Transcriptome analysis reveals possible antitumor mechanism of Chlorella exopolysaccharide

Microbial exopolysaccharides: Unveiling the pharmacological aspects for therapeutic advancements

Microbial exopolysaccharides (EPSs) have emerged as a fascinating area of research in the field of pharmacology due to their diverse and potent biological activities. This review paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the pharmacological properties exhibited by EPSs, shedding light on their potential applications in various therapeutic areas. The review begins by introducing EPSs, exploring their various sources, significance in microbial growth and survival, and their applications across different industries. Subsequently, a thorough examination of the pharmaceutical properties of microbial EPSs unveils their antioxidant, immunomodulatory, antimicrobial, antidepressant, antidiabetic, antiviral, antihyperlipidemic, hepatoprotective, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. Mechanistic insights into how different EPSs exert these therapeutic effects have also been discussed in this review. The review also provides comprehensive information about the monosaccharide composition, backbone, branches, glycosidic bonds, and molecular weight of pharmacologically active EPSs from various microbial sources. Furthermore, the factors that can affect the pharmacological activities of EPSs and approaches to improve the EPSs' pharmacological activity have also been discussed. In conclusion, this review illuminates the immense pharmaceutical promise of microbial EPS as versatile bioactive compounds with wide-ranging therapeutic applications. By elucidating their structural features, biological activities, and potential applications, this review aims to catalyze further research and development efforts in leveraging the pharmaceutical potential of microbial EPS for the advancement of human health and well-being, while also contributing to sustainable and environmentally friendly practices in the pharmaceutical industry.

Synthesis of 3-formyl-eudistomin U with anti-proliferation, anti-migration and apoptosis-promoting activities on melanoma cells

The discovery of new lead skeleton against melanoma are urgently needed due to its highly malignant and mortality. Herein, a new molecular entity (EU-5) derived from eudistomin U was synthesized with total yield of 46%, which displayed potent activity against malignant melanoma A375 cells (IC50 = 4.4 µM), no hemolytic toxicity and good physicochemical properties in silico. Colony formation and cell cycle arrest assays revealed that EU-5 suppressed cell proliferation by causing cell cycle arrest at G0/G1 phase. Wound healing and transwell assays suggested that EU-5 could effectively inhibit migration of A375 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Calcein-AM/PI staining, Annexin V-FITC/PI apoptosis detection, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP), reactive oxygen species (ROS), transcriptomics, quantitative real‑time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‑PCR), spectrometric titration and molecular docking assays indicated that EU-5 could activate p53 signaling pathway and trigger mitochondria-mediated cell apoptosis. Taken together, this study provided a promising lead structure for the design of a new generation of anti-melanoma drugs.