan
- Luqiao Hospital, Taizhou Enze Medical Center (Group), Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - XiaoXia Ding
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Baosheng Liao
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - He Su
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Huang
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junqi Bai
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhihai Huang
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lu Gong
- The Second Clinical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
- Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicine of the Guangdong Provincial Medical Products Administration, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Zhang M, Zheng C, Li J, Wang X, Liu C, Li X, Xu Z, Du K. Genetic diversity, population structure, and DNA fingerprinting of Ailanthus altissima var. erythrocarpa based on EST-SSR markers. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19315. [PMID: 37935877 PMCID: PMC10630516 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46798-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ailanthus altissima var. erythrocarpa is an A. altissima variety with high economic, ecological and ornamental value, but there have been no reports on the development of SSR primers for it. According to the SSR primer information provided by the transcriptome of A. altissima var. erythrocarpa, 120 individuals with different redness levels were used to screen polymorphic primers. Transcriptomic analysis revealed 10,681 SSR loci, of which mononucleotide repeats were dominant (58.3%), followed by dinucleotide and trinucleotide repeats (16.6%, 15.1%) and pentanucleotide repeats (0.2%). Among 140 pairs of randomly selected primers, nineteen pairs of core primers with high polymorphism were obtained. The average number of alleles (Na), average number of effective alleles (Ne), average Shannon's diversity index (I), average observed heterozygosity (Ho), average expected heterozygosity (He), fixation index (F) and polymorphic information content (PIC) were 11.623, 4.098, 1.626, 0.516, 0.696, 0.232 and 0.671, respectively. Nineteen EST-SSR markers were used to study the genetic diversity and population structure of A. altissima var. erythrocarpa. The phylogenetic tree, PCoA, and structure analysis all divided the tested resources into two categories, clearly showing the genetic variation between individuals. The population showed high genetic diversity, mainly derived from intraspecific variation. Among nineteen pairs of primers, 4 pairs (p33, p15, p46, p92) could effectively distinguish and be used for fingerprinting of the tested materials. This study is of great significance for genetic diversity analysis and molecular-assisted breeding of A. altissima var. erythrocarpa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manman Zhang
- Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
- Hebei Technical Innovation Center for Forest Improved Variety, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
| | - Conghui Zheng
- Hebei Technical Innovation Center for Forest Improved Variety, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
- Hebei Academy of Forestry and Grassland Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
| | - Jida Li
- Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China
| | - Xueyong Wang
- Hebei Technical Innovation Center for Forest Improved Variety, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
- Hebei Academy of Forestry and Grassland Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
| | - Chunpeng Liu
- Hebei Technical Innovation Center for Forest Improved Variety, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
- Hebei Academy of Forestry and Grassland Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
| | - Xiangjun Li
- Hebei Technical Innovation Center for Forest Improved Variety, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
- Hebei Academy of Forestry and Grassland Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China
| | - Zhenhua Xu
- Hebei Technical Innovation Center for Forest Improved Variety, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China.
- Hebei Academy of Forestry and Grassland Sciences, Shijiazhuang, 050061, Hebei, China.
| | - Kejiu Du
- Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, 071000, Hebei, China.
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Li B, Muhammad N, Zhang S, Lan Y, Yang Y, Han S, Liu M, Yang M. Multiple-Genome-Based Simple Sequence Repeat Is an Efficient and Successful Method in Genotyping and Classifying Different Jujube Germplasm Resources. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:2885. [PMID: 37571038 PMCID: PMC10421302 DOI: 10.3390/plants12152885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) is a commercially important tree native to China, known for its high nutritional value and widespread distribution, as well as its diverse germplasm resources. Being resilient to harsh climatic conditions, the cultivation of jujube could provide a solution to food insecurity and income for people of arid and semi-arid regions in and outside of China. The evaluation of germplasm resources and genetic diversity in jujube necessitates the use of Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) markers. SSR markers are highly polymorphic and can be used to evaluate the genetic diversity within and between cultivars of Chinese jujube, and are important for conservation biology, breeding programs, and the discovery of important traits for Chinese jujube improvement in China and abroad. However, traditional methods of SSR development are time-consuming and inadequate to meet the growing research demands. To address this issue, we developed a novel approach called Multiple-Genome-Based SSR identification (MGB-SSR), which utilizes the genomes of three jujube cultivars to rapidly screen for polymorphic SSRs in the jujube genome. Through the screening process, we identified 12 pairs of SSR primers, which were then used to successfully classify 249 jujube genotypes. Based on the genotyping results, a digital ID card was established, enabling the complete identification of all 249 jujube plants. The MGB-SSR approach proved efficient in rapidly detecting polymorphic SSRs within the jujube genome. Notably, this study represents the first successful differentiation of jujube germplasm resources using 12 SSR markers, with 4 markers successfully identifying triploid jujube genotypes. These findings offer valuable information for the classification of Chinese jujube germplasm, thereby providing significant assistance to jujube researchers and breeders in identifying unknown jujube germplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Li
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (B.L.)
| | - Noor Muhammad
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (B.L.)
| | - Shufeng Zhang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (B.L.)
| | - Yunxin Lan
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (B.L.)
| | - Yihan Yang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (B.L.)
| | - Shoukun Han
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (B.L.)
| | - Mengjun Liu
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (B.L.)
- Research Center of Chinese Jujube, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China
| | - Meng Yang
- College of Horticulture, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071000, China; (B.L.)
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Bai X, Zhang S, Wang W, Chen Y, Zhao Y, Shi F, Zhu C. Genetic Relationships of 118 Castanea Specific Germplasms and Construction of Their Molecular ID Based on Morphological Characteristics and SSR Markers. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1438. [PMID: 37050064 PMCID: PMC10096943 DOI: 10.3390/plants12071438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
To understand the genetic relationships of Castanea species, 16 phenotypic traits were measured, simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were analyzed, and molecular identity cards (IDs) were constructed for 118 Castanea materials using fluorescent capillary electrophoresis. The coefficient of variation values of the 16 morphological traits of the test materials ranged from 11.11% to 60.38%. A total of 58 alleles were detected using six pairs of SSR core primers, with an average number of 9.7 alleles per locus. The average number of valid alleles per locus was 3.9419 and the proportion of valid alleles was 40.78%. A total of 105 genotypes were detected, and the number of genotypic species that could be amplified per primer pair ranged from 8 to 26. The mean value of the observed heterozygosity was 0.4986. The variation in the He, H, and PIC values was similar; the size of I value was approximately 2.21 times larger, and its mean number of variations was 0.7390, 0.7359, 0.6985, and 1.6015, respectively. The classification of 118 Castanea species was performed using three analytical methods: structure analysis, neighbor-joining (NJ) cluster analysis, and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), and the results of the three methods were in high agreement. Six pairs of SSR core primers with high polymorphism and strong discriminatory properties were used to identify 118 Castanea plants, and a unique molecular ID card was constructed for each material. These results provide insight into the genetic diversity and population structure of Castanea plants and a theoretical basis for improving the phenomenon of mixed varieties and substandard plants in the Castanea plant market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Bai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Shijie Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Wu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yuqiang Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Fenghou Shi
- College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Cancan Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for the Research and Utilization of Plant Resources, Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences (Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem. Sun Yat-Sen), Nanjing 210014, China
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Huang T, Zhang H, Zhao R, Zhu Z. Establishing an Efficient Regeneration System for Tissue Culture in Bougainvillea buttiana ‘Miss Manila’. PLANTS 2022; 11:plants11182372. [PMID: 36145773 PMCID: PMC9504754 DOI: 10.3390/plants11182372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Bougainvillea plants have important ornamental and cultural value, as well as applications, for example, in improving the ecological environment, sterilization and as anti-virals in medicines, etc. Among many varieties, Bougainvillea buttiana ‘Miss Manila’ is more popular in landscape applications in southern China because of its excellent qualities. However, because of the difficulty of sexual reproduction, low rooting rate of asexual propagation cuttings and low temperature tolerance, its large-scale development is limited. For easy, quick and mass multiplication of such cultivars, tissue culture technique can be put to use. In this study, nodal segments of ‘Miss Manila’ were used as explants, and a single-factor experiment was carried out with a variety of plant growth regulators and concentrations to establish and optimize a complete tissue culture propagation system. The results showed that the best disinfestation was 75% ethanol treatment for 0.5 min + 0.1% HgCl2 treatment for 9 min, and the survival rate was 86.83%. The best shoot initiation formula was MS + 6-BA (2.5 mg/L) + IBA (0.2 mg/L), and the induction rate was 95.14%. The best formula for shoot proliferation was MS + 6-BA (1.5 mg/L) + NAA (0.1 mg/L), and the proliferation coefficient was 3.13. The best rooting culture formula was 1/2 MS + IBA (2.0 mg/L), and the rooting rate was 81.97%. The survival rate for plantlet refining and transplanting was 93.33%. In this study, a relatively efficient regeneration system for the tissue culture and rapid propagation of Bougainvillea buttiana ‘Miss Manila’ was established to address the problems of rooting and transplanting of this variety, to benefit research on the industrialized production and regeneration systems of this variety, and to provide a reference for the tissue culture of other varieties of Bougainvillea or other woody plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- Collage of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Huihui Zhang
- Collage of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Runan Zhao
- Collage of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zunling Zhu
- Collage of Landscape Architecture, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Southern Modern Forestry Collaborative Innovation Center, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- College of Art and Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Correspondence:
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Duan B, Mu S, Guan Y, Liu W, Kang T, Cheng Y, Li Z, Tian Y, Kang X. Development of Microsatellite Markers Based on Transcriptome Sequencing and Evaluation of Genetic Diversity in Swimming Crab (Portunus trituberculatus). Front Genet 2022; 13:932173. [PMID: 35923702 PMCID: PMC9340201 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.932173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
P. trituberculatus is an economically important mariculture species in China. Evaluating its genetic diversity and population structure can contribute to the exploration of germplasm resources and promote sustainable aquaculture production. In this study, a total of 246,243 SSRs were generated by transcriptome sequencing of P. trituberculatus. Among the examined 254,746 unigenes, 66,331 had more than one SSR. Among the different SSR motif types, dinucleotide repeats (110,758, 44.98%) were the most abundant. In 173 different base repeats, A/T (96.86%), AC/GT (51.46%), and ACC/GGT (26.20%) were dominant in mono-, di-, and trinucleotide, respectively. GO annotations showed 87,079 unigenes in 57 GO terms. Cellular process, cell, and binding were the most abundant terms in biological process, cellular component, and molecular function categories separately. A total of 34,406 annotated unigenes were classified into 26 functional categories according to the functional annotation analysis of KOG, of which “general function prediction only” was the biggest category (6,028 unigenes, 17.52%). KEGG pathway annotations revealed the clustering of 34,715 unigenes into 32 different pathways. Nineteen SSRs were identified as polymorphic and, thus, used to assess the genetic diversity and structure of 240 P. trituberculatus individuals from four populations in the Bohai Sea. Genetic parameter analysis showed a similar level of genetic diversity within wild populations, and the cultured population indicated a reduction in genetic diversity compared with wild populations. The pairwise FST values were between 0.001 and 0.04 with an average of 0.0205 (p < 0.05), suggesting a low but significant level of genetic differentiation among the four populations. Structure analysis demonstrated that the four populations were classified into two groups including the cultured group and other populations. The phylogenetic tree and PCA revealed that a vast number of samples were clustered together and that cultivated individuals were distributed more centrally than wild individuals. The findings contribute to the further assessment of germplasm resources and assist to provide valuable SSRs for marker-assisted breeding of P. trituberculatus in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baohua Duan
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Shumei Mu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yueqiang Guan
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Weibiao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Tongxu Kang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Yana Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Zejian Li
- Bureau of Agricultural and Rural Affairs of Huanghua City, Huanghua, China
| | - Yang Tian
- Hebei Fishery Technology Extension Station, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Xianjiang Kang
- College of Life Sciences, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Institute of Life Science and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- Hebei Innovation Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, Hebei University, Baoding, China
- *Correspondence: Xianjiang Kang,
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Wang Y, Wu X, Li Y, Feng Z, Mu Z, Wang J, Wu X, Wang B, Lu Z, Li G. Identification and Validation of a Core Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism Marker Set for Genetic Diversity Assessment, Fingerprinting Identification, and Core Collection Development in Bottle Gourd. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:747940. [PMID: 34868131 PMCID: PMC8636714 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.747940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Germplasm collections are indispensable resources for the mining of important genes and variety improvement. To preserve and utilize germplasm collections in bottle gourd, we identified and validated a highly informative core single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) marker set from 1,100 SNPs. This marker set consisted of 22 uniformly distributed core SNPs with abundant polymorphisms, which were established to have strong representativeness and discriminatory power based on analyses of 206 bottle gourd germplasm collections and a multiparent advanced generation inter-cross (MAGIC) population. The core SNP markers were used to assess genetic diversity and population structure, and to fingerprint important accessions, which could provide an optimized procedure for seed authentication. Furthermore, using the core SNP marker set, we developed an accessible core population of 150 accessions that represents 100% of the genetic variation in bottle gourds. This core population will make an important contribution to the preservation and utilization of bottle gourd germplasm collections, cultivar identification, and marker-assisted breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanwei Li
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zishan Feng
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zihan Mu
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xinyi Wu
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Baogen Wang
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongfu Lu
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guojing Li
- Institute of Vegetables, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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