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Bieghs L, Johnsen HE, Maes K, Menu E, Van Valckenborgh E, Overgaard MT, Nyegaard M, Conover CA, Vanderkerken K, De Bruyne E. The insulin-like growth factor system in multiple myeloma: diagnostic and therapeutic potential. Oncotarget 2018; 7:48732-48752. [PMID: 27129151 PMCID: PMC5217049 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a highly heterogeneous plasma cell malignancy. The MM cells reside in the bone marrow (BM), where reciprocal interactions with the BM niche foster MM cell survival, proliferation, and drug resistance. As in most cancers, the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has been demonstrated to play a key role in the pathogenesis of MM. The IGF system consists of IGF ligands, IGF receptors, IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs), and IGFBP proteases and contributes not only to the survival, proliferation, and homing of MM cells, but also MM-associated angiogenesis and osteolysis. Furthermore, increased IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) expression on MM cells correlates with a poor prognosis in MM patients. Despite the prominent role of the IGF system in MM, strategies targeting the IGF-IR using blocking antibodies or small molecule inhibitors have failed to translate into the clinic. However, increasing preclinical evidence indicates that IGF-I is also involved in the development of drug resistance against current standard-of-care agents against MM, including proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, and corticoids. IGF-IR targeting has been able to overcome or revert this drug resistance in animal models, enhancing the efficacy of standard-of-care agents. This finding has generated renewed interest in the therapeutic potential of IGF-I targeting in MM. The present review provides an update of the impact of the different IGF system components in MM and discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth Bieghs
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Hematology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg University, Denmark.,Department of Biomedicin, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Hans E Johnsen
- Department of Hematology, Aalborg Hospital, Aalborg University, Denmark.,Clinical Cancer Research Center, Aalborg University Hospital, Denmark.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Denmark
| | - Ken Maes
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Eline Menu
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Valckenborgh
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Mette Nyegaard
- Department of Biomedicin, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cheryl A Conover
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Karin Vanderkerken
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elke De Bruyne
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Myeloma Center Brussels, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
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Qa'aty N, Vincent M, Wang Y, Wang A, Mitts TF, Hinek A. Synthetic ligands of the elastin receptor induce elastogenesis in human dermal fibroblasts via activation of their IGF-1 receptors. J Dermatol Sci 2015; 80:175-85. [PMID: 26475432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We have previously reported that a mixture of peptides obtained after chemical or enzymatic degradation of bovine elastin, induced new elastogenesis in human skin. OBJECTIVE Now, we investigated the elastogenic potential of synthetic peptides mimicking the elastin-derived, VGVAPG sequence, IGVAPG sequence that we found in the rice bran, and a similar peptide, VGVTAG that we identified in the IGF-1-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1). RESULTS We now demonstrate that treatment with each of these xGVxxG peptides (recognizable by the anti-elastin antibody), up-regulated the levels of elastin-encoding mRNA, tropoelastin protein, and the deposition of new elastic fibers in cultures of human dermal fibroblasts and in cultured explants of human skin. Importantly, we found that such induction of new elastogenesis may involve two parallel signaling pathways triggered after activation of IGF-1 receptor. In the first one, the xGVxxG peptides interact with the cell surface elastin receptor, thereby causing the downstream activation of the c-Src kinase and a consequent cross-activation of the adjacent IGF-1R, even in the absence of its principal ligand. In the second pathway their hydrophobic association with the N-terminal domain (VGVTAG) of the serum-derived IGFBP-1 induces conformational changes of this IGF-1 chaperone allowing for the release of its cargo and a consequent ligand-specific phosphorylation of IGF-1R. CONCLUSION We present a novel, clinically relevant mechanism in which products of partial degradation of dermal elastin may stimulate production of new elastic fibers by dermal fibroblasts. Our findings particularly encourage the use of biologically safe synthetic xGVxxG peptides for regeneration of the injured or aged human skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Qa'aty
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Matthew Vincent
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yanting Wang
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Wang
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, ON, Canada
| | | | - Aleksander Hinek
- Physiology & Experimental Medicine Program, Hospital for Sick Children, ON, Canada; Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada.
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Brandt K, Grünler J, Brismar K, Wang J. Effects of IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 and their fragments on migration and IGF-induced proliferation of human dermal fibroblasts. Growth Horm IGF Res 2015; 25:34-40. [PMID: 25468444 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A family of six insulin-like growth factor (IGF) binding-proteins (IGFBP) bind to IGF-I and IGF-II with high affinity and modulate their activity. We have recently shown that a neutrophil-derived protease activity cleaved IGFBP-1, -2 and -4. IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 have a C-terminal Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) sequence, and IGFBP-1 has been shown by others to stimulate migration through binding of its RGD sequence to α5β1 integrin. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of this IGFBP protease on IGF-induced proliferation and the effect of IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 and their proteolytic fragments on migration in normal and high glucose of human dermal fibroblasts (HDF). DESIGN We investigated the effect of intact or cleaved IGFBP-1 and -2 on proliferation in cultured HDFs and on HDF migration in normal and high glucose. RESULTS Both IGFBP-1 and IGFBP-2 and their proteolytic fragments stimulated HDF migration and the stimulatory effect was abolished by pre-treating cells with a α5β1 integrin antibody. High glucose impaired migration of HDFs; however, the addition of IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2 or fragments increased migration to levels observed in normoglycemia. IGFBP-2 inhibited IGF-II induced proliferation; however, the inhibitory effect was reduced after being cleaved. Intact native IGFBP-1 showed either potentiating or inhibitory effects on IGF-I induced proliferation depending on the confluence of cells, and proteolysis of IGFBP-1 did not change these effects. IGFBP-1 was found to increase phosphorylation of FAK and ERK1/2 and this effect was inhibited by the monoclonal integrin a5β1 ab. CONCLUSIONS IGFBP-1 and -2 and their proteolytic fragments may improve tissue repair under inflammatory conditions, through effects on proliferation and migration of HDFs in normal and high glucose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Brandt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jacob Grünler
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Kerstin Brismar
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institute, Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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Brandt K, Lundell K, Brismar K. Neutrophil-derived azurocidin cleaves insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1, -2 and -4. Growth Horm IGF Res 2011; 21:167-173. [PMID: 21550830 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2011.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Revised: 02/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Azurocidin is an important inflammatory mediator and considered to be an inactive serine protease homologue. It has previously been reported that azurocidin is a possible IGFBP-1 specific protease; however, the protease-activity of azurocidin was not isolated in its active form. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of neutrophil-derived azurocidin on the six different IGFBPs, focusing especially on IGFBP-1. METHODS IGFBPs were incubated with azurocidin in phosphate-buffered saline for 2 h and proteolysis was studied by SDS-PAGE. Analysis of azurocidin was performed by MALDI-TOF peptide mass fingerprint and MALDI-TOF/TOF peptide sequencing. RESULTS The neutrophil-derived preparation of azurocidin cleaved IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-4. IGFBP-1 bound to IGF-I was also degraded whereas IGF-II was shown to have an inhibitory effect on proteolysis of IGFBP-1. The proteolytically active preparation of neutrophil-derived azurocidin was found to be glycosylated and determined to be 31 kDa by SDS-PAGE. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that the neutrophil-derived preparation of azurocidin contains a protease activity which cleaves IGFBP-1, IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-4. These findings are of interest since both IGFBP-1 and azurocidin increase during inflammation. The effect of azurocidin on IGFBP- and IGF-activity needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Brandt
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Surgery, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Dolcini L, Sala A, Campagnoli M, Labò S, Valli M, Visai L, Minchiotti L, Monaco HL, Galliano M. Identification of the amniotic fluid insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 phosphorylation sites and propensity to proteolysis of the isoforms. FEBS J 2009; 276:6033-46. [PMID: 19765076 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07318.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) is the major secreted protein of human decidual cells during gestation and, as a modulator of insulin-like growth factors or by independent mechanisms, regulates embryonic implantation and growth. The protein is phosphorylated and this post-translational modification is regulated in pregnancy and represents an important determinant of its biological activity. We have isolated, from human normal amniotic fluid collected in the weeks 16-18, the intact nonphosphorylated IGFBP-1 and five electrophoretically distinct phosphoisoforms and have determined their in vivo phosphorylation state. The unmodified protein was the most abundant component and mono-, bi-, tri- and tetraphosphorylated forms were present in decreasing amounts. The phosphorylation sites of IGFBP-1 were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of the peptides generated with trypsin, chymotrypsin and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. Five serines were found to be phosphorylated and, of these, four are localized in the central, weakly conserved, region, at positions 95, 98, 101 and 119, whereas one, Ser169, is in the C-terminal domain. The post-translational modification predominantly involves the hydrophilic stretch of amino acids representing a potential PEST sequence (proline, glutamic acid, serine, threonine) and our results show that the phosphorylation state influences the propensity of IGFBP-1 to proteolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Dolcini
- Department of Biochemistry 'A. Castellani', University of Pavia, Italy
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