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Xia J, Wang H, Zhong Z, Jiang J. Inhibition of PIKfyve Leads to Lysosomal Disorders via Dysregulation of mTOR Signaling. Cells 2024; 13:953. [PMID: 38891085 PMCID: PMC11171791 DOI: 10.3390/cells13110953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
PIKfyve is an endosomal lipid kinase that synthesizes phosphatidylinositol 3,5-biphosphate from phosphatidylinositol 3-phsphate. Inhibition of PIKfyve activity leads to lysosomal enlargement and cytoplasmic vacuolation, attributed to impaired lysosomal fission processes and homeostasis. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying these effects remain a topic of debate. In this study, we present findings from PIKfyve-deficient zebrafish embryos, revealing enlarged macrophages with giant vacuoles reminiscent of lysosomal storage disorders. Treatment with mTOR inhibitors or effective knockout of mTOR partially reverses these abnormalities and extend the lifespan of mutant larvae. Further in vivo and in vitro mechanistic investigations provide evidence that PIKfyve activity is essential for mTOR shutdown during early zebrafish development and in cells cultured under serum-deprived conditions. These findings underscore the critical role of PIKfyve activity in regulating mTOR signaling and suggest potential therapeutic applications of PIKfyve inhibitors for the treatment of lysosomal storage disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (J.X.); (H.W.)
| | - Haiyun Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Regenerative Biology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, China; (J.X.); (H.W.)
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine and Health, Hong Kong Institute of Science & Innovation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhihang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China;
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Cheng WY, Yang SY, Huang XY, Zi FY, Li HP, Sheng XL. Identification of genetic variants in five chinese families with keratoconus: Pathogenicity analysis and characteristics of parental corneal topography. Front Genet 2022; 13:978684. [PMID: 36276932 PMCID: PMC9583916 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.978684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The study aims to identify genetic variants in five Chinese families with Keratoconus (KC) and describe the characteristics of parental corneal topography. Methods: Fifteen participants, including five probands and ten parents from five Chinese families with KC, were recruited for genetic and clinical analyses. Targeted next-generation sequencing using a custom-designed panel for KC was applied on the probands for variant identification. Sanger sequencing and cosegregation analysis of the suspected pathogenic variants were performed on the family members. The pathogenicities of variants were evaluated according to the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics guidelines (ACMG). Pentacam 3D anterior segment analysis system was applied for keratectasia detection and the Corvis ST for corneal biomechanics measurement. Fifteen parameters were recorded, including nine keratectasia indicators (BAD-D, TP, Kmax, Df, Db, Dp, Dt, Da, ARTH), six corneal biomechanical indicators (CBI, DA ratio, SP-A1, IR, bIOP, TBI). Results: A total of six novel variants, including five missense variants and one frameshift variant, were detected in the HMX1, SLC4A11, TGFBI, PIKFYVE, and ZEB1 genes in five probands, all of which showed co-segregation of genotype and clinical phenotype and were determined to be pathogenic. The genetic model was autosomal dominant (AD) in four families and autosomal recessive (AR) in 1 family. The analysis of keratectasia and corneal biomechanical indicators of the proband’s parents (first-generation relatives) in AD families revealed that there were several abnormal indexes in BAD-D, TP, Kmax, Df, Db, Dp, Dt, Da, CBI, DA ratio, SP-A1, IR, bIOP and TBI test indexes, showing clinical characteristics of incipient KC. Conclusion: Our study shows that variants in HMX1, SLC4A11, TGFBI, PIKFYVE, and ZEB1 were associated with KC. Our study extends the gene spectrum associated with KC, provides novel insights into KC phenotypic assessments, and contributes to early diagnosis for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Yu Cheng
- Ningxia Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Third Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Shang-Ying Yang
- Ningxia Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Third Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Huang
- Ningxia Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Third Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Fei-Yin Zi
- Ningxia Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Third Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Hui-Ping Li
- Ningxia Eye Hospital, People’s Hospital of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Third Clinical Medical College of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Hui-Ping Li, ; Xun-Lun Sheng,
| | - Xun-Lun Sheng
- Gansu Aier Ophthalmology and Optometry Hospital, Lanzhou City, China
- *Correspondence: Hui-Ping Li, ; Xun-Lun Sheng,
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Hong Y, Luo Y. Zebrafish Model in Ophthalmology to Study Disease Mechanism and Drug Discovery. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14080716. [PMID: 34451814 PMCID: PMC8400593 DOI: 10.3390/ph14080716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual impairment and blindness are common and seriously affect people’s work and quality of life in the world. Therefore, the effective therapies for eye diseases are of high priority. Zebrafish (Danio rerio) is an alternative vertebrate model as a useful tool for the mechanism elucidation and drug discovery of various eye disorders, such as cataracts, glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, photoreceptor degeneration, etc. The genetic and embryonic accessibility of zebrafish in combination with a behavioral assessment of visual function has made it a very popular model in ophthalmology. Zebrafish has also been widely used in ocular drug discovery, such as the screening of new anti-angiogenic compounds or neuroprotective drugs, and the oculotoxicity test. In this review, we summarized the applications of zebrafish as the models of eye disorders to study disease mechanism and investigate novel drug treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yan Luo
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-020-87335931
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Adil MT, Henry JJ. Understanding cornea epithelial stem cells and stem cell deficiency: Lessons learned using vertebrate model systems. Genesis 2021; 59:e23411. [PMID: 33576188 DOI: 10.1002/dvg.23411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Animal models have contributed greatly to our understanding of human diseases. Here, we focus on cornea epithelial stem cell (CESC) deficiency (commonly called limbal stem cell deficiency, LSCD). Corneal development, homeostasis and wound healing are supported by specific stem cells, that include the CESCs. Damage to or loss of these cells results in blindness and other debilitating ocular conditions. Here we describe the contributions from several vertebrate models toward understanding CESCs and LSCD treatments. These include both mammalian models, as well as two aquatic models, Zebrafish and the amphibian, Xenopus. Pioneering developments have been made using stem cell transplants to restore normal vision in patients with LSCD, but questions still remain about the basic biology of CESCs, including their precise cell lineages and behavior in the cornea. We describe various cell lineage tracing studies to follow their patterns of division, and the fates of their progeny during development, homeostasis, and wound healing. In addition, we present some preliminary results using the Xenopus model system. Ultimately, a more thorough understanding of these cornea cells will advance our knowledge of stem cell biology and lead to better cornea disease therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Tayyab Adil
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Jonathan J Henry
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
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Abstract
The field of phosphoinositide signaling has expanded significantly in recent years. Phosphoinositides (also known as phosphatidylinositol phosphates or PIPs) are universal signaling molecules that directly interact with membrane proteins or with cytosolic proteins containing domains that directly bind phosphoinositides and are recruited to cell membranes. Through the activities of phosphoinositide kinases and phosphoinositide phosphatases, seven distinct phosphoinositide lipid molecules are formed from the parent molecule, phosphatidylinositol. PIP signals regulate a wide range of cellular functions, including cytoskeletal assembly, membrane budding and fusion, ciliogenesis, vesicular transport, and signal transduction. Given the many excellent reviews on phosphoinositide kinases, phosphoinositide phosphatases, and PIPs in general, in this review, we discuss recent studies and advances in PIP lipid signaling in the retina. We specifically focus on PIP lipids from vertebrate (e.g., bovine, rat, mouse, toad, and zebrafish) and invertebrate (e.g., Drosophila, horseshoe crab, and squid) retinas. We also discuss the importance of PIPs revealed from animal models and human diseases, and methods to study PIP levels both in vitro and in vivo. We propose that future studies should investigate the function and mechanism of activation of PIP-modifying enzymes/phosphatases and further unravel PIP regulation and function in the different cell types of the retina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raju V S Rajala
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Physiology, and Cell Biology, and Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104.
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Rajala A, McCauley A, Brush RS, Nguyen K, Rajala RV. Phosphoinositide Lipids in Ocular Tissues. BIOLOGY 2020; 9:biology9060125. [PMID: 32545642 PMCID: PMC7345453 DOI: 10.3390/biology9060125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Inositol phospholipids play an important role in cell physiology. The inositol head groups are reversibly phosphorylated to produce seven distinct phosphorylated inositides, commonly referred to as phosphoinositides (PIs). These seven PIs are dynamically interconverted from one PI to another by the action of PI kinases and PI phosphatases. The PI signals regulate a wide variety of cellular functions, including organelle distinction, vesicular transport, cytoskeletal organization, nuclear events, regulation of ion channels, cell signaling, and host–pathogen interactions. Most of the studies of PIs in ocular tissues are based on the PI enzymes and PI phosphatases. In this study, we examined the PI levels in the cornea, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and retina using PI-binding protein as probes. We have examined the lipids PI(3)P, PI(4)P, PI(3,4)P2, PI(4,5)P2, and PI(3,4,5)P3, and each is present in the cornea, RPE, and retina. Alterations in the levels of these PIs in mouse models of retinal disease and corneal infections have been reported, and the results of our study will help in the management of anomalous phosphoinositide metabolism in ocular tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammaji Rajala
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (A.R.); (A.M.); (R.S.B.); (K.N.)
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Austin McCauley
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (A.R.); (A.M.); (R.S.B.); (K.N.)
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Richard S. Brush
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (A.R.); (A.M.); (R.S.B.); (K.N.)
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Khuong Nguyen
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (A.R.); (A.M.); (R.S.B.); (K.N.)
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Raju V.S. Rajala
- Departments of Ophthalmology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (A.R.); (A.M.); (R.S.B.); (K.N.)
- Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Departments of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK 73104, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(405)-271-8255; Fax: +1-(405)-271-8128
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Richardson R, Tracey-White D, Webster A, Moosajee M. The zebrafish eye-a paradigm for investigating human ocular genetics. Eye (Lond) 2016; 31:68-86. [PMID: 27612182 DOI: 10.1038/eye.2016.198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Although human epidemiological and genetic studies are essential to elucidate the aetiology of normal and aberrant ocular development, animal models have provided us with an understanding of the pathogenesis of multiple developmental ocular malformations. Zebrafish eye development displays in depth molecular complexity and stringent spatiotemporal regulation that incorporates developmental contributions of the surface ectoderm, neuroectoderm and head mesenchyme, similar to that seen in humans. For this reason, and due to its genetic tractability, external fertilisation, and early optical clarity, the zebrafish has become an invaluable vertebrate system to investigate human ocular development and disease. Recently, zebrafish have been at the leading edge of preclinical therapy development, with their amenability to genetic manipulation facilitating the generation of robust ocular disease models required for large-scale genetic and drug screening programmes. This review presents an overview of human and zebrafish ocular development, genetic methodologies employed for zebrafish mutagenesis, relevant models of ocular disease, and finally therapeutic approaches, which may have translational leads in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Richardson
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - D Tracey-White
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - A Webster
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - M Moosajee
- Department of Ocular Biology and Therapeutics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Ophthalmology, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Stepp MA, Zieske JD, Trinkaus-Randall V, Kyne BM, Pal-Ghosh S, Tadvalkar G, Pajoohesh-Ganji A. Wounding the cornea to learn how it heals. Exp Eye Res 2014; 121:178-93. [PMID: 24607489 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Corneal wound healing studies have a long history and rich literature that describes the data obtained over the past 70 years using many different species of animals and methods of injury. These studies have lead to reduced suffering and provided clues to treatments that are now helping patients live more productive lives. In spite of the progress made, further research is required since blindness and reduced quality of life due to corneal scarring still happens. The purpose of this review is to summarize what is known about different types of wound and animal models used to study corneal wound healing. The subject of corneal wound healing is broad and includes chemical and mechanical wound models. This review focuses on mechanical injury models involving debridement and keratectomy wounds to reflect the authors' expertise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Stepp
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - James D Zieske
- Department of Ophthalmology, Schepens Eye Research Institute, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114-2500, USA
| | - Vickery Trinkaus-Randall
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Briana M Kyne
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Sonali Pal-Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Gauri Tadvalkar
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA
| | - Ahdeah Pajoohesh-Ganji
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC 20037, USA
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Agola JO, Jim PA, Ward HH, Basuray S, Wandinger-Ness A. Rab GTPases as regulators of endocytosis, targets of disease and therapeutic opportunities. Clin Genet 2011; 80:305-18. [PMID: 21651512 PMCID: PMC3187864 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0004.2011.01724.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Rab GTPases are well-recognized targets in human disease, although are underexplored therapeutically. Elucidation of how mutant or dysregulated Rab GTPases and accessory proteins contribute to organ specific and systemic disease remains an area of intensive study and an essential foundation for effective drug targeting. Mutation of Rab GTPases or associated regulatory proteins causes numerous human genetic diseases. Cancer, neurodegeneration and diabetes represent examples of acquired human diseases resulting from the up- or downregulation or aberrant function of Rab GTPases. The broad range of physiologic processes and organ systems affected by altered Rab GTPase activity is based on pivotal roles in responding to cell signaling and metabolic demand through the coordinated regulation of membrane trafficking. The Rab-regulated processes of cargo sorting, cytoskeletal translocation of vesicles and appropriate fusion with the target membranes control cell metabolism, viability, growth and differentiation. In this review, we focus on Rab GTPase roles in endocytosis to illustrate normal function and the consequences of dysregulation resulting in human disease. Selected examples are designed to illustrate how defects in Rab GTPase cascades alter endocytic trafficking that underlie neurologic, lipid storage, and metabolic bone disorders as well as cancer. Perspectives on potential therapeutic modulation of GTPase activity through small molecule interventions are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- J O Agola
- Department of Pathology Cancer Center, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
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Bibliowicz J, Tittle RK, Gross JM. Toward a better understanding of human eye disease insights from the zebrafish, Danio rerio. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2011; 100:287-330. [PMID: 21377629 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-384878-9.00007-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Visual impairment and blindness is widespread across the human population, and the development of therapies for ocular pathologies is of high priority. The zebrafish represents a valuable model organism for studying human ocular disease; it is utilized in eye research to understand underlying developmental processes, to identify potential causative genes for human disorders, and to develop therapies. Zebrafish eyes are similar in morphology, physiology, gene expression, and function to human eyes. Furthermore, zebrafish are highly amenable to laboratory research. This review outlines the use of zebrafish as a model for human ocular diseases such as colobomas, glaucoma, cataracts, photoreceptor degeneration, as well as dystrophies of the cornea and retinal pigmented epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Bibliowicz
- University of Texas at Austin, Section of Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, Austin, Texas, USA
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Falasca M, Maffucci T. Rethinking phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2009; 1793:1795-803. [PMID: 19852987 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2009] [Revised: 10/06/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A generally accepted view considers phosphatidylinositol 3-monophosphate (PtdIns3P) as a lipid confined to the endosomal compartment where it regulates trafficking pathways and is produced constitutively and exclusively by class III phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K). Recent evidence suggests that this phosphoinositide has a more complex role as a second messenger involved in different physiological and pathological events and that specific intracellular localization of kinases and/or phosphatases is critical for PtdIns3P synthesis and PtdIns3P-dependent intracellular functions. Here, we review the current knowledge of the regulation and function of PtdIns3P and discuss how the view of PtdIns3P changed in the last few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Falasca
- Queen Mary University of London, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard Institute of Cell and Molecular Science, Centre for Diabetes, Inositide Signalling Group, 4 Newark Street, London E1 2AT, UK.
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Recent Papers on Zebrafish and Other Aquarium Fish Models. Zebrafish 2008. [DOI: 10.1089/zeb.2008.9987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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