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Pokhrel N, Genin O, Sela-Donenfeld D, Cinnamon Y. Storage temperature dictates the ability of chicken embryos to successfully resume development by regulating expression of blastulation and gastrulation genes. Front Physiol 2022; 13:960061. [PMID: 36589431 PMCID: PMC9800875 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.960061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The avian embryo has a remarkable ability that allows it to suspend its development during blastulation for a long time at low temperatures, and to resume normal development when incubated. This ability is used by poultry hatcheries to store eggs prior to incubation. We have previously found that this ability correlates with the temperature during storage; embryos recover much better following prolonged storage at 12°C rather than at 18°C. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying these differences are poorly understood. To successfully resume development following storage, the embryo has to shift from the blastulation phase to gastrulation. Several genes are known to partake in the blastulation-to-gastrulation transition under normal conditions, such as the pluripotency-related genes Inhibitor of DNA Binding 2 (ID2) and NANOG that are expressed during blastulation, and the gastrulation-regulating genes NODAL and Brachyury (TBXT). However, their expression and activity following storage is unknown. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms that initiate the ability to successfully transit from blastulation to gastrulation following storage, embryos were stored for 28 days at 12°C or 18°C, and were assessed either prior to incubation, 12, or 18 h of incubation at 37.8°C. Immediately following storage at 18°C group showed remarkable impaired morphology compared to the blastoderm of the 12°C group and of non-stored control embryos. Concurrently with these, expression of ID2 and NANOG was maintained following storage at 12°C similar to the control group, but was significantly reduced upon storage at 18°C. Nevertheless, when the 18°C-stored embryos were incubated, the morphology and the reduced genes were reverted to resemble those of the 12°C group. At variance, key gastrulation genes, NODAL and its downstream effector Brachyury (TBXT), which were similarly expressed in the control and the 12°C group, were not restored in the 18°C embryos following incubation. Notably, ectopic administration of Activin rescued NODAL and TBXT expression in the 18°C group, indicating that these embryos maintain the potential to initiate. Collectively, this study suggests a temperature-dependent mechanisms that direct the transition from blastulation to gastrulation. These mechanisms promote a successful developmental resumption following prolonged storage at low temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayan Pokhrel
- Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Center, Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Science, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel,Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Olga Genin
- Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Center, Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Science, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel
| | - Dalit Sela-Donenfeld
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel,*Correspondence: Dalit Sela-Donenfeld, ; Yuval Cinnamon,
| | - Yuval Cinnamon
- Agriculture Research Organization, Volcani Center, Department of Poultry and Aquaculture Science, Rishon LeTsiyon, Israel,*Correspondence: Dalit Sela-Donenfeld, ; Yuval Cinnamon,
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Lee HC, Lu HC, Turmaine M, Oliveira NMM, Yang Y, De Almeida I, Stern CD. Molecular anatomy of the pre-primitive-streak chick embryo. Open Biol 2020; 10:190299. [PMID: 32102607 PMCID: PMC7058932 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.190299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The early stages of development of the chick embryo, leading to primitive streak formation (the start of gastrulation), have received renewed attention recently, especially for studies of the mechanisms of large-scale cell movements and those that position the primitive streak in the radial blastodisc. Over the long history of chick embryology, the terminology used to define different regions has been changing, making it difficult to relate studies to each other. To resolve this objectively requires precise definitions of the regions based on anatomical and functional criteria, along with a systematic molecular map that can be compared directly to the functional anatomy. Here, we undertake these tasks. We describe the characteristic cell morphologies (using scanning electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry for cell polarity markers) in different regions and at successive stages. RNAseq was performed for 12 regions of the blastodisc, from which a set of putative regional markers was selected. These were studied in detail by in situ hybridization. Together this provides a comprehensive resource allowing the community to define the regions unambiguously and objectively. In addition to helping with future experimental design and interpretation, this resource will also be useful for evolutionary comparisons between different vertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Claudio D. Stern
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Raffaelli A, Stern CD. Signaling events regulating embryonic polarity and formation of the primitive streak in the chick embryo. Curr Top Dev Biol 2019; 136:85-111. [PMID: 31959299 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ctdb.2019.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The avian embryo is a key experimental model system for early development of amniotes. One key difference with invertebrates and "lower" vertebrates like fish and amphibians is that amniotes do not rely so heavily on maternal messages because the zygotic genome is activated very early. Early development also involves considerable growth in volume and mass of the embryo, with cell cycles that include G1 and G2 phases from very early cleavage. The very early maternal to zygotic transition also allows the embryo to establish its own polarity without relying heavily on maternal determinants. In many amniotes including avians and non-rodent mammals, this enables an ability of the embryo to "regulate": a single multicellular embryo can give rise to more than one individual-monozygotic twins. Here we discuss the embryological, cellular, molecular and evolutionary underpinnings of gastrulation in avian embryos as a model amniote embryo. Many of these properties are shared by human embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Raffaelli
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Claudio D Stern
- Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Vermillion KL, Bacher R, Tannenbaum AP, Swanson S, Jiang P, Chu LF, Stewart R, Thomson JA, Vereide DT. Spatial patterns of gene expression are unveiled in the chick primitive streak by ordering single-cell transcriptomes. Dev Biol 2018; 439:30-41. [PMID: 29678445 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
During vertebrate development, progenitor cells give rise to tissues and organs through a complex choreography that commences at gastrulation. A hallmark event of gastrulation is the formation of the primitive streak, a linear assembly of cells along the anterior-posterior (AP) axis of the developing organism. To examine the primitive streak at a single-cell resolution, we measured the transcriptomes of individual chick cells from the streak or the surrounding tissue (the rest of the area pellucida) in Hamburger-Hamilton stage 4 embryos. The single-cell transcriptomes were then ordered by the statistical method Wave-Crest to deduce both the relative position along the AP axis and the prospective lineage of single cells. The ordered transcriptomes reveal intricate patterns of gene expression along the primitive streak.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rhonda Bacher
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | | | - Scott Swanson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Li-Fang Chu
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Ron Stewart
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - James A Thomson
- Morgridge Institute for Research, Madison, WI 53715, USA; Department of Cell&Regenerative Biology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, WI 53706, USA; Department of Molecular, Cellular,&Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
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5
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Yoshida M, Kajikawa E, Kurokawa D, Noro M, Iwai T, Yonemura S, Kobayashi K, Kiyonari H, Aizawa S. Conserved and divergent expression patterns of markers of axial development in reptilian embryos: Chinese soft-shell turtle and Madagascar ground gecko. Dev Biol 2016; 415:122-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Viotti M, Foley AC, Hadjantonakis AK. Gutsy moves in mice: cellular and molecular dynamics of endoderm morphogenesis. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:rstb.2013.0547. [PMID: 25349455 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the importance of the gut and its accessory organs, our understanding of early endoderm development is still incomplete. Traditionally, endoderm has been difficult to study because of its small size and relative fragility. However, recent advances in live cell imaging technologies have dramatically expanded our understanding of this tissue, adding a new appreciation for the complex molecular and morphogenetic processes that mediate gut formation. Several spatially and molecularly distinct subpopulations have been shown to exist within the endoderm before the onset of gastrulation. Here, we review findings that have uncovered complex cell movements within the endodermal layer, before and during gastrulation, leading to the conclusion that cells from primitive endoderm contribute descendants directly to gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Viotti
- Genentech Incorporated, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Ann C Foley
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, Charleston, SC 29425, USA
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Viotti M, Nowotschin S, Hadjantonakis AK. SOX17 links gut endoderm morphogenesis and germ layer segregation. Nat Cell Biol 2014; 16:1146-56. [PMID: 25419850 PMCID: PMC4250291 DOI: 10.1038/ncb3070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastrulation leads to three germ layers--ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm--that are separated by two basement membranes. In the mouse embryo, the emergent gut endoderm results from the widespread intercalation of cells of two distinct origins: pluripotent epiblast-derived definitive endoderm (DE) and extra-embryonic visceral endoderm (VE). Here we image the trajectory of prospective DE cells before intercalating into the VE epithelium. We show that the transcription factor SOX17, which is activated in prospective DE cells before intercalation, is necessary for gut endoderm morphogenesis and the assembly of the basement membrane that separates gut endoderm from mesoderm. Our results mechanistically link gut endoderm morphogenesis and germ layer segregation, two central and conserved features of gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Viotti
- 1] Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York 10065, USA [2] Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Weill Graduate School of Medical Sciences of Cornell University, New York 10065, USA
| | - Sonja Nowotschin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, 1275 York Avenue, New York 10065, USA
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Bertocchini F, Alev C, Nakaya Y, Sheng G. A little winning streak: The reptilian-eye view of gastrulation in birds. Dev Growth Differ 2012; 55:52-9. [DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bertocchini
- Instituto de Biomedicina y Biotecnologia de Cantabria (IBBTEC); CSIC-SODERCAN-Universidad de Cantabria; Facultad de Medicina; Avda. Cardenal Herrera Oria, s/n; 39011; Santander; Spain
| | - Cantas Alev
- Lab for Early Embryogenesis; RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology; 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi; Chuo-Ku; Kobe; Hyogo; 650-0047; Japan
| | - Yukiko Nakaya
- Lab for Early Embryogenesis; RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology; 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi; Chuo-Ku; Kobe; Hyogo; 650-0047; Japan
| | - Guojun Sheng
- Lab for Early Embryogenesis; RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology; 2-2-3 Minatojima-minamimachi; Chuo-Ku; Kobe; Hyogo; 650-0047; Japan
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Abstract
When amniotes appeared during evolution, embryos freed themselves from intracellular nutrition; development slowed, the mid-blastula transition was lost and maternal components became less important for polarity. Extra-embryonic tissues emerged to provide nutrition and other innovations. One such tissue, the hypoblast (visceral endoderm in mouse), acquired a role in fixing the body plan: it controls epiblast cell movements leading to primitive streak formation, generating bilateral symmetry. It also transiently induces expression of pre-neural markers in the epiblast, which also contributes to delay streak formation. After gastrulation, the hypoblast might protect prospective forebrain cells from caudalizing signals. These functions separate mesendodermal and neuroectodermal domains by protecting cells against being caught up in the movements of gastrulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio D Stern
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, GowerStreet (Anatomy Building), London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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Nakazawa F, Alev C, Jakt LM, Sheng G. Yolk sac endoderm is the major source of serum proteins and lipids and is involved in the regulation of vascular integrity in early chick development. Dev Dyn 2011; 240:2002-10. [PMID: 21761483 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.22690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An important function of the vascular system is nutrient delivery. In adult animals, this is mediated through a close contact of the mesoderm-derived vasculature with the endoderm-derived enterocytes and hepatocytes. During embryonic development, the yolk sac (YS) endoderm has been suggested to play a similar role. Physiological and molecular nature of the contact between the YS endoderm and the vasculature is not well-understood. To understand roles of the YS endoderm in early development, we used the avian model and carried out a gene expression profiling analysis of isolated area vasculosa YS endoderm tissues from embryonic day 2-4 chick embryos, covering the first 48 hr of postcirculation development. Genes involved in lipid metabolism are highly enriched, indicating an active modification of lipid components during their transfer from the yolk to the circulatory system. We also uncovered genes encoding major serum proteins and key regulators of vascular integrity. In particular, PTGDS, an enzyme controlling the last step of prostaglandin D2 production, shows high expression in the YS endoderm. Experimental introduction of prostaglandin D2 into embryonic circulation led to intraembryonic vessel rupture. These data suggest that the YS endoderm is the major, if not exclusive, source of lipid and protein constituents of the early embryonic serum and plays an important role in the regulation of vascular integrity in developing embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumie Nakazawa
- Laboratory for Early Embryogenesis, RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Hyogo, Japan
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