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Meyer-Alert H, Wiseman S, Tang S, Hecker M, Hollert H. Identification of molecular toxicity pathways across early life-stages of zebrafish exposed to PCB126 using a whole transcriptomics approach. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111716. [PMID: 33396047 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although withdrawn from the market in the 1980s, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are still found ubiquitously in the aquatic environment and pose a serious risk to biota due to their teratogenic potential. In fish, early life-stages are often considered most sensitive with regard to their exposure to PCBs and other dioxin-like compounds. However, little is known about the molecular drivers of the frequently observed teratogenic effects. Therefore, the aims of our study were to: (1) characterize the baseline transcriptome profiles at different embryonic life-stages in zebrafish (Danio rerio); and (2) to identify the molecular response to PCB exposure and life-stage specific-effects of the chemical on associated processes. For both objectives, embryos were sampled at 12, 48, and 96 h post-fertilization (hpf) and subjected to Illumina sequence-by-synthesis and RNAseq analysis. Results revealed that with increasing age more genes and related pathways were upregulated both in terms of number and magnitude. Yet, other transcripts followed an opposite pattern with greater transcript abundance at the earlier time points. Additionally, embryos were exposed to PCB126, a potent agonist of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR). ClueGO network analysis revealed significant enrichment of genes associated with basic cell metabolism, communication, and homeostasis as well as eye development, muscle formation, and skeletal formation. We selected eight genes involved in the affected pathways for an in-depth characterization of their regulation throughout normal embryogenesis and after exposure to PCB126 by quantification of transcript abundances every 12 h until 118 hpf. Among these, fgf7 and c9 stood out because of their strong upregulation by PCB126 exposure at 48 and 96 hpf, respectively. Cyp2aa12 was upregulated from 84 hpf on. Fabp10ab, myhz1.1, col8a1a, sulf1, and opn1sw1 displayed specific regulation depending on the developmental stage. Overall, we demonstrate that (1) the developmental transcriptome of zebrafish is highly dynamic, and (2) dysregulation of gene expression by exposure to PCB126 was significant and in several cases not directly connected to AHR-signaling. Hence, this study improves the understanding of linkages between molecular events and apical outcomes that are of regulatory relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Meyer-Alert
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Steve Wiseman
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Biological Sciences and Water Institute for Sustainable Environments (WISE), University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, Alberta T1K 3M4, Canada
| | - Song Tang
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada; National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166 Jiangsu, China
| | - Markus Hecker
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, 44 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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2
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Richmond PA, van der Kloet F, Vaz FM, Lin D, Uzozie A, Graham E, Kobor M, Mostafavi S, Moerland PD, Lange PF, van Kampen AHC, Wasserman WW, Engelen M, Kemp S, van Karnebeek CDM. Multi-Omic Approach to Identify Phenotypic Modifiers Underlying Cerebral Demyelination in X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:520. [PMID: 32671069 PMCID: PMC7330173 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) is a peroxisomal metabolic disorder with a highly complex clinical presentation. ALD is caused by mutations in the ABCD1 gene, and is characterized by the accumulation of very long-chain fatty acids in plasma and tissues. Disease-causing mutations are 'loss of function' mutations, with no prognostic value with respect to the clinical outcome of an individual. All male patients with ALD develop spinal cord disease and a peripheral neuropathy in adulthood, although age of onset is highly variable. However, the lifetime prevalence to develop progressive white matter lesions, termed cerebral ALD (CALD), is only about 60%. Early identification of transition to CALD is critical since it can be halted by allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell therapy only in an early stage. The primary goal of this study is to identify molecular markers which may be prognostic of cerebral demyelination from a simple blood sample, with the hope that blood-based assays can replace the current protocols for diagnosis. We collected six well-characterized brother pairs affected by ALD and discordant for the presence of CALD and performed multi-omic profiling of blood samples including genome, epigenome, transcriptome, metabolome/lipidome, and proteome profiling. In our analysis we identify discordant genomic alleles present across all families as well as differentially abundant molecular features across the omics technologies. The analysis was focused on univariate modeling to discriminate the two phenotypic groups, but was unable to identify statistically significant candidate molecular markers. Our study highlights the issues caused by a large amount of inter-individual variation, and supports the emerging hypothesis that cerebral demyelination is a complex mix of environmental factors and/or heterogeneous genomic alleles. We confirm previous observations about the role of immune response, specifically auto-immunity and the potential role of PFN1 protein overabundance in CALD in a subset of the families. We envision our methodology as well as dataset has utility to the field for reproducing previous or enabling future modifier investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip A. Richmond
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Frans van der Kloet
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Frederic M. Vaz
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - David Lin
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Anuli Uzozie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Emma Graham
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Michael Kobor
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Sara Mostafavi
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Perry D. Moerland
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Philipp F. Lange
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Michael Cuccione Childhood Cancer Research Program, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Antoine H. C. van Kampen
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Biosystems Data Analysis, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Wyeth W. Wasserman
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Marc Engelen
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Neurology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Stephan Kemp
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam Gastroenterology & Metabolism, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam Leukodystrophy Center, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Clara D. M. van Karnebeek
- Center for Molecular Medicine and Therapeutics, BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children’s Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Amalia Children’s Hospital, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, Netherlands
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Abstract
Myosin XVI (Myo16), a vertebrate-specific motor protein, is a recently discovered member of the myosin superfamily. The detailed functionality regarding myosin XVI requires elucidating or clarification; however, it appears to portray an important role in neural development and in the proper functioning of the nervous system. It is expressed in the largest amount in neural tissues in the late embryonic-early postnatal period, specifically the time in which neuronal cell migration and dendritic elaboration coincide. The impaired expression of myosin XVI has been found lurking in the background of several neuropsychiatric disorders including autism, schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorders.Two principal isoforms of class XVI myosins have been thus far described: Myo16a, the tailless cytoplasmic isoform and Myo16b, the full-length molecule featuring both cytoplasmic and nuclear localization. Both isoforms contain a class-specific N-terminal ankyrin repeat domain that binds to the protein phosphatase catalytic subunit. Myo16b, the predominant isoform, exhibits a diverse function. In the cytoplasm, it participates in the reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton through activation of the PI3K pathway and the WAVE-complex, while in the nucleus it may possess a role in cell cycle regulation. Based on the sequence, myosin XVI may have a compromised ATPase activity, implying a potential stationary role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Bugyi
- Department of Biophysics, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary
| | - András Kengyel
- Department of Biophysics, University of Pécs, Medical School, Pécs, Hungary.
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Tuttle A, Drerup CM, Marra M, McGraw H, Nechiporuk AV. Retrograde Ret signaling controls sensory pioneer axon outgrowth. eLife 2019; 8:46092. [PMID: 31476133 PMCID: PMC6718271 DOI: 10.7554/elife.46092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The trafficking mechanisms and transcriptional targets downstream of long-range neurotrophic factor ligand/receptor signaling that promote axon growth are incompletely understood. Zebrafish carrying a null mutation in a neurotrophic factor receptor, Ret, displayed defects in peripheral sensory axon growth cone morphology and dynamics. Ret receptor was highly enriched in sensory pioneer neurons and Ret51 isoform was required for pioneer axon outgrowth. Loss-of-function of a cargo adaptor, Jip3, partially phenocopied Ret axonal defects, led to accumulation of activated Ret in pioneer growth cones, and reduced retrograde Ret51 transport. Jip3 and Ret51 were also retrogradely co-transported, ultimately suggesting Jip3 is a retrograde adapter of active Ret51. Finally, loss of Ret reduced transcription and growth cone localization of Myosin-X, an initiator of filopodial formation. These results show a specific role for Ret51 in pioneer axon growth, and suggest a critical role for long-range retrograde Ret signaling in regulating growth cone dynamics through downstream transcriptional changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Tuttle
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Catherine M Drerup
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Molly Marra
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States.,Neuroscience Graduate Program, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Hillary McGraw
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
| | - Alex V Nechiporuk
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, United States
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Bercier V, Rosello M, Del Bene F, Revenu C. Zebrafish as a Model for the Study of Live in vivo Processive Transport in Neurons. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:17. [PMID: 30838208 PMCID: PMC6389722 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Motor proteins are responsible for transport of vesicles and organelles within the cell cytoplasm. They interact with the actin cytoskeleton and with microtubules to ensure communication and supply throughout the cell. Much work has been done in vitro and in silico to unravel the key players, including the dynein motor complex, the kinesin and myosin superfamilies, and their interacting regulatory complexes, but there is a clear need for in vivo data as recent evidence suggests previous models might not recapitulate physiological conditions. The zebrafish embryo provides an excellent system to study these processes in intact animals due to the ease of genetic manipulation and the optical transparency allowing live imaging. We present here the advantages of the zebrafish embryo as a system to study live in vivo processive transport in neurons and provide technical recommendations for successful analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bercier
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U934, CNRS UMR3215, Paris, France.,Laboratory of Neurobiology, Center for Brain and Disease Research, Research Group Experimental Neurology, Department of Neurosciences, VIB-KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Marion Rosello
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U934, CNRS UMR3215, Paris, France
| | - Filippo Del Bene
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U934, CNRS UMR3215, Paris, France
| | - Céline Revenu
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, Inserm U934, CNRS UMR3215, Paris, France
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Nuckels RJ, Nice CC, García DM. Duplicated Myosin V Genes in Teleosts Show Evolutionary Rate Variations among the Motor and Cargo-Binding Domains. Genome Biol Evol 2019; 11:415-430. [PMID: 30496538 PMCID: PMC6372264 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evy258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyzed evolutionary rates of conserved, duplicated myosin V (myo5) genes in nine teleost species to examine the outcomes of duplication events. Syntenic analysis and ancestral chromosome mapping suggest one tandem gene duplication event leading to the appearance of myo5a and myo5c, two rounds of whole genome duplication for vertebrates, and an additional round of whole genome duplication for teleosts account for the presence and location of the myo5 genes and their duplicates in teleosts and other vertebrates and the timing of the duplication events. Phylogenetic analyses reveal a previously unidentified myo5 clade that we refer to now as myo5bb. Analysis using dN/dS rate comparisons revealed large regions within duplicated myo5 genes that are highly conserved. Codons identified in other studies as encoding functionally important portions of the Myo5a and Myo5b proteins are shown to be highly conserved within the newly identified myo5bb clade and in other myo5 duplicates. As much as 30% of 319 codons encoding the cargo-binding domain in the myo5aa genes are conserved in all three codon positions in nine teleost species. For the myo5bb cargo-binding domain, 6.6% of 336 codons have zero substitutions in all nine teleost species. Using molecular evolution assays, we identify the myo5bb branch as being subject to evolutionary rate variation with the cargo-binding domain, having 20% of the sites under positive selection and the motor domain having 8% of its sites under positive selection. The high number of invariant codons coupled with relatively high dN/dS values in the region of the myo5 genes encoding the ATP-binding domain suggests the encoded proteins retain function and may have acquired novel functions associated with changes to the cargo-binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Nuckels
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos.,Department of Biology, The University of Texas at San Antonio
| | - Chris C Nice
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos
| | - Dana M García
- Department of Biology, Texas State University, San Marcos
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7
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Gupta P, Martin R, Knölker HJ, Nihalani D, Kumar Sinha D. Myosin-1 inhibition by PClP affects membrane shape, cortical actin distribution and lipid droplet dynamics in early Zebrafish embryos. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180301. [PMID: 28678859 PMCID: PMC5498032 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myosin-1 (Myo1) represents a mechanical link between the membrane and actin-cytoskeleton in animal cells. We have studied the effect of Myo1 inhibitor PClP in 1-8 cell Zebrafish embryos. Our results indicate a unique involvement of Myo1 in early development of Zebrafish embryos. Inhibition of Myo1 (by PClP) and Myo2 (by Blebbistatin) lead to arrest in cell division. While Myo1 isoforms appears to be important for both the formation and the maintenance of cleavage furrows, Myo2 is required only for the formation of furrows. We found that the blastodisc of the embryo, which contains a thick actin cortex (~13 μm), is loaded with cortical Myo1. Myo1 appears to be crucial for maintaining the blastodisc morphology and the actin cortex thickness. In addition to cell division and furrow formation, inhibition of Myo1 has a drastic effect on the dynamics and distribution of lipid droplets (LDs) in the blastodisc near the cleavage furrow. All these results above are effects of Myo1 inhibition exclusively; Myo2 inhibition by blebbistatin does not show such phenotypes. Therefore, our results demonstrate a potential role for Myo1 in the maintenance and formation of furrow, blastodisc morphology, cell-division and LD organization within the blastodisc during early embryogenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Actin Cytoskeleton/drug effects
- Actin Cytoskeleton/metabolism
- Actins/genetics
- Actins/metabolism
- Animals
- Blastomeres/cytology
- Blastomeres/metabolism
- Blastomeres/ultrastructure
- Blotting, Western
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Membrane/metabolism
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/embryology
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism
- Embryo, Nonmammalian/ultrastructure
- Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental
- Heterocyclic Compounds, 4 or More Rings/pharmacology
- Hydrocarbons, Chlorinated/pharmacology
- Lipid Droplets/metabolism
- Microscopy, Electron, Scanning
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Myosin Heavy Chains/antagonists & inhibitors
- Myosin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Myosin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Pyrroles/pharmacology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Zebrafish/embryology
- Zebrafish/genetics
- Zebrafish/metabolism
- Zebrafish Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Zebrafish Proteins/genetics
- Zebrafish Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
| | - René Martin
- Department Chemie, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Deepak Nihalani
- Dept. Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
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Cao J, Li S, Shao M, Cheng X, Xu Z, Shi D. The PDZ-containing unconventional myosin XVIIIA regulates embryonic muscle integrity in zebrafish. J Genet Genomics 2014; 41:417-28. [PMID: 25160974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2014.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Myosin XVIIIA, or MYO18A, is a unique PDZ domain-containing unconventional myosin and is evolutionarily conserved from Drosophila to vertebrates. Although there is evidence indicating its expression in the somites, whether it regulates muscle function remains unclear. We show that the two zebrafish myo18a genes (myo18aa and myo18ab) are predominantly expressed at somite borders during early developmental stages. Knockdown of these genes or overexpression of the MYO18A PDZ domain disrupts myofiber integrity, induces myofiber lesions, and compromises the localization of dystrophin, α-dystroglycan (α-DG) and laminin at the myotome boundaries. Cell transplantation experiments indicate that myo18a morphant myoblasts fail to form elongated myofibers in the myotomes of wild-type embryos, which can be rescued by the full-length MYO18A protein. These results suggest that MYO18A likely functions in the adhesion process that maintains the stable attachment of myofibers to ECM (extracellular matrix) and muscle integrity during early development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianmeng Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Shangqi Li
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ming Shao
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xiaoning Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Zhigang Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Deli Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong University, 27 Shanda Nan Road, Jinan 250100, China; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR 7622, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, F-75005 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR 7622, Laboratory of Developmental Biology, F-75005 Paris, France.
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Abstract
Myosin-X (Myo10) is an unconventional myosin with MyTH4-FERM domains that is best known for its striking localization to the tips of filopodia and its ability to induce filopodia. Although the head domain of Myo10 enables it to function as an actin-based motor, its tail contains binding sites for several molecules with central roles in cell biology, including phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate, microtubules and integrins. Myo10 also undergoes fascinating long-range movements within filopodia, which appear to represent a newly recognized system of transport. Myo10 is also unusual in that it is a myosin with important roles in the spindle, a microtubule-based structure. Exciting new studies have begun to reveal the structure and single-molecule properties of this intriguing myosin, as well as its mechanisms of regulation and induction of filopodia. At the cellular and organismal level, growing evidence demonstrates that Myo10 has crucial functions in numerous processes ranging from invadopodia formation to cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L Kerber
- Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7545, USA
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