Deciphering the molecular interplay between pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) and ovarian cancer (OC)—A network biology approach

Structure-based pharmacophore modeling and DFT studies of Indian Ocean-derived red algal compounds as PI3Kα inhibitors

Phosphoinositide kinases (PIKs) are a type of lipid kinase that acts as an upstream activator of oncogenic signaling. Presently accessible therapeutic compounds have downsides, such as toxicity and dubious efficacy, as well as lengthy treatment durations, which have bred resistance. Here we attempt to screen the Indian Ocean-derived red algal compounds to be used as a promising lead for PI3Kα inhibitor development. Experimental structure of the PI3K alpha Isoform-Specific Inhibitor alpelisib complex-based pharmacophore model was constructed and used as key to mark off the suitable lead compounds from the pool of marine-derived red algal compounds of Indian Ocean. Besides, the study encompasses pharmacophore scaffold screening as well as physicochemical and pharmacokinetic parameter assessment. We employed molecular docking and molecular dynamics simulation to assess the binding type and stability of 21 red algal derivatives. Twelve compounds demonstrated a sustained binding mode within the PI3Kα binding pocket with an optimal protein backbone root-mean-square deviation, also prompted hydrogen bonding throughout the simulations, and also implies that these MNPs have firmly mediated the interaction with prime hinge region residues in the PI3Kα ATP binding pocket. DFT studies revealed that proposed compounds had the greatest occupied molecular orbital electrophilicity index, basicity, and dipole moment, all of which attributed their stability as well as binding affinity at the PI3Kα active site. Our study's findings revealed that CMNPD31054, CMNPD4798, CMNPD27861, CMNPD4799, CMNPD27860, CMNPD9533, CMNPD3732, CMNPD4221, CMNPD31058, CMNPD31052, CMNPD29281, and CMNPD31055 can be used as lead compounds for PI3KΑ isoform inhibitors design.

Carica Papaya Reduces High Fat Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced Development of Inflammation in Adipocyte via IL-1β/IL-6/TNF-α Mediated Signaling Mechanisms in Type-2 Diabetic Rats

The prevalence of obesity in contemporary society has brought attention to how serious it is all around the world. Obesity, a proinflammatory condition defined by hypertrophied adipocytes and immune cells that reside in adipose tissue, is characterized by elevated circulating levels of proinflammatory cytokines. The pro-inflammatory mediators trigger a number of inflammatory pathways and affect the phosphorylation of a number of insulin-signaling pathways in peripheral tissues. In this work, we pointed the outcome of the leaves of Carica papaya (C. papaya) on the inflammatory molecules by in vivo and in silico analysis in order to prove its mechanisms of action. Adipocytokines, antioxidant enzymes, gene and protein expression of pro-inflammatory signaling molecules (mTOR, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IKKβ) by q-RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, as well as histopathological analysis, in adipose tissues were carried out. C. papaya reinstated the levels of adipocytokines, antioxidant enzymes and mRNA levels of mTOR, TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6 and IKKβ in the adipose tissues of type 2 diabetic rats. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation studies revealed that caffeic acid, transferulic acid and quercetin had the top hit rates against IKKβ, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, and mTOR. This study concludes that C. papaya put back the altered effects in fatty tissue of type 2 diabetic rats by restoring the adipocytokines and the gene expression.

Carica papaya Reduces Muscle Insulin Resistance via IR/GLUT4 Mediated Signaling Mechanisms in High Fat Diet and Streptozotocin-Induced Type-2 Diabetic Rats

In the management of type 2 diabetes, oral antidiabetic drugs have several side effects, which in turn have led the pharmaceutical industry to search for good therapeutic, non-toxic and reliable drugs. Carica papaya (C. papaya) is one of several plants in nature that have been found to possess anti-diabetic properties. Despite studies being focused on the antidiabetic activity of C. papaya, the molecular mechanism against high fat diet induced insulin resistance is yet to be identified. The role of C. papaya was evaluated on insulin signaling molecules, such as the insulin receptor (IR) and glucose transporter-4 (GLUT4) in high fat, diet-streptozotocin induced type 2 diabetic rats, and analyzed the bioactive compounds of C. papaya against IR and GLUT4 via molecular docking and dynamics. The ethanolic extract of C. papaya leaves (600 mg/kg of body weight) was given daily to male wistar rats for 45 days and we observed the various biochemical parameters, gene expression analysis and histopathology of skeletal muscle. Molecular docking and dynamics were undertaken to understand the bioactive compounds with the greatest hit rate. C. papaya treatment was able to control blood glucose levels, the lipid profile and serum insulin, but it facilitated tissue antioxidant enzymes and IR and GLUT4 levels. The in-silico study showed that kaempferol, quercitin and transferulic acid were the top three ligands with the greatest hit rate against the protein targets. Our preliminary findings, for the first time, showed that C. papaya reinstates the glycemic effect in the diabetic skeletal muscle by accelerating the expression of IR and GLUT4.

Effect of Carica papaya on IRS-1/Akt Signaling Mechanisms in High-Fat-Diet-Streptozotocin-Induced Type 2 Diabetic Experimental Rats: A Mechanistic Approach

Despite rigorous endeavors, existing attempts to handle type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are still a long way off, as a substantial number of patients do not meet therapeutic targets. Insulin resistance in skeletal muscle is discerned as a forerunner in the pathogenesis of T2DM and can be detected years before its progress. Studies have revealed the antidiabetic properties of Carica papaya (C. papaya), but its molecular mechanism on insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)/Akt signaling mechanisms is not yet known. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of C. papaya on IRS1 and Akt in high-fat-diet-streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats and also to analyze the bioactive compounds of C. papaya against IRS-1 and Akt via in silico analysis. Ethanolic extract of the leaves of C. papaya (600 mg/kg of body weight) was given daily for 45 days postinduction of T2DM up to the end of the study. Gluconeogenic enzymes, glycolytic enzymes, gene expression, and immunohistochemical analysis of IRS-1 and Akt in skeletal muscle were evaluated. C. papaya treatment regulated the levels of gluconeogenic and glycolytic enzymes and the levels of IRS-1 and Akt in skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic animals. In silico studies showed that trans-ferulic acid had the greatest hit rate against the protein targets IRS-1 and Akt. C. papaya restored the normoglycemic effect in diabetic skeletal muscle by accelerating the expression of IRS-1 and Akt.